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Figure 8 in Ontogeny of the jaw and maxillary barbel musculature in the armoured catfish families Loricariidae and Callichthyidae (Loricarioidea, Siluriformes), with a discussion on muscle homologies

Figure 8. Cross-sections of adult Corydoras aeneus. Only the right half of each section is shown. A, halfway along lower jaw; B, at posterior end of lower jaw (39.0-mm SL) (black indicates bone, dark grey indicates cartilage, light grey indicates muscle, stippled areas indicate nerves). Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 6 in Ontogeny of the jaw and maxillary barbel musculature in the armoured catfish families Loricariidae and Callichthyidae (Loricarioidea, Siluriformes), with a discussion on muscle homologies

Figure 6. Cross-sections of subadult Ancistrus cf. triradiatus. Only the right half of each section is shown. A, at lower jaw; B, at hyoid bar (33.5-mm SL) (black indicates bone, dark grey indicates cartilage, light grey indicates muscle, stippled areas indicate nerves). Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 4 in Ontogeny of the jaw and maxillary barbel musculature in the armoured catfish families Loricariidae and Callichthyidae (Loricarioidea, Siluriformes), with a discussion on muscle homologies

Figure 4. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the head of an 8.0-mm SL Ancistrus cf. triradiatus free-living embryo. Only the skeleton and the jaw and maxillary barbel musculature are shown, as well as the principal nerve branches in the jaw region (the buccal branches have been omitted). A, dorsal view (left half of neurocranium removed); B, ventral view (left suspensorium, hyoid and mandibular arch removed); C, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figure 1 in Ontogeny of the jaw and maxillary barbel musculature in the armoured catfish families Loricariidae and Callichthyidae (Loricarioidea, Siluriformes), with a discussion on muscle homologies

Figure 1. Schematic lateral view of jaw and maxillary barbel musculature in (A) Ancistrus cf. triradiatus and (B) Corydoras aeneus. Redrawn from Schaefer & Lauder (1986) and adjusted according to Geerinckx et al. (2007b). Names as featured in the current paper.

Figure 2 in Ontogeny of the jaw and maxillary barbel musculature in the armoured catfish families Loricariidae and Callichthyidae (Loricarioidea, Siluriformes), with a discussion on muscle homologies

Figure 2. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the head of a 6.1-mm SL Ancistrus cf. triradiatus embryo. Only the skeleton and the jaw and maxillary barbel musculature are shown. A, dorsal view (left half of neurocranium removed); B, ventral view (left suspensorium, hyoid and mandibular arch removed); C, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figure 7 in Ontogeny of the jaw and maxillary barbel musculature in the armoured catfish families Loricariidae and Callichthyidae (Loricarioidea, Siluriformes), with a discussion on muscle homologies

Figure 7. Cross-sections of larval Corydoras aeneus. Only the right half of each section is shown. A, anterior to lower jaw; B, at lower jaw (A, B: 4.9-mm SL); C, at lower jaw; D, posterior to lower jaw (C, D: 9.3-mm SL) (black indicates bone, dark grey indicates cartilage, light grey indicates muscle, stippled areas indicate nerves). Scale bar = 0.2 mm.

Figure 5 in Ontogeny of the jaw and maxillary barbel musculature in the armoured catfish families Loricariidae and Callichthyidae (Loricarioidea, Siluriformes), with a discussion on muscle homologies

Figure 5. Cross-sections of embryonic Ancistrus cf. triradiatus. Only the right half of each section is shown (only adductor mandibulae complex in E). A, at lower jaw; B, at posterior side of hyoid bar (A, B: 8.0-mm SL); C, at lower jaw; D, at anterior side of hyoid bar (C, D: 12.4-mm SL); E, at anterior side of hyoid bar (10.2-mm SL) (black indicates bone, dark grey indicates cartilage, light grey indicates muscle, stippled areas indicate nerves). Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figure 12 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus

Figure 12. Abnormal morphologies observed during limb development in Phrynops hilarii. A, the arrows point to a condensation of centrale 3 that seems to be duplicated. B, the arrows point to three ossification nuclei representing the primary cartilages of the fibulare, intermedium, and centrale 4 in the proximal tarsal.

