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311 results for “migrants”
Data from: Juveniles and migrants as drivers for seasonal epizootics of avian influenza virus
1. Similar to other infectious diseases, the prevalence of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) has been seen to exhibit marked seasonal variation. However, mechanisms driving this variation in wild birds have yet to be tested. We investigated the validity of three previously suggested drivers for the seasonal dynamics in LPAIV infections in wild birds: (1) host density, (2) immunologically-naïve young, and (3) increased susceptibility in migrants. 2. To address these questions, we sampled a key LPAIV host species, the mallard Anas platyrhynchos, on a small spatial scale, comprehensively throughout a complete annual cycle, measuring both current and past infection (i.e. viral and seroprevalence respectively). 3. We demonstrate a minor peak in LPAIV prevalence in summer, a dominant peak in autumn, during which half of the sampled population was infected, and no infections in spring. Seroprevalence of antibodies to a conserved gene-segment of AIV peaked in winter and again in spring. 4. The summer peak of LPAIV prevalence coincided with the entrance of unfledged naïve young in the population. Moreover, juveniles were more likely to be infected, shed higher quantities of virus, and were less likely to have detectable antibodies to AIV than adult birds. The arrival of migratory birds, as identified by stable hydrogen isotope analysis, appeared to drive the autumn peak in LPAIV infection, with both temporal coincidence and higher infection prevalence in migrants. Remarkably, seroprevalence in migrants was substantially lower than viral prevalence throughout autumn migration, further indicating that each wave of migrants amplified local AIV circulation. Finally, while host abundance increased throughout autumn, it peaked in winter, showing no direct correspondence with either of the LPAIV infection peaks. 5. At an epidemiologically-relevant spatial scale, we provide strong evidence for the role of migratory birds as key drivers for seasonal epizootics of LPAIV, regardless of their role as vectors of these viruses. This study exemplifies the importance of understanding host demography and migratory behaviour when examining seasonal drivers of infection in wildlife populations.
Data from: Identifying drivers of breeding success in a long-distance migrant using structural equation modelling
In migrant animals, conditions encountered at various times and places throughout their annual cycle may affect breeding success. Yet, most studies so far have only investigated the effect of specific parts of the annual cycle, despite the importance to understand how different stages can interact and how these stages compare to intrinsic quality to properly modulate breeding success. Using a structural equation modelling approach, we investigated drivers of breeding success (migration cycle, individual quality, breeding conditions) in hoopoes (Upupa epops), a long-distant migrant. Our causal framework explained 75% of the variation in breeding success. The effect of the migration schedule was negligible, whereas the previous breeding attempt strongly influenced current breeding success. We suggest that the interplay of individual quality and environmental conditions during both previous and current breeding season may be more important drivers of breeding success than migration schedules, even in a long-distance migrant. We conclude that structural equation modeling is a promising tool to investigate causal relationships. Applied to hoopoes, we demonstrated that current breeding success is strongly linked to previous breeding success. Complementary analysis integrating weather and climate conditions during migration and the breeding season may provide a deeper and wider overview of the annual cycle of hoopoes and additional insights into the existence of carry-over effects in breeding success.
Data from: Mass seasonal bioflows of high-flying insect migrants
Migrating animals have an impact on ecosystems directly via influxes of predators, prey, and competitors and indirectly by vectoring nutrients, energy, and pathogens. Although linkages between vertebrate movements and ecosystem processes have been established, the effects of mass insect "bioflows" have not been described. We quantified biomass flux over the southern United Kingdom for high-flying (>150 meters) insects and show that ~3.5 trillion insects (3200 tons of biomass) migrate above the region annually. These flows are not randomly directed in insects larger than 10 milligrams, which exploit seasonally beneficial tailwinds. Large seasonal differences in the southward versus northward transfer of biomass occur in some years, although flows were balanced over the 10-year period. Our long-term study reveals a major transport process with implications for ecosystem services, processes, and biogeochemistry.
Data from: Soaring across continents: decision-making of a soaring migrant under changing atmospheric conditions along an entire flyway
(1) Thermal soaring birds reduce flight-energy costs by alternatingly gaining altitude in thermals and gliding across the earth's surface. To find out how soaring migrants adjust their flight behaviour to dynamic atmospheric conditions across entire migration routes, we combined optimal soaring migration theory with high-resolution GPS tracking data of migrating Honey Buzzards Pernis apivorus and wind data from a global numerical atmospheric model. (2) We compared measurements of gliding air speeds to predictions based on two distinct behavioural benchmarks for thermal soaring flight. The first being a time-optimal strategy whereby birds alter their gliding air speeds as a function of climb rates to maximize cross-country air speed over a full climb-glide cycle (Vopt). The second a risk-averse energy-efficient strategy at which birds alter their gliding air speed in response to tailwinds/headwinds to maximize the distance travelled in the intended direction during each glide phase (Vbgw). (3) Honey Buzzards were gliding on average 2.05 ms-1 slower than Vopt and 3.42 ms-1 faster than Vbgw while they increased air speeds with climb rates and reduced air speeds in tailwinds. They adopted flexible flight strategies gliding mostly near Vbgw under poor soaring conditions and closer to Vopt in good soaring conditions. (4) Honey Buzzards most adopted a time-optimal strategy when crossing the Sahara, and at the onset of spring migration, where and when they met with the best soaring conditions. The buzzards nevertheless glided slower than Vopt during most of their journeys, probably taking time to navigate, orientate and locate suitable thermals, especially in areas with poor thermal convection. (5) Linking novel tracking techniques with optimal migration models clarifies the way birds balance different trade-offs during migration.
