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Figure 9 in Description, molecular phylogeny, and natural history of a new kleptoparasitic species of gelechiid moth (Lepidoptera) associated with Melastomataceae galls in Brazil

Figure 9. Bayesian inference tree for the new genus, based on 621 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I gene (CO-I). Numbers above branches indicate support values> 0.8/60 for Bayesian posterior probability (BPP)/bootstrap – for maximum likelihood (ML); those located below represent the percentage of evolutionary divergence between clades. Asterisk indicates support <0.80/60 for BPP and ML, respectively.

Figure 8 in Description, molecular phylogeny, and natural history of a new kleptoparasitic species of gelechiid moth (Lepidoptera) associated with Melastomataceae galls in Brazil

Figure 8. Scanning electron micrographs of Locharcha opportuna pupa: (A) clypeal and mandibular areas (open arrows indicate microsetae), ventral view; (B) abdominal segments seven and eight (small arrow and arrow head indicate abdominal spiracles seven and eight, respectively), laterodorsal view; (C) microtrichia of abdominal segment A5, dorsolateral view; (D) setae of seventh abdominal segment posterior margin, dorsal view; (E) pseudopodium scar of abdominal segment A6, ventral view; (F) distal portion of abdomen, dorsal view; (G) apical portion of cremaster seta, dorsolateral view. Scale bars = 50, 100, 10, 20, 50, 100, 10 µm, respectively.

Figure 6 in Description, molecular phylogeny, and natural history of a new kleptoparasitic species of gelechiid moth (Lepidoptera) associated with Melastomataceae galls in Brazil

Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Locharcha opportuna last larval instar: (A) head and prothorax, lateral view; (B) labrum and mandibles, frontal view; (C) stemmata; (D) antenna, lateral view; (E) labium and spinneret, ventral view; (F) maxilla, anterolateral view; (G) distal portion of mesothoracic leg, posterolateral view (arrow indicates spatulate seta); (H) prothoracic spiracle, lateral view; (I) pseudopodium abdominal A6, mesoventral view. Scale bars = 200, 100, 100, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 100 µm, respectively.

Figure 5 in Description, molecular phylogeny, and natural history of a new kleptoparasitic species of gelechiid moth (Lepidoptera) associated with Melastomataceae galls in Brazil

Figure 5. Locharcha opportuna last larval instar: (A) head chaetotaxy, frontal view; (B) thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy, lateral view; (C) head and prothoracic shield, dorsal view; (D) body, lateral view. Scale bars = 50 µm and 1 mm, respectively.

Figure 3 in Description, molecular phylogeny, and natural history of a new kleptoparasitic species of gelechiid moth (Lepidoptera) associated with Melastomataceae galls in Brazil

Figure 3. Male genital morphology of Locharcha opportuna under light and scanning electron microscopy: (A) genitalia (aedeagus removed), oblique view (slide preparation GRPM 50–63); (B) gnathos, lateral view; (C) left valve (= glandiductor) detached from tegumen, lateral view; (D) sicae with anchored aedeagus (pointed by arrow), lateroposterior view; (E) dissected aedeagus (asterisk indicates everted vesica), lateral view. Scale bars = 1 mm, 50, 100, 100, 200 µm, respectively.

Figure 2 in Description, molecular phylogeny, and natural history of a new kleptoparasitic species of gelechiid moth (Lepidoptera) associated with Melastomataceae galls in Brazil

Figure 2. Locharcha opportuna adult morphology: (A) wings; (B) male genitalia (arrow indicates glandiductor), lateral view; (C) female genitalia, lateral view; (D) detail of tergal process (asterisk), dorsal view. Scale bars = 1, 0.2 and 0.5 mm, respectively.

Figure 1 in Description, molecular phylogeny, and natural history of a new kleptoparasitic species of gelechiid moth (Lepidoptera) associated with Melastomataceae galls in Brazil

Figure 1. Locharcha opportuna adult, dorsal view: (A) wings spread, pinned; (B) head and thorax, in detail; (C) wings folded, on Tibouchina sellowiana leaf. Scale bars = 2, 1 and 2 mm, respectively.

Figure 11 in Description, molecular phylogeny, and natural history of a new kleptoparasitic species of gelechiid moth (Lepidoptera) associated with Melastomataceae galls in Brazil

Figure 11. Variation in green colour intensity of Tibouchina sellowiana galls (median and corresponding quartiles) in relation to larval ontogeny, when considered the presence of larva either of the cecidogenous insect (A; = 10, 81 and 64 individuals, respectively, for instar II to IV) or the kleptoparasite (B; = 29, 38, 32, 64 individuals, respectively for instars I to IV) larvae inside. Bars followed by the same letter do not differ statistically (Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by Dunn's multiple comparison tests).

Figure 4 in Description, molecular phylogeny, and natural history of a new kleptoparasitic species of gelechiid moth (Lepidoptera) associated with Melastomataceae galls in Brazil

Figure 4. Female genital morphology of Locharcha opportuna under light microscopy: (A) genitalia, oblique view (slide preparation GRPM 50–65); (B) female signum, internal view. Scale bars = 250 and 500 µm, respectively.