Figure 13 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus

Figure 13. Scheme of limb development in pleurodiran turtles. These patterns were also observed in other turtles. In the forelimbs (A and B), developmental variation involves the number of cartilaginous primordia of the central series. At advanced embryonic stages and after hatching, secondary fusion may occur in the distal carpal series. In the hindlimbs (C and D), centrale 4 may originate as a distinct cartilaginous primordium, or fuse with the intermedium condensation. The astragalus ossification will develop in the intermedium–centrale cartilage. Abbreviations: I–V, digits I–V; c1–c4, centrale 1–4; d1–d5, distal carpalia/tarsalia 1–5; f, fibulare; F, femur; Fi, fibula; H, humerus; i, intermedium; p, pisiform; Ra, radius; Ti, tibia; Ul, ulna.

Figure 9 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus

Figure 9. Histological sections of limb buds of Podocnemis unifilis at stage 16. A, scale bar: 0.5 mm. The rectangle indicates the area of the carpal section on the right. B, dorsoventral section showing cartilaginous foci of distal carpalia, metacarpalia, and the centrale 4. C, scale bar: 0.5 mm. The rectangles point the areas of the tarsal sections in (D–F). D, the relationships between distal tarsalia 5 and 4 seem to be similar to those of other distal tarsalia. E, the large cartilaginous mass of the intermedium can be seen. F, there are no relationships between the end of the tibia and the cartilaginous condensations of the tarsus. Abbreviations: I–V, digits I–V; c4, centrale 4; d1–d5, distal carpalia/tarsalia 1–5; Fi, fibula; i, intermedium; T, tibia. Scale bars: 0.2 mm in (D–F).

Figure 8 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus

Figure 8. Hindlimb development in Phrynops hilarii. Dorsal views of left limbs. A, stage 17; B, stage 18; C, stage 19; D, stage 20; E, stage 23. The centrale 4 is completely integrated with the intermedium mass forming the proximal tarsale. Distal elements of toe V were lost in this specimen. Abbreviations: 1–5, tarsalia 1–5; I–V, digits I–V; c4, centrale 4; f, fibulare; Fi, fibula; i, intermedium; Ti, tibia. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figure 3 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus

Figure 3. Early forelimb development in Podocnemis unifilis (A–F) and Podocnemis sextuberculata (G–J). Dorsal views of left limbs. A, stage 14; B, stage 15; C, stage 16; D, stage 17; E, stage 18; F, stage 19; G, stage 12; H, stage 15; I, stage 16; J, stage 19. Abbreviations: 1–5, carpalia 1–5; I–V, digits I–V; c2, centrale 2; c3, centrale 3; c4, centrale 4; cc, centralia; H, humerus; i, intermedium; p, pisiform; R, radius; U, ulna; u, ulnare. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figure 6. A–E in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus

Figure 6. A–E, the sequence of reduction of the distal phalanx in toe V observed in Podocnemis unifilis (stages 20, 22, 23, 24, and juvenile). Three cartilaginous phalanges are segmented during digit development, but the distal one is lost before ossification. F, in Podocnemis sextuberculata, the third phalanx ossifies before hatching (stage 24). Abbreviations: 5, distal tarsale 5; mt V, metatarsale V; ph1–3, phalanges 1–3. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 5 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus

Figure 5. Sequence of ossification in Podocnemis unifilis, dorsal view of left limbs. A–H, forelimbs. A1–H1, hindlimbs. A and A1, stage 18; B and B1, stage 19; C and C1, stage 20; D and D1, stage 21; E and E1, stage 22; F and F1, stage 23; G and G1, stage 24; H and H1, post-hatched specimen. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 10 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus

Figure 10. Morphological and structural features of the hook in extant reptiles. A, Liolaemus multicolor, juvenile specimen. The hook has cartilaginous distal and proximal epiphyses, and a short ossified diaphysis. This ossification is perichondral. The proximal epiphysis forms a small concave surface to articulate with distal tarsale 4. The distal epiphysis is rounded. B, Caiman latirostris, juvenile specimen. The hook is a semispherical ossified element with a short and stout distal process. It is related to distal tarsale 4 and metatarsale IV, but lacks distinct articular surfaces. Toe V in crocodiles is reduced to this element only. C, Podocnemis unifilis, juvenile specimen. The hook is a subspherical element with a nucleus of endochondral ossification. It has a wide concave articular surface with the distal tarsale 4, and a distal and convex articular process with metatarsale V. The dorsal and outer surface of distal tarsale 5 bears fibers of two muscles of the crus: peroneus anterior and gastrocnemius (black mark). One of the ligaments of the gastrocnemius muscle is fused to the plantar aponeurosis, and attaches to the outer process of metatarsale V (black mark). The muscles flexor digiti brevis and interosseum insert along the anterior border of metatarsale V, and the posterior border of metatarsale IV (white marks). D, Liolaemus multicolor, adult specimen. The hook bears a fully ossified epiphyses and diaphysis. Secondary centres of ossification are visible in the proximal epiphyses and in the lateroposterior medial crest. The peroneus brevis, peroneus longus, and gastrocnemius muscles, as well as the superficial femoral aponeurosis, are attached to the lateral plantar process of the fifth hooked metatarsale. There are also fibers of the deep femoral aponeurosis (formed by tendons of the peroneus and gastrocnemius muscles) attached to the outer lateral plantar tubercle (black mark). Insertions of the interosseum (or intermetatarsale) muscle occur on the hook (white marks). Abbreviations: 3, 4, tarsalia 3 and 4; d, diaphysis; e, epiphysis; f, fibulare; olt, outer lateral plantar tubercle; op, outer process; soc; secondary ossification centre.

Figure 4 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus

Figure 4. Early hindlimb development in Podocnemis unifilis (A–F) and Podocnemis sextuberculata (G–I). Dorsal views of left limbs. A, stage 14; B, stage 15; C, stage 16; D, stage 17; E, stage 18; F, stage 19; G, stage 12; H, stage 15; I, stage 19. Abbreviations: 1–5, tarsalia 1–5; I–V, digits I–V; c, centrale; f, fibulare; F, femur; Fi, fibula; i, intermedium; Ti, tibia. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figure 7 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus

Figure 7. Forelimb development in Phrynops hilarii. Dorsal views of left limbs. A, stage 17; B, stage 18; C, stage 19; D, stage 20; E, stage 23. Abbreviations: 1–5, carpalia 1–5; I–V, digits I–V; c1, centrale 1; c2, centrale 2; c3, centrale 3; c4, centrale 4; i, intermedium; p, pisiform; Ra, radius; u, ulnare. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figure 2 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus

Figure 2. Fully ossified autopodia of adults of Podocnemis sextuberculata MZUSP 3218 (A and B), and Podocnemis unifilis MZUSP 3209 (C and D). A, dorsal view of right hand. B, dorsal view of right foot. C, dorsal view of right hand. D, dorsal view of rigth foot. Abbreviations: I–V, digits I–V; as, astragalus; c2, lateral centrale or centrale 2; cc, centralia; d1–d5, distal carpalia/tarsalia 1–5; fi, fibulare; Fi, fibula; i, intermedium; p, pisiform; Ra, radius; Ti, tibia; tp, proximal tarsale; Ul, ulna; u, ulnare. Scale bars: 5 mm.

Figure 1 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus

Figure 1. Autopodia of adult Phrynops hilarii. Grey areas indicate cartilages. A, dorsal view of right hand. B, dorsal view of right foot. Abbreviations: I–V, digits I–V; c2, lateral centrale or centrale 2; cc, centralia; d1–d5, distal carpalia/tarsalia 1–5; Fi, fibula; i, intermedium; p, pisiform; Ra, radius; Ti, tibia; tp, proximal tarsale; Ul, ulna; u, ulnare. Scale bars: 5 mm.