Data from: Diet dichotomy between two migrant seabirds breeding near a high Arctic polynya
High Arctic polynyas are predictable areas of open water, which offer long-distance migrant seabirds a reliable source of food during a period when they have to replenish and accumulate energy for reproduction. Investigating the interaction between species nesting sympatrically in the vicinity of polynyas should provide insights into the role that such oceanographic features play for pre-breeding seabirds. We used stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) to compare the diet of two ground-nesting seabirds, Sabine's gull (Xema sabini) and Arctic tern (Sterna paradisaea), nesting on an island adjacent to a recurring polynya in the Canadian high Arctic in 2008 and 2009. We show that, unlike Arctic terns, the diet of Sabine's gulls appears to include a non-negligible amount of terrestrially derived prey during early incubation, and that overall both species segregate their dietary niche during pre-laying and early incubation.
Data from: The conservation value of high elevation habitats to North American migrant birds
The basic patterns of faunal community composition and habitat associations of high elevation mountainous regions are poorly-known. This is true for the avifauna of western North America where our knowledge of high elevation use is primarily restricted to breeding assemblages. Here we report on systematic avian surveys of high elevation habitats over four years in British Columbia conducted during the post-breeding and fall migration periods (Aug–Oct). We detected a remarkable diversity of birds (95 species in 30 families) using alpine, subalpine, and montane forest, many of which used these habitats seasonally. One quarter of the species are on lists of conservation concern. Density, species richness, and community composition varied considerably between habitats and mountain ranges within the study area, especially between the western slope of the Coast range and other ranges. Most species exhibited strong temporal variation in patterns of abundance that were related to migratory behavior. From an extensive literature-based survey, we found that ~ 35% of North America's breeding bird species use high elevations, and that all primary high elevation habitats are important for full life-cycle conservation of this avifauna. Our findings highlight the importance of high elevation habitats to migrating birds from wide-ranging breeding distributions for at least three months of the year, a period equivalent to the length of the breeding season for most species. These results emphasize the need for effective conservation of fragile alpine and other high elevation habitats that are increasingly threatened by local, regional, and global anthropogenic disturbance.
Data from: Seasonal host community dynamics constrain the risk of parasite transmission between migrant and resident species
<p>Seasonal migration shapes the community dynamics that influence pathogen transmission between migrants and resident species. While theoretical and empirical evidence has accumulated, whether migration increases or decreases the risk of cross-species infection remains inconclusive. We studied how the seasonal arrival and departure of a single avian migrant species change the composition of local communities in breeding areas affecting the haemosporidian infection dynamics. The seasonal reordering of resident species abundances induced by migrants, minimizes the opportunities for contact between highly infected hosts and susceptible species, either migrants or residents, thereby limiting the transmission of parasites to occasional spillover events. The occurrence of spillover dynamics during the seasonal sympatry between migrants and residents provides a plausible explanation that reconciles empirical inconsistencies in the intersection of animal migration and infection risk at the host community level. Our findings underscore the critical role played by seasonality in shaping infection dynamics in migratory systems.</p>
Groping in the fog: Soaring migrants exhibit wider scatter in flight directions and respond differently to wind under low visibility conditions
<p>Atmospheric conditions are known to affect flight propensity, behaviour during flight, and migration route in birds. Yet, the effects of fog have only rarely been studied although they could disrupt orientation and hamper flight. Fog could limit the visibility of migrating birds such that they might not be able to detect landmarks that guide them during their journey. Soaring migrants modulate their flight speed and direction in relation to the wind vector to optimise the cost of transport. Consequently, landmark-based orientation, as well as adjustments of flight speed and direction in relation to wind conditions, could be jeopardised when flying in fog. Using a radar system operated in a migration bottleneck (Strait of Messina, Italy), we studied the behaviour of soaring birds under variable wind and fog conditions over two consecutive springs (2016 and 2017), discovering that migrating birds exhibited a wider scatter of flight directions and responded differently to wind under fog conditions. Birds flying through fog deviated more from the mean migration direction and increased their speed with increasing crosswinds. In addition, airspeed and groundspeed increased in the direction of the crosswind, causing the individuals to drift laterally. Our findings represent the first quantitative empirical evidence of flight behaviour changes when birds migrate through fog and explain why low visibility conditions could risk their migration journey.</p>
Population specific annual cycles and migration strategies in a leap-frog migrant
