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and metatarsal trichobothria as well as the bristles and the tibial and metatarsal bristleshaped hairs are drawn but no normal hairs; 6) retrolateral aspect of the left retroclaw IV; 7) genital area in front of the epigastral furrow in which no epiandrous gland spigots are recognizable. Not all of the hairs anteriorly of the pit are drawn; 8) outline of the anterior spinnerets, ventral aspect; 9) retrolateral aspect of the right pedipalpus; 10) prolateral aspect of the right pedipalpus. Only two of the long retrolateral bristle-shaped cymbial hairs are drawn; 11) ventral aspect of the right pedipalpus; 12) slightly different retroventral aspects of the distal part of the right pedipalpus. C = conductor, E = embolus, M = median apophysis, O = proventral-distal outgrowth of the pedipalpal tibia. Scale bars 0.5 mm in figs. 1-2 and 5, 0.05 in fig. 4 and 6, 0.1 in fig. 7, 0.2 in the remaining figs; in On European Spiders Of The Nominal Families Liocranidae, Miturgidae And Zoridae (Araneae), With Descriptions Of New Taxa
and metatarsal trichobothria as well as the bristles and the tibial and metatarsal bristleshaped hairs are drawn but no normal hairs; 6) retrolateral aspect of the left retroclaw IV; 7) genital area in front of the epigastral furrow in which no epiandrous gland spigots are recognizable. Not all of the hairs anteriorly of the pit are drawn; 8) outline of the anterior spinnerets, ventral aspect; 9) retrolateral aspect of the right pedipalpus; 10) prolateral aspect of the right pedipalpus. Only two of the long retrolateral bristle-shaped cymbial hairs are drawn; 11) ventral aspect of the right pedipalpus; 12) slightly different retroventral aspects of the distal part of the right pedipalpus. C = conductor, E = embolus, M = median apophysis, O = proventral-distal outgrowth of the pedipalpal tibia. Scale bars 0.5 mm in figs. 1-2 and 5, 0.05 in fig. 4 and 6, 0.1 in fig. 7, 0.2 in the remaining figs;
All about being old and shooting hairs: Clade age and urticating hair explain the patterns of diversification in tarantulas
<p>The extreme asymmetry of species richness distribution across the tree of life has always intrigued evolutionary biologists. Two competing explanations have been proposed to explain this pattern—the clade age hypothesis and diversification rate variation. While these two scenarios may not be mutually exclusive, to what extent time and diversification rates interact to explain species richness patterns remains understudied. Here, we investigate the relative influence of these two scenarios using tarantulas (Family: Theraphosidae) as a model. Tarantulas represent a speciose group of spiders found worldwide but exceptionally diverse in South America. These spiders show two distinct patterns of microhabitat use (ground-dwelling or arboreal) and defence strategies (presence or absence of urticating hairs). Using various trait-independent and dependent diversification models, we test the clade age hypothesis, the role of microhabitat, antipredator defence strategy and geography in influencing diversification rates. Our results suggest that clade age is the primary predictor of species richness distribution across the tarantula subfamilies. However, the presence of urticating hair probably disrupted this pattern in some clades by increasing the net diversification rates, not by increasing the speciation rate but by reducing the extinction rate.</p>
Fig. 9 in A comparative SEM study of the guard hair architecture in subterranean moles (Talpidae, Soricomorpha), golden moles (Chrysochloridae, Afrosoricidae), and silvery mole-rats (Bathyergidae, Rodentia)
Fig. 9. Architecture of the guard hairs in an adult male of Heliophobius argenteocinereus. A, D, G, J cross sections of guard hairs of different types (coarse and guard hairs); B, E, H, K longitudinal sections at a base and a shield of the stem (from left to right); C, F, I, L – ornament of cuticle along the stem, from a base to a shield (left to right). SEM micrographs. 10 μm scale.
Fig. 11 in A comparative SEM study of the guard hair architecture in subterranean moles (Talpidae, Soricomorpha), golden moles (Chrysochloridae, Afrosoricidae), and silvery mole-rats (Bathyergidae, Rodentia)
Fig. 11. Species-specificity of cuticular ornamentation at the hair base and constriction in guard hairs of some representatives of Talpidae. SEM micrographs.
