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opencc-by-4.0Oct 2022View details →

Fig. 3 in Larval Development And Habitat Usage Of Stream-Breeding Fire Salamanders In An Urban Environment

Fig. 3. Mean density of salamander larvae (number of larvae/m2) detected in the 16 segments during surveys every 10 days in "Hűvös-ér" stream, 2011–2014 (2011: thin line, 2012:

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2022View details →

Fig. 5 in Larval Development And Habitat Usage Of Stream-Breeding Fire Salamanders In An Urban Environment

Fig. 5. Mean number of salamander larvae detected per a year in the "releasing" 2–6 upper segments (continuous bold line), in the "strong collector" middle segments: 7–9 (dashed line) and the "weak collector" lower segments: 10–13 (dotted line) during surveys every 10 days in "Hűvös-ér" stream between 2011–2014. Data from segment 1 have not been plotted because larvae were present at only one time point

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2022View details →

Fig. 1 in Larval Development And Habitat Usage Of Stream-Breeding Fire Salamanders In An Urban Environment

Fig. 1. Segments of "Hűvös-ér" stream, where Salamandra salamandra larvae were surveyed. (Numbers indicate individual stream segments, bold meandering line = main branch of the stream, thin branch- ing line = tributaries of the stream, straight lines = segment boundaries, four-pointed stars at segment boundaries and in the stream bed = water steps, double line = main road between Budapest and Solymár, P = "Paprikás"-stream)

Fig. 5 in Comparative study of the larval development of four anuran species from the Khorat Plateau, Thailand

Fig. 5. Tadpoles of Duttaphrynus melanostictus during ontogenetic development: Stages 20 to 34. Scale bars = 1 mm unless otherwise stated.

Fig. 12 in Comparative study of the larval development of four anuran species from the Khorat Plateau, Thailand

Fig. 12. Tadpoles of Kaloula pulchra during ontogenetic development: Stages 35 to 46. Scale bars = 1 mm unless otherwise stated.

Fig. 1 in Comparative study of the larval development of four anuran species from the Khorat Plateau, Thailand

Fig. 1. Adult frogs that provided the eggs that were used in this study: A, amplectant pair of Duttaphrynus melanostictus; B, amplectant pair of Kaloula pulchra; C, female of Polypedates megacephalus after oviposition; D, amplectant pair of Occidozyga lima.

Fig. 11 in Comparative study of the larval development of four anuran species from the Khorat Plateau, Thailand

Fig. 11. Tadpoles of Kaloula pulchra during ontogenetic development: Stages 25 to 33. Scale bars = 1 mm unless otherwise stated.

Fig. 15 in Comparative study of the larval development of four anuran species from the Khorat Plateau, Thailand

Fig. 15. Growth pattern of Occidozyga lima tadpoles. A, change of SVL as a function of development (stages); B, change of total length as a function of development (stages); C, change of relative tail length (ratio tail length/SVL) as a function of development (stages).

Fig. 23 in Comparative study of the larval development of four anuran species from the Khorat Plateau, Thailand

Fig. 23. Growth pattern of Polypedates megacephalus tadpoles. A, change of SVL as a function of development (stages); B, change of total length as a function of development (stages); C, change of relative tail length (ratio tail length/SVL) as a function of development (stages).

Fig. 14 in Comparative study of the larval development of four anuran species from the Khorat Plateau, Thailand

Fig. 14. Tadpoles of Kaloula pulchra. A, B, Stage 36 showing details of oral apparatus; C, Stage 32 showing details of vent region.

Fig. 10 in Comparative study of the larval development of four anuran species from the Khorat Plateau, Thailand

Fig. 10. Tadpoles of Kaloula pulchra during ontogenetic development: Stages 1 to 23. Scale bars = 1 mm unless otherwise stated.

Fig. 3 in Comparative study of the larval development of four anuran species from the Khorat Plateau, Thailand

Fig. 3. Growth pattern of Duttaphrynus melanostictus tadpoles. A, change of SVL as a function of development (stages); B, change of total length as a function of development (stages); C, change of relative tail length (ratio tail length/SVL) as a function of development (stages).

Fig. 9 in Comparative study of the larval development of four anuran species from the Khorat Plateau, Thailand

Fig. 9. Growth pattern of Kaloula pulchra tadpoles. A, change of SVL as a function of development (stages); B, change of total length as a function of development (stages); C, change of relative tail length (ratio tail length/SVL) as a function of development (stages).

