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Fig. 12 in A new ornithomimid dinosaur with gregarious habits from the Late Cretaceous of China

Fig. 12. Dorsal vertebrae of Sinornithomimus dongi gen. et sp. nov. (IVPPV11797−10). A. Tenth cervical, and first to fifth dorsal vertebrae. B. Fifth to eleventh dorsal centra. Italicized letters indicate elements from IVPPV11797−14. Scale bars 3 cm.

Fig. 11 in A new ornithomimid dinosaur with gregarious habits from the Late Cretaceous of China

Fig. 11. Posterior cervical vertebrae of Sinornithomimus dongi gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP−V11797−10). A. Sixth to ninth cervical vertebrae: sixth and seventh in dorsal view and eighth and ninth in lateral view. B. Sixth to tenth cervical vertebrae: sixth in dorsal view and eighth to tenth in lateral view. Italicized letters indicate an element from IVPP−V11797−17. Scale bars 3 cm.

Fig. 10 in A new ornithomimid dinosaur with gregarious habits from the Late Cretaceous of China

Fig. 10. Fifth cervical vertebra of Sinornithomimus dongi gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP−V11797−10) in dorsal (A), ventral (B), lateral (C), anterior (D), and posterior (E) views. Scale bars 3 cm.

Fig. 9 in A new ornithomimid dinosaur with gregarious habits from the Late Cretaceous of China

Fig. 9. Anterior cervical vertebrae of Sinornithomimus dongi gen. et sp. nov. atlas, axis and the third and fourth cervical vertebrae in IVPPV11797−10 in dorsal view; photograph (A) and explanatory drawing of the same (B). Scale bar 3 cm.

Fig. 8 in A new ornithomimid dinosaur with gregarious habits from the Late Cretaceous of China

Fig. 8. Stereographs (CT images) of the bulbous parasphenoid of Sinornithomimus dongi gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP−V11797−31). Scale bar 3 cm.

Fig. 5 in A new ornithomimid dinosaur with gregarious habits from the Late Cretaceous of China

Fig. 5. Skull of Sinornithomimus dongi gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP−V11797−10) in left lateral view. Photograph (A) and explanatory drawing of the same (B). Scale bar 5 cm.

Fig. 7 in A new ornithomimid dinosaur with gregarious habits from the Late Cretaceous of China

Fig. 7. Juvenile skull of Sinornithomimus dongi gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP−V11797−31) in lateral (A, E), dorsal (B, F), occipital (C, G), and posterolateral views, showing the structure of the quadrate region (D, H). Scale bar below C represents 3 cm and is for A–C and E–G. Scale bar left of D is 2 cm.

Fig. 1 in A new ornithomimid dinosaur with gregarious habits from the Late Cretaceous of China

Fig. 1. Map of Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia) Autonomous Region of China, showing the Ulan Suhai locality (large black dot).

Fig. 4 in A new ornithomimid dinosaur with gregarious habits from the Late Cretaceous of China

Fig. 4. Reconstructed skeletons of Sinornithomimus dongi gen. et sp. nov. (subadult, IVPP−V11797−10; juvenile, IVPP−V11797−11). Scale bar 30 cm.

Fig. 3 in A new ornithomimid dinosaur with gregarious habits from the Late Cretaceous of China

Fig. 3. Largest block, containing eight complete and partial skeletons of Sinornithomimus dongi gen. et sp. nov., recovered from the Ulan Suhai locality: photograph (A) and explanatory drawing of the same (B). Gray areas in B indicate the gastrolith masses. Scale bars 30 cm.

Fig. 6 in A new ornithomimid dinosaur with gregarious habits from the Late Cretaceous of China

Fig. 6. Juvenile skull of Sinornithomimus dongi gen. et sp. nov. (IVPP−V11797−11) in right lateral view. Photograph (A) and explanatory drawing of the same (B). Scale bar 5 cm.

Fig. 2 in A new ornithomimid dinosaur with gregarious habits from the Late Cretaceous of China

Fig. 2. Bone distribution map at the Ulan Suhai locality. The dotted line shows the approximate area of the large block drawn in Fig. 3.

FIGURE 5. 1-6 in Burrowing and mud-mound building life habits of fiddler crab Uca lactea in the Bay of Bengal coast, India and their geological and geotechnical importance

FIGURE 5. 1-6. Photographic illustrations arranged in order of gradual morphological transformation of simple (1) to compound mud-mounds (5-6) highlighting some possible morphological variants. Note greenish brown biomat coating on mud-mounds (1 and 5) that are microbially stabilized. The grey coloured mounds are yet to be stabilized.