Fig. 5 in A comparative SEM study of the guard hair architecture in subterranean moles (Talpidae, Soricomorpha), golden moles (Chrysochloridae, Afrosoricidae), and silvery mole-rats (Bathyergidae, Rodentia)
Fig. 5. Architecture of guard hairs in an adult male of Scapanus townsendii. A, D, G – cross sections through a guard hair from the hair base to the shield (left to right); B, E, H longitudinal sections through a guard hair; C, F, I – cuticular ornamentation along the shaft, from the hair base to the shield (left to right, the narrowing of the shaft is marked with an arrow). SEM micrographs. 10 μm scale.
Fig. 3 in A comparative SEM study of the guard hair architecture in subterranean moles (Talpidae, Soricomorpha), golden moles (Chrysochloridae, Afrosoricidae), and silvery mole-rats (Bathyergidae, Rodentia)
Fig. 3. Variability of the shaft width/cuticle height index along the shaft in the guard hairs from the withers in the studied species. A – Talpidae and Bathyergidae; B – Chrysochloridae.
Fig. 2 in A comparative SEM study of the guard hair architecture in subterranean moles (Talpidae, Soricomorpha), golden moles (Chrysochloridae, Afrosoricidae), and silvery mole-rats (Bathyergidae, Rodentia)
Fig. 2. Architecture of guard hairs in an adult male of Talpa altaica. A, E, H – cross sections through the hair along the shaft from the hair base to the shield (left to right); B, F, I longitudinal sections through the hair along the shaft from the hair base to the shield (left to right); С – cuticular ornamentation along a shaft from the base to shield (left to right); D same along the shaft from the hair base to the region below the shield (top to bottom); G, J same along the shaft from the hair base to the shield (left to right). SEM micrographs. 10 μm scale.
Fig. 8 in A comparative SEM study of the guard hair architecture in subterranean moles (Talpidae, Soricomorpha), golden moles (Chrysochloridae, Afrosoricidae), and silvery mole-rats (Bathyergidae, Rodentia)
Fig. 8. Architecture of guard hairs in adult males of the studied species of Chrysospalax, Cryptochloris, and Eremitalpa. A – cross sections through a hair along the shaft from the hair base to the shield (from left to right); E same at the hair base and in the shield (left to right); H – same in the shield; B – longitudinal sections through a hair along the shaft at the hair base and in the shield (left to right); F, I – same in the shield; C – medulla in the shield; D, G, J – cuticular ornamentation along the shaft from the hair base to the shield (left to right). SEM micrographs. 10 μm scale.
Fig. 6 in A comparative SEM study of the guard hair architecture in subterranean moles (Talpidae, Soricomorpha), golden moles (Chrysochloridae, Afrosoricidae), and silvery mole-rats (Bathyergidae, Rodentia)
Fig. 6. Architecture of coarse hairs and guard hairs in an adult male of Urotrichus talpoides. A, D, G, J, M cross sections through a hair along the shaft, from the hair base to the shield (left to right, the flattening of the shaft is indicated by arrows); B, E, H, K, N longitudinal sections along the shaft, from the hair base to the shield (left to right); C, F, I, L, O – cuticular ornamentation along the shaft from the hair base to the shield (left to right, in F and I, the narrowing of the shaft is indicated by arrows). SEM micrographs. 10 μm scale.
Fig. 7 in A comparative SEM study of the guard hair architecture in subterranean moles (Talpidae, Soricomorpha), golden moles (Chrysochloridae, Afrosoricidae), and silvery mole-rats (Bathyergidae, Rodentia)
Fig. 7. Architecture of guard hairs in adult males of the studied species of Amblysomus, Calcochloris, Carpitalpa, and Chrysochloris. A, J – cross sections through a hair along the shaft from the hair base to the shield (left to right); E, M same in the shield; B – longitudinal sections of a hair along the shaft from the hair base to the shield (left to right); F, K, N – same in the shield; G, H, O – medullar architecture in the shield; C, I, L, P – cuticular ornamentation along the shaft from the hair base to the shield (left to right); D same at the hair tip. SEM micrographs. 10 μm scale.