Figure 10 in Description, molecular phylogeny, and natural history of a new kleptoparasitic species of gelechiid moth (Lepidoptera) associated with Melastomataceae galls in Brazil

Figure 10. Galls induced by Palaeomystella fernandesi on Tibouchina sellowiana plants, free from (A–D) and attacked by (E–H) the kleptoparasite Locharcha opportuna. (A) general aspect of two young, green galls inhabited by cecidogenous larvae, as indicated by the absence of external orifices; (B) dissected gall showing a cecidogenous larva inside; (C) dehiscent, violet gall on the ground, bearing a cecidogenous late-instar larva; (D) operculum (indicated by closed arrow) made by a last instar of the cecidogenous larva on a dehiscent gall before pupation, external view; (E) violet gall inhabited by a kleptoparasite larva, as indicated by the presence of two orifices (open arrows); (F) dissected gall showing a kleptoparasite larva inside; (G) dissected gall showing a kleptoparasite pupal cocoon inside (covered by larval faecal pellets, indicated by asterisk); (H) old, empty gall, left attached to a T. sellowiana plant after the kleptoparasite emergence. Scale bars = 4, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4 mm, respectively.

Figure 12 in Description, molecular phylogeny, and natural history of a new kleptoparasitic species of gelechiid moth (Lepidoptera) associated with Melastomataceae galls in Brazil

Figure 12. Variation in colour and size among galls induced by Palaeomystella fernandesi on Tibouchina sellowiana plants, and corresponding use by either cecidogenous or kleptoparasite moths at CPCN Pró-Mata (April 2012 to June 2013). (A) Gradient from green- to violetcoloured for galls that were studied; (B, C) abundance of cecidogenous larvae (closed bars; total = 155 individuals) and kleptoparasite (open bars; total = 163 individuals) inside in relation to intensity of green colour and size of green galls, respectively; (D) linear regression between size and intensity of green colour on galls (y = 0.67x + 8.77, R2 = 0.152, p <0.0001, n = 348).

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Variation in community structure of gall-inducing insects associated with a tropical plant supports the hypothesis of competition in stressful habitats

Environmental factors act as drivers of species coexistence or competition. Mesic environments favor the action of parasites and predators on gall communities, while the factors that determine the structure of gall communities in xeric environments remain unknown. We evaluated the structure of gall communities along an environmental gradient defined by intrinsic plant characteristics, soil fertility and aridity, and investigated the role of competition as a structuring force of gall communities in xeric environments. We created null models to compare observed and simulated patterns of co-occurrence of galls and used the C-score index to assess community aggregation or segregation. We used the NES C-score (standardized C-score) to compare patterns of co-occurrence with parameters of environmental quality. Xeric environments had poorer and more arid soils and more-sclerophyllous plants than mesic environments, which was reflected in the distribution patterns of gall communities. Values of the C-score index revealed a segregated distribution of gall morphospecies in xeric environments, but a random distribution in mesic environments. The low availability of resources for oviposition and the high density of gallers in xeric environments reinforce interspecific competition as an important structuring force for gall communities in these environments.

Figure 37-44 from: Gates MW, Zhang YM, Buffington ML (2020) The great greenbriers gall mystery resolved? New species of Aprostocetus Westwood (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) gall inducer and two new parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) associated with Smilax L. in southern Florida, USA. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 80: 71-98. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.80.59466

Figure 37-44 Sycophila smilax37 frontal view of head 38 frontal view of lower face 39 dorsal view of head 40 posterior view of head 41 female antenna 42 lateral view of mesosoma 43 dorsal view of mesosoma 44 dorsal view of propodeum.

Figure 21-28 from: Gates MW, Zhang YM, Buffington ML (2020) The great greenbriers gall mystery resolved? New species of Aprostocetus Westwood (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) gall inducer and two new parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) associated with Smilax L. in southern Florida, USA. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 80: 71-98. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.80.59466

Figure 21-28 Phylloxeroxenus smilax21 frontal view of head 22 frontal view of lower face 23 dorsal view of head 24 posterior view of head 25 female antenna 26 lateral view of mesosoma 27 dorsal view of mesosoma 28 ventral view of mesosoma.

Figure 29-34 from: Gates MW, Zhang YM, Buffington ML (2020) The great greenbriers gall mystery resolved? New species of Aprostocetus Westwood (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) gall inducer and two new parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) associated with Smilax L. in southern Florida, USA. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 80: 71-98. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.80.59466

Figure 29-34 Phylloxeroxenus smilax29 dorsal view of propodeum 30 lateral view of female metasoma 31 ventral view of female petiole 32 male antenna 33 ventral view of male metasoma 34 lateral view of male metasoma.

Figure 4-11 from: Gates MW, Zhang YM, Buffington ML (2020) The great greenbriers gall mystery resolved? New species of Aprostocetus Westwood (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) gall inducer and two new parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) associated with Smilax L. in southern Florida, USA. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 80: 71-98. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.80.59466

Figure 4-11 Aprostocetus smilax4 frontal view of head 5 frontal view of lower face 6 dorsal view of head 7 posterior view of head 8 female antenna 9 lateral view of mesosoma 10 dorsal view of mesosoma 11 ventral view of mesosoma.