FIGURE 4. 1 in Burrowing and mud-mound building life habits of fiddler crab Uca lactea in the Bay of Bengal coast, India and their geological and geotechnical importance

FIGURE 4. 1. Uca lactea burrow mouth with excavated loose sediment heaves or domes in relatively dry area. 2. Uca lactea mud chimney and surrounding substrate with mud clasts derived from collapsed mud-mounds and sorted out by tidal current, mud cracks and one trace producing crab (arrowed). 3. Ideal simple mud-mound of Uca lactea associated with feeding pellets arranged around burrow openings. 4. Network of Turritella spp. trails as observed after tidal wash out in low grounds. 5. Network of non-branching and radiating worm burrows (finer) in exposed and relatively dry mudflat. 6. Branching worm burrows (thicker) in exposed and relatively dry mudflat.

FIGURE 1. 1 in Burrowing and mud-mound building life habits of fiddler crab Uca lactea in the Bay of Bengal coast, India and their geological and geotechnical importance

FIGURE 1. 1. Regional geological setting of the Bengal Delta Complex with reference to down drift coastal plains incorporating large area covered by modern mangrove forest of Sundarbans, the Bay of Bengal Sea and Quaternary stratigraphy with time-successive palaeocoastlines (modified after Mallick et al., 1972). Note position of studied Bakkhali beach sector. 2. Magnified view of coastal beach sectors with location of study area (marked by red) by the side of a mighty estuary and position (*) of reported Uca marionis mud volcanoes (De, 2009). 3. A field excavation site from study area showing occurrence of soft mud layers below relatively dry and rigid sand layers with sharp contact as specific substrate condition.

FIGURE 2. 1. A in Burrowing and mud-mound building life habits of fiddler crab Uca lactea in the Bay of Bengal coast, India and their geological and geotechnical importance

FIGURE 2. 1. A field photograph of referred sample area for detailed study showing prolific growth of Uca lactea mudmounds on substrate having varied height, presence of mangrove bushes and spread of living Turritella spp. shells and distal creek. 2. Map prepared from sample study area shows distributions of simple mounds in high ground, compound mounds in low ground, Turritella spp. trails in low ground, mangrove bushes/plants and creek.

FIGURE 7 in Burrowing and mud-mound building life habits of fiddler crab Uca lactea in the Bay of Bengal coast, India and their geological and geotechnical importance

FIGURE 7. Schematic illustration of Uca lactea mud-mound building process as controlled by ground elevation and tidal recession. HTL stands for high tide level.

FIGURE 9 in Burrowing and mud-mound building life habits of fiddler crab Uca lactea in the Bay of Bengal coast, India and their geological and geotechnical importance

FIGURE 9. Vertical height variation curves of simple and compound mud-mounds (total 149 numbers) of Uca lactea in low and high grounds. Curve 1 - compound mounds (30 numbers with average height 14 cm) in low ground; Curve 2 - simple mounds (6 numbers with average height 11 cm) in low ground; Curve 3 - compound mounds (8 numbers with average height 7.5 cm) in high ground and Curve 4 - simple mounds (105 numbers with average height 4 cm) in high ground. Note shorter height of simple mounds relative to compound mounds irrespective of ground height and higher population of simple mounds in high ground and compound mounds in low ground.

FIGURE 8. 1-2 in Burrowing and mud-mound building life habits of fiddler crab Uca lactea in the Bay of Bengal coast, India and their geological and geotechnical importance

FIGURE 8. 1-2. Photographic illustrations of collapsed mounds (arrowed; circular to irregular depressions with central burrow opening(s) as observed immediately after high tide. 3. Rolled out mud balls, lumps and clasts derived from collapsed mud-mounds by tidal action.

FIGURE 6. 1. A in Burrowing and mud-mound building life habits of fiddler crab Uca lactea in the Bay of Bengal coast, India and their geological and geotechnical importance

FIGURE 6. 1. A cluster of predominantly simple mud-mounds produced in high ground. 2-4. Photographs showing field occurrences of predominantly simple mud-mounds in higher ground. 5-11. Photographs showing field occurrences of predominantly compound mud-mounds in low ground. Note greenish brown biomat coating on mud-mounds (6-9 and 11) as a part microbial stabilization process. 12. Photograph illustrating ground elevation-based distribution of simple and compound mounds. (Note size variations, population density variations, surficial features, substrate ruggedness, variation in substrate elevation and different morphotypes of mud-mounds as observed in natural populations.)