Fig. 1 in A comparative SEM study of the guard hair architecture in subterranean moles (Talpidae, Soricomorpha), golden moles (Chrysochloridae, Afrosoricidae), and silvery mole-rats (Bathyergidae, Rodentia)
Fig. 1. Measuring protocol for the hair structures in the studied species: As – maximum surface area of the medullar air spaces; D – maximum shaft diameter; d – minimum shaft diameter; H –maximum length of the cuticular scale; h – maximum height of the transverse medullar septum - 'disk'; S – surface area of the hair cross section; s – surface area of the medullar column; hs – surface area of the septum -'disk'; W – shield width; w – maximum width of the medullar column in the shield. A flag ‒ diameter of the pigment granule.
Fig. 4 in A comparative SEM study of the guard hair architecture in subterranean moles (Talpidae, Soricomorpha), golden moles (Chrysochloridae, Afrosoricidae), and silvery mole-rats (Bathyergidae, Rodentia)
Fig. 4. Architecture of hairs in an adult male of Mogera robusta. A, D, K cross sections through a guard hair along the shaft from the hair base to the shield (left to right); B, E, H longitudinal sections through a guard hair; G cross sections through different hair types: coarse hair (arrow) and guard hairs; C, F, J – cuticular ornamentation of a guard hair from the hair base to the shield (left to right); I, L same in a coarse hair (left to right). SEM micrographs. 10 μm scale.
Fig. 10 in A comparative SEM study of the guard hair architecture in subterranean moles (Talpidae, Soricomorpha), golden moles (Chrysochloridae, Afrosoricidae), and silvery mole-rats (Bathyergidae, Rodentia)
Fig. 10. Visualization of metric data for guard hairs in the studied species. A – Talpidae and Bathyergidae, B – Chrysochloridae. Icon plots (graphs with pictograms in the form of profiles). Legend (left to right): D/d, base; D/d, shield; S/ s, W/w; W/h; As/hs; W/H, base/constriction, below shield, shield. Initial data are shown in tables 1Sup and 2Sup.
Distribution. Angola, DR Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Zambia. Description. Head-body 46:5-47-8 cm (males), 44-45-5 cm (females), tail 40-43 cm (males), 38-39 cm (females), hindfoot 8:7-9-8 cm (males), 8-9 cm (females), ear 4-7-5-4 cm (males), 5-1-5-8 cm (females); weight 1-3-2 kg. The coat color is pale ocher, with brownish or grayish tones; melanistic individuals are quite common. The throat and chest are blackish, and the ventral pelage varies from creamy white to dirty white. The stripes and spots on the body vary from different hues of brown to black. The nuchal stripes run as two parallel lines from the nape to the shoulders, where they diverge and enlarge towards the elbows; they are not so conspicuously marked as in other genet species. Below them, a pair of thinner stripes and small spots are scattered on the shoulders and sides of the neck. A third pair of thinner, parallel stripes runs down the neck between the nuchal stripes, extending to about one fourth of the mid-dorsal line, where they vanish or diverge as the first row of flank spots. The black mid-dorsal line is continuous and is flanked on each side by four rows of oblong to squared spots, and by a few small-scattered spots below. There is a dorsal erectile crest. The face has a dark mask and a pair of white sub-ocular spots. The tail has seven to nine black rings, alternating with pale rings; the intervening white spaces are pigmented with a brownish tinge on the dorsal midline. The width of the pale rings relative to the dark rings in the middle of the tail is 50-75%; the tip of the tail is dark. The hindlimbs and forelimbs are black; there are white hairs on the metacarpals and metatarsals. [he posterior parts of the feet are dark. There are two pairs of teats. The posterior chamber of the auditory bulla is not ventrally inflated and has a continuous curve line on the external side. The ratio between the inter-orbital constriction and frontal width is 1-00 + 0-12. Dental formula: 13/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40. in Viverridae
