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313 results for “locomotion”
Raw data accompanying: Ground reaction forces in monitor lizards (Varanidae) and the scaling of locomotion in sprawling tetrapods
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Anatomical insights into fish terrestrial locomotion: a study of barred mudskipper (Periophthalmus argentilineatus) fins based on μCT 3D reconstructions
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A data archive including processed spiking data, raw EMG datasets, and video data during locomotion behavior from six mice
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Lifelong exposure to artificial light at night impacts stridulation and locomotion activity patterns in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus
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The relationship between sternum variation and mode of locomotion in birds
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Rapid acceleration offsets the costs of intermittent locomotion in lizards when turning
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Pursuit predation with intermittent locomotion in zebrafish
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Fractal analysis of muscle activity patterns during locomotion: pitfalls and how to avoid them
<p>Despite the lack of consensus on how to perform fractal analysis of physiological time series, many studies rely on this technique. Here, we shed light on the potential pitfalls of using the Higuchi’s fractal dimension (HFD) and the Hurst exponent (H). We expose and suggest how to solve the drawbacks of such methods when applied to data from normal and perturbed locomotion by combining <em>in vivo</em> recordings and computational approaches.</p> <p>In this supplementary data set we made available: a) the metadata file “metadata.dat”; b) the baseline signals file “baseline_data.RData”; c) the R script “fractal_analysis.R” to calculate the H and HFD of the baseline data and produce the log-log plots. Explanatory comments are profusely present throughout the script and in the metadata file.</p>
Perch positioning affects laying hen locomotion and forces experienced at the keel - FULL DATA SET
<p>Full data set for publication in Animals</p> <p><strong>Perch positioning affects laying hen locomotion and forces experienced at the keel</strong></p> <p><em>Christina Rufener, Ana K. Rentsch, Ariane Stratmann, Michael J. Toscano</em></p>
Figure 3 in A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth
Figure 3. Models: right lateral view. See Figure 2ı but skeleton scans/models are ordered from top to bottom. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037.g003
Figure 5. Muscle mass reconstruction method for M in A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth
Figure 5. Muscle mass reconstruction method for M. caudofemoralis longus (see Methods); Carnegie specimen depicted. Dorsal and right lateral views are shown on topı and in the bottom row are caudal views of the right femur and then caudal vertebrae (8th and 17th). Red shaded volumes are the M. caudofemoralis longus reconstruction. Note a small space for M. caudofemoralis brevis (not reconstructed) is left around the ilium/sacrum and lateral to the CFL insertion. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037.g005
Figure 2 in A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth
Figure 2. Models: cranial view. From left to right for each specimen: 3D scan of skeleton (not shown for Jane due to copyright issues)ı minimal modelı and maximal model. Not to scale. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037.g002
Figure 1 in A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth
Figure 1. Modelling procedureı showing the Carnegie specimen. From left to rightı top to bottom these show the scannedı reconstructedı and straightened skeleton; the skeleton with elliptical hoops that define fleshy boundaries; the air spaces representing pharynxı sinusesı lungs and other airways including air sacs; and the final meshed reconstruction used for mass and COM estimates. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037.g001
Harvestmen locomotion kinematics
<p>Dataset is the experimental test of changes in biomechanics of Neotropical harvestmen after leg loss. Data includes locomotor performance, as well as postural and stride kinematic variables. Please see the associated manuscript for more details and information (Escalante, I., Badger, M.A. & Elias, D.O. Rapid recovery of locomotor performance after leg loss in harvestmen. <i>Sci Rep</i> <b>10, </b>13747 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70557-2).</p>
Differential tissue stiffness of body column facilitates locomotion of Hydra on solid substrates
The bell-shaped members of Cnidaria typically move around by swimming, whereas the Hydra polyp can perform locomotion on solid substrates in an aquatic environment. To address the biomechanics of locomotion on rigid substrates, we studied the 'somersaulting' locomotion in Hydra. We applied atomic force microscopy to measure the local mechanical properties of Hydra's body column and identified the existence of differential Young's modulus between the shoulder region versus rest of the body column at 3:1 ratio. We show that somersault primarily depends on differential tissue stiffness of the body column and is explained by computational models that accurately recapitulate the mechanics involved in this process. We demonstrate that perturbation of the observed stiffness variation in the body column by modulating the extracellular matrix (ECM) polymerization impairs the 'somersault' movement. These results provide mechanistic basis for the evolutionary significance of differential extracellular matrix properties and tissue stiffness.