Fig. 4 in Comparative study of the larval development of four anuran species from the Khorat Plateau, Thailand

Fig. 4. Tadpoles of Duttaphrynus melanostictus during ontogenetic development: Stages 1 to 18. Scale bars = 1 mm unless otherwise stated.

opencc-zeroSep 2020View details →

Data from: Development time mediates the effect of larval diet on ageing and mating success of male antler flies in the wild

High-quality developmental environments often improve individual performance into adulthood, but allocating toward early life traits, such as growth, development rate and reproduction, may lead to trade-offs with late-life performance. It is, therefore, uncertain how a rich developmental environment will affect the ageing process (senescence), particularly in wild insects. To investigate the effects of early life environmental quality on insect life-history traits, including senescence, we reared larval antler flies (Protopiophila litigata) on four diets of varying nutrient concentration, then recorded survival and mating success of adult males released in the wild. Declining diet quality was associated with slower development, but had no effect on other life-history traits once development time was accounted for. Fast-developing males were larger and lived longer, but experienced more rapid senescence in survival and lower average mating rate compared to slow developers. Ultimately, larval diet, development time and body size did not predict lifetime mating success. Thus, a rich environment led to a mixture of apparent benefits and costs, mediated by development time. Our results indicate that 'silver spoon' effects can be complex and that development time mediates the response of adult life-history traits to early life environmental quality.

opencc-zeroJan 2021View details →

Influence of density and salinity on larval development of salt-adapted and salt-naïve frog populations

Environmental change and habitat fragmentation will affect population densities for many species. For those species that have locally adapted to persist in changed or stressful habitats, it is uncertain how density dependence will affect adaptive responses. Anurans (frogs and toads) are typically freshwater organisms, but some coastal populations of green treefrogs (Hyla cinerea) have adapted to brackish, coastal wetlands. Tadpoles from coastal populations metamorphose sooner and demonstrate faster growth rates than inland populations when reared solitarily. Although saltwater exposure has adaptively reduced the duration of the larval period for coastal populations, increases in densities during larval development typically increase time to metamorphosis and reduce rates of growth and survival. We test how combined stressors of density and salinity affect larval development between salt-adapted ("coastal") and non-salt adapted ("inland") populations by measuring various developmental and metamorphic phenotypes. We found that increased tadpole density strongly affected coastal and inland tadpole populations similarly. In high-density treatments, both coastal and inland populations had reduced growth rates, greater exponential decay of growth, a smaller size at metamorphosis, took longer to reach metamorphosis, and had lower survivorship at metamorphosis. Salinity only exaggerated the effects of density on the time to reach metamorphosis and exponential decay of growth. Location of origin affected length at metamorphosis, with coastal tadpoles metamorphosing slightly longer than inland tadpoles across densities and salinities. These findings confirm that density has a strong and central influence on larval development even across divergent populations and habitat types and may mitigate the expression (and therefore detection) of locally adapted phenotypes.

opencc-zeroNov 2023View details →

Data from: Larval diet and temperature alter mosquito immunity and development: using body size and developmental traits to track carry-over effects on longevity

Background: Estimating arbovirus transmission potential requires a mechanistic understanding of how environmental factors influence the expression of adult mosquito traits. While preimaginal exposure to environmental factors can have profound effects on adult traits, tracking and predicting these effects remains challenging. Methods: Using Aedes albopictus and a structural equation modelling approach, we explored how larval nutrition and temperature jointly affect development rate and success, body size, and whether these metrics capture carry-over effects on adult longevity. Additionally, we investigated how larval diet and temperature affect the baseline expression of ten immune genes. Results: We found that larval development success was primarily determined by diet, while temperature and diet both affected development rate, pupal wet weight, and wing length. Effects of diet on both morphometric measures and their relationships to adult longevity were asymmetrical, with wing length having a positive association and pupal weight a negative association. Larval diet indirectly affected adult longevity, and the time to pupation was negatively correlated with longevity. The expression of eight immune genes from Toll, JAK-STAT, and Imd pathways was enhanced in mosquitoes with higher nutrition. Conclusions: Our results highlight deficiencies from using a single body size measure to capture carry-over effects on adult traits. Further studies of larval development rate under varying environmental conditions and its potential for tracking carry-over effects on vectorial capacity are warranted.

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Effects of temperature on reproduction and development of Cyanopterus ninghais (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a larval parasitoid of Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Cyanopterus ninghais (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a newly discovered gregarious ectoparasitoid, is a promising biological control agent against the third-fifth instar larvae of the Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Effects of constant ambient temperatures (17, 20, 23, 26, 29, and 32 ℃) on the reproduction and development of the parasitoid were determined in the laboratory. We investigated the reproductive parameters of C. ninghais, including the pre-oviposition period, parasitism rate, offspring number, emergence rate, and sex ratio, at these six temperatures using 4th-instar larvae of M. alternatus as hosts, and the developmental duration of each developmental stage (egg, larva, and pupa) and generation at six temperatures was also measured. The pre-oviposition periods of C. ninghais decreased gradually with increasing temperatures. Both the parasitism rates and the number of offspring exhibited a parabolic trend in relation to increasing temperatures. Temperature did not significantly affect the emergence rate and sex ratio of progeny. The duration of each developmental stage was inversely correlated with temperature within the range of 20 to 32 ℃. We concluded that temperatures in the range of 26 to 29 ℃ are the most suitable for the development and reproduction of C. ninghais. These findings provide important information for improving the artificial rearing efficiency and field release of this parasitoid under different temperature conditions.