Distribution. Angola, DR Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Zambia. Description. Head-body 46:5-47-8 cm (males), 44-45-5 cm (females), tail 40-43 cm (males), 38-39 cm (females), hindfoot 8:7-9-8 cm (males), 8-9 cm (females), ear 4-7-5-4 cm (males), 5-1-5-8 cm (females); weight 1-3-2 kg. The coat color is pale ocher, with brownish or grayish tones; melanistic individuals are quite common. The throat and chest are blackish, and the ventral pelage varies from creamy white to dirty white. The stripes and spots on the body vary from different hues of brown to black. The nuchal stripes run as two parallel lines from the nape to the shoulders, where they diverge and enlarge towards the elbows; they are not so conspicuously marked as in other genet species. Below them, a pair of thinner stripes and small spots are scattered on the shoulders and sides of the neck. A third pair of thinner, parallel stripes runs down the neck between the nuchal stripes, extending to about one fourth of the mid-dorsal line, where they vanish or diverge as the first row of flank spots. The black mid-dorsal line is continuous and is flanked on each side by four rows of oblong to squared spots, and by a few small-scattered spots below. There is a dorsal erectile crest. The face has a dark mask and a pair of white sub-ocular spots. The tail has seven to nine black rings, alternating with pale rings; the intervening white spaces are pigmented with a brownish tinge on the dorsal midline. The width of the pale rings relative to the dark rings in the middle of the tail is 50-75%; the tip of the tail is dark. The hindlimbs and forelimbs are black; there are white hairs on the metacarpals and metatarsals. [he posterior parts of the feet are dark. There are two pairs of teats. The posterior chamber of the auditory bulla is not ventrally inflated and has a continuous curve line on the external side. The ratio between the inter-orbital constriction and frontal width is 1-00 + 0-12. Dental formula: 13/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40.
FIGURES 9–10. Hind tibia hair pencils, 9. B. tinsukiaensis n in Description of two new species of the genus Baburia Koçak, 1981 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) from India
FIGURES 9–10. Hind tibia hair pencils, 9. B. tinsukiaensis n. sp. (male holotype), 10. B. chettalliensis n. sp. (male holotype).
On following pages: 327. Rufous Tube-nosed Bat (Murina leucogasten; 328. Bicolored Tube-nosed Bat (Murina bicolon); 329. Rongjiang Tube-nosed Bat (Murina rongjiangensis); 330. Fang He Tube-nosed Bat (Murina fanjingshanensis); 331. Shuipu Tube-nosed Bat (Murina shuipuensis); 332. Dusky Tube-nosed Bat (Murina fusca); 333. Hilgendorf's Tube-nosed Bat (Murina hilgendorf); 334. Little Tube-nosed Bat (Murina aurata); 335. Jaintia Tube-nosed Bat (Murina jaintiana); 336. Rainforest Tube-nosed Bat (Murina pluvialis); 337. Fea's Tube-nosed Bat (Murina feae); 338. Beelzebub Tube-nosed Bat (Murina beelzebub); 339. Lorelie's Tube-nosed Bat (Murina lorelieae); 340. Vietnamese Tube-nosed Bat Murina harpioloides); 341. Golden-haired Tube-nosed Bat (Murina chrysochaetes); 342. Harrison's Tube-nosed Bat (Murina harrisoni); 343. Ussuri Tube-nosed Bat (Murina ussuriensis); 344. Gloomy Tube-nosed Bat (Murina tenebrosa); 345. Ryukyu Tube-nosed Bat (Murina ryukyuana); 346. Hutton's Tube-nosed Bat (Murina huttonii); 347. Taiwan Tube-nosed Bat (Murina puta). in Vespertilionidae
On following pages: 327. Rufous Tube-nosed Bat (Murina leucogasten; 328. Bicolored Tube-nosed Bat (Murina bicolon); 329. Rongjiang Tube-nosed Bat (Murina rongjiangensis); 330. Fang He Tube-nosed Bat (Murina fanjingshanensis); 331. Shuipu Tube-nosed Bat (Murina shuipuensis); 332. Dusky Tube-nosed Bat (Murina fusca); 333. Hilgendorf's Tube-nosed Bat (Murina hilgendorf); 334. Little Tube-nosed Bat (Murina aurata); 335. Jaintia Tube-nosed Bat (Murina jaintiana); 336. Rainforest Tube-nosed Bat (Murina pluvialis); 337. Fea's Tube-nosed Bat (Murina feae); 338. Beelzebub Tube-nosed Bat (Murina beelzebub); 339. Lorelie's Tube-nosed Bat (Murina lorelieae); 340. Vietnamese Tube-nosed Bat Murina harpioloides); 341. Golden-haired Tube-nosed Bat (Murina chrysochaetes); 342. Harrison's Tube-nosed Bat (Murina harrisoni); 343. Ussuri Tube-nosed Bat (Murina ussuriensis); 344. Gloomy Tube-nosed Bat (Murina tenebrosa); 345. Ryukyu Tube-nosed Bat (Murina ryukyuana); 346. Hutton's Tube-nosed Bat (Murina huttonii); 347. Taiwan Tube-nosed Bat (Murina puta).