Changes in key traits versus depth and latitude suggest energy-efficient locomotion, opportunistic feeding and light lead to adaptive morphologies of marine fishes.
1. Understanding patterns and processes governing biodiversity along broad-scale environmental gradients, such as depth or latitude, requires an assessment of not just taxonomic richness, but also morphological and functional traits of organisms. Studies of traits can help to identify major selective forces acting on morphology. Currently, little is known regarding patterns of variation in the traits of fishes at broad spatial scales. 2. The aims of this study were: (i) to identify a suite of key traits in marine fishes that would allow assessment of morphological variability across broad-scale depth (50 – 1200 m) and latitudinal (29.15 – 50.91°S) gradients; and (ii) to characterise patterns in these traits across depth and latitude for 144 species of ray-finned fishes in New Zealand waters. 3. Here, we describe three new morphological traits: namely, fin-base-to-perimeter ratio, jaw-length-to-mouth-width ratio, and pectoral-fin-base-to-body-depth ratio. Four other morphological traits essential for locomotion and food acquisition that are commonly measured in fishes were also included in the study. Spatial ecological distributions of individual fish species were characterised in response to a standardised replicated sampling design and morphological measurements were obtained for each species from preserved museum specimens. 4. With increasing depth, fishes, on average, became larger and more elongate, with higher fin-base-to-perimeter ratio and larger jaw-length-to-mouth-width ratio, all of which translates into a more eel-like anguilliform morphology. Variation in mean trait values along the depth gradient was stronger at lower latitudes for fin-base-to-perimeter ratio, elongation and total body length. Average eye size peaked at intermediate depths (500-700 m) and increased with increasing latitude at 700 m. 5. These findings suggest that, in increasingly extreme environments, fish morphology shifts towards a body shape that favours an energy-efficient undulatory swimming style and an increase in jaw-length versus mouth width for opportunistic feeding. Furthermore, increases in eye size with both depth and latitude indicate that changes in both the average ambient light conditions as well as seasonal variations in day-length can act to select ecomorphological adaptations in fishes. 10-Oct-2019
Murine locomotion and diversification
<p class="LO-Normal">The relationship between organismal function and form is a cornerstone of biology because functional diversity is key to generating and maintaining ecological diversity. Morphological changes often occur in unison with behavioral or ecological transitions, and this process may foster diversification, but alternately could trap a species on an adaptive peak. We estimated the most comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis of Murinae, a young (~15 My) and diverse (~700 species) clade of mammals. We then tested for correlated evolution among four morphological traits with potential links to locomotor modes (Arboreal, General, Terrestrial, and Amphibious), then investigated the effects of locomotion on morphological and lineage diversification. We found unique combinations of trait values for each locomotor mode, including strong covariance between the tail and hind foot lengths of specialized Arboreal and ecologically flexible General species. Low diversification rates and long branch lengths suggest that specialized lineages represent stable evolutionary "cul-de-sacs". General species, characterized by the classic "rat-like" body plan and broad locomotor abilities, have narrow optimal trait values and slow phenotypic evolution, but high lineage diversification rates. Our findings suggest that versatile, generalist forms act as seeds of species diversity and morphological specialization, which together build ecologically diverse radiations.Muri</p>
Data from: The foot is more than a spring: human foot muscles perform work to adapt to the energetic requirements of locomotion