On following pages: 35. Short-palated Fruit Bat (Casinycteris argynnis); 36. Pohle's Fruit Bat (Casinycteris ophiodon); 37. Campo-Ma'an Fruit Bat (Casinycteris campomaanensis); 38. Lesser Dawn Bat (Eonycteris spelaea); 39. Greater Dawn Bat (Eonycteris major); 40. Philippine Dawn Bat (Eonycteris robusta); 41. Geoffroy's Rousette (Rousettus amplexicaudatus): 42. Bare-backed Rousette (Rousettus spinalatus); 43. Leschenault's Rousette (Rousettus leschenaultil); 44. Linduan Rousette (Rousettus linduensis); 45. Sulawesi Rousette (Rousettus celebensis); 46. Egyptian Rousette (Rousettus aegyptiacus); 47 Malagasy Rousette (Rousettus madagascariensis); 48. Comoro Rousette (Rousettus obliviosus); 49. Long-haired Fruit Bat (Stenonycteris lanosus). in Pteropodidae
On following pages: 35. Short-palated Fruit Bat (Casinycteris argynnis); 36. Pohle's Fruit Bat (Casinycteris ophiodon); 37. Campo-Ma'an Fruit Bat (Casinycteris campomaanensis); 38. Lesser Dawn Bat (Eonycteris spelaea); 39. Greater Dawn Bat (Eonycteris major); 40. Philippine Dawn Bat (Eonycteris robusta); 41. Geoffroy's Rousette (Rousettus amplexicaudatus): 42. Bare-backed Rousette (Rousettus spinalatus); 43. Leschenault's Rousette (Rousettus leschenaultil); 44. Linduan Rousette (Rousettus linduensis); 45. Sulawesi Rousette (Rousettus celebensis); 46. Egyptian Rousette (Rousettus aegyptiacus); 47 Malagasy Rousette (Rousettus madagascariensis); 48. Comoro Rousette (Rousettus obliviosus); 49. Long-haired Fruit Bat (Stenonycteris lanosus).
FIGURE 5 in First report of a cricket with filiform hairs on foretibia (Orthoptera: Gryllidae Gryllinae)
FIGURE 5. Fodigryllus bisetus sp. nov. A, genitalia in dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view (Scale bar= 0.5mm).
FIGURE 4 in First report of a cricket with filiform hairs on foretibia (Orthoptera: Gryllidae Gryllinae)
FIGURE 4. Fodigryllus bisetus sp. nov. A, foretibia from outer side; B, foretibia from inner side; C, foretibiae from front side (Scale bar= 1mm).
FIGURE 1 in First report of a cricket with filiform hairs on foretibia (Orthoptera: Gryllidae Gryllinae)
FIGURE 1. The phylogenetic relationship inferred from the COI concatenated fragments. The tree was rooted by Velarifictorus arisanicus and constructed by Maximum likelihood (ML) with TIM2+I+G4+F model. Topology supports of all major nodes are indicated above branches by SH-aLRT value and the bootstrap value.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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