The foot has been considered both as an elastic mechanism that increases the efficiency of locomotion by recycling energy, as well as an energy sink that helps stabilize movement by dissipating energy through contact with the ground. We measured the activity of two intrinsic foot muscles, Flexor Digitorum Brevis (FDB) and Abductor Hallucis (AH), as well as the mechanical work performed by the foot as a whole and at a modelled plantar muscle tendon unit (MTU) to test whether these passive mechanics are actively controlled during stepping. We found that the underlying passive visco-elasticity of the foot is modulated by the muscles of the foot, facilitating both dissipation and generation of energy depending on the mechanical requirements at the center of mass (COM). Compared to level-ground stepping, the foot dissipated and generated an additional –0.2 J/kg and 0.10 J/kg (both P < 0.001) when stepping down and up a 26 cm step respectively, corresponding to 21 % and 10 % of the additional net work performed by the leg on the COM. Of this compensation at the foot, the plantar MTU performed 30 % and 89 % the work for step downs and step ups respectively. This work occurred early in stance and late in stance for stepping down respectively, when the activation levels of FDB and AH were increased between 69 % - 410 % compared to level steps (all P < 0.001). These findings suggest that the energetic function of the foot is actively modulated by the intrinsic foot muscles and may play a significant role in movements requiring large changes in net energy such as stepping on stairs or inclines, accelerating, decelerating, and jumping.
Data from: Experimental evolution of response to anoxia in Drosophila: recovery of locomotion following CO2 or N2 exposure
Many insects enter coma upon exposure to anoxia, a feature routinely exploited by experimentalists to handle them. But the genetic and physiological bases of anoxic coma induction and recovery are only partially understood, as are the long-term consequences for the animal's performance. We examined three populations of Drosophila melanogaster (designated B) that have been inadvertently under selection for rapid recovery from CO2 exposure for nearly 40 years (around 1,000 generations) resulting from routine maintenance practices. We contrasted CO2 and N2 (presumed a less reactive gas) knockdown and recovery times of these B flies with six populations of common ancestry (A and C populations) that were not exposed to CO2 over the same period. We found that B populations showed faster and more consistent locomotor recovery than A or C populations after CO2 knockdown, a result also observed with N2 knockdown. A and C populations showed much higher variance in recovery time after CO2 exposure than after N2 exposure, suggesting gas-specific effects on pathways associated with locomotor recovery. While these selection treatments result in considerable variation in life history attributes and body size, with the characteristic intermediacy of B populations, their superiority in resistance to gas exposure and locomotor recovery suggests that it is a direct consequence of prior repeated exposure to anoxia, broadly, and CO2, specifically. Hence we describe a powerful new evolutionary model for the genetic and physiological investigation of anoxic coma in insects.
Data from: Conquering the world in leaps and bounds: hopping locomotion in toads is actually bounding
1.While most frogs maximize jump distance as an escape behavior, toads have traded jump distance for endurance with a strategy of hopping repeatedly. This strategy has enabled toads to expand across the continents as one of the most diverse groups of anurans. Multiple studies have revealed physiological endurance adaptations for sustained hopping in toads, however, the kinematics of their sequential hopping behavior, per se, has not been studied. 2.We compared kinematics and forces of single hops and multiple hopping sequences and quantified field performance of hopping behaviors in free ranging toads of three species and discovered a novel aspect of locomotion adaptation that adds another facet to their exceptional terrestrial locomotor abilities. 3.We found that bouts of repeated hopping are actually a series of bounding strides where toads rotate on their hands and then land on their extended their feet and jump again without stopping. In addition, free-ranging toads appear to use bounding locomotion more frequently than single hops. Bounding in toads has the advantage of maintaining velocity and producing longer jump distances. In comparison to single hops, cyclic bounding steps reduce energy expenditure and appear to provide limb loading dynamics better suited for potential cycling of elastic energy from stride to stride than would be possible with repeated single hops. 4.This is the first case of the common use of a bounding gait outside of mammals. Bounding adds a key terrestrial locomotor trait to the toad's phenotype that may help explain their history of global expansion and the challenges to modern faunas as introduced toads rapidly invade new ecosystems today.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.