<p>A common migratory pattern in birds is that northerly breeding populations migrate to more southerly non-breeding sites compared to southerly: a pattern called <i>leap-frog </i>migration. Not only do populations experience differences in migration distances, but also different environmental conditions, which may vary spatiotemporally within their annual cycles, crating distinctive selective pressures and migratory behaviors. Information on how populations schedule their annual cycles according to environmental conditions and by extension, adapt their migratory behaviors is important to understand drivers of migration and evolution of migration patterns at large. Here we use light level geolocators and citizen science data on regional spring arrivals to compare two populations of common ringed plover <i>Charadrius hiaticula </i>– a textbook example of a leap-frog migrant – breeding at different latitudes. We 1) describe and characterize the spatiotemporal patterns of the annual cycles, and 2) test predictions regarding speed and timing of migration derived from the population specific characterizations of the annual cycles. Winter distributions followed a leap-frog migration pattern, i.e. northern breeding population (NBP) wintered in W Africa and the southern (SBP) mainly in W Europe. The annual cycles were shifted temporally so that the NBP was always later in all stages compared to the SBP. The SBP spent more than twice as long time in the breeding area, but there was no difference in winter residency. There was no difference in migration duration, nor migration speed, between the two seasons within population, but the NBP spent more time on migration in both seasons and migrated faster in spring compared to the SBP. We also found a larger variation in spring arrival times across years in the SBP. This suggests that a complex interaction of population specific timing and variation of breeding onset, length of breeding season and proximity to the breeding area shape the annual cycle and migratory behaviors.</p>
Building EU common indicators on migrant integration: The role of survey data on EMMs
<p>In May-June 2021, <a href="http://cost.eu/actions/CA16111/">ETHMIGSURVEYDATA</a>—a COST Action and research network dedicated to quantitative surveys on ethnic and migrant minorities' (EMMs') integration and inclusion—organized a <em>Policy Dialogue Webinar Series </em>to share ETHMIGSURVEYDATA’s main results, as well as to showcase EMM projects that are ongoing in policy-relevant institutions. These webinars have included presentations by the European Asylum Support Office (EASO), the European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), the International Organization for Migration (IOM), and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).</p> <p>This is the video recording for the <em>Policy Dialogue Webinar Series' </em>kick-off webinar held on 04.05.2021: “Building EU common indicators on migrant integration: The role of survey data on migrants and ethnic minorities.” This video recording has also been made available on <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cq1zdxvlisU">ETHMIGSURVEYDATA's Youtube channel</a>.</p> <p>The full program for this webinar can be found below:</p> <ul> <li>Welcoming remarks (Elena Ambrosetti, Sapienza University Rome; Guido Tintori, JRC-EC)</li> <li>EU-wide surveys: What use for policymaking (Béatrice d’Hombres, JRC-EC)</li> <li>Survey-based indicators on attitudes towards immigration (Marco Scipioni, JRC-EC)</li> <li>The EthMigSurveyDataHub: facilitating knowledge sharing and transfer of migrant and ethnic minorities survey data across Europe (Laura Morales, ETHMIGSURVEYDATA)</li> <li>Commentary (Franz Eiffe, Eurofound)</li> <li>Q&A</li> </ul>
Data set for «Short- and long-distance avian migrants differ in exercise endurance but not aerobic capacity"
<p>Data set of body condition parameters and aerobic metabolic performances of four Old-world flycatcher species (<em>Muscicapidae</em>) during spring migration. The species differ in their migration strategies: European robins (<em>Erithacus rubecula</em>) and black redstarts (<em>Phoenicurus ochruros</em>) are short-distance migrants spending their entire annual cycle within the Palaearctic and some populations move from North African non-breeding grounds to breeding sites in continental Europe. In contrast, common redstarts (<em>P. phoenicurus</em>) and whinchats (<em>Saxicola rubetra</em>) are obligate long-distance migrants which overwinter in sub-Saharan Africa and migrate to Palaearctic breeding sites.</p> <p>We measured body condition and aerobic performances of birds at Ventotene islands - the first stopover site after crossing the Mediterranean Sea.</p> <p> </p> <p>The data set comprises the following parameters:<br> scieName: scientific name of study species: EriRub (European robin), PhoOch(black redstart), PhoPho (common redstart), SaxRub (whinchat)<br> spec: species code (1-4)<br> ring_ID: individual ring number<br> date: date of measurement<br> mig: migration strategy, 1- short-distance, 2 -long-distance<br> sex: 1-male, 2-female<br> fat: body fat scores (according EURING) (range: 1-6)<br> muscle: breast muscle score (according EURING) (range: 0-3)<br> Hb -haemoglobin concentration in peripheral blood (mg ml<sup>-1</sup>)<br> Infection - infection with haemosporidian parasites (0 - uninfected, 1 - infected)<br> body mass_RMR: body mass (g) before RMR measurement<br> body mass_MMR: body mass (g) before MMR measurement<br> RMR: minimum resting metabolic rate (min V̇O<sub>2</sub>, ml min<sup>-1</sup>)<br> mass-specRMR: mass-specific minimum resting metabolic rate (min V̇O<sub>2</sub>, ml (g min)<sup>-1</sup>)<br> MMR: maximum metabolic rate (max V̇O<sub>2</sub>, ml min<sup>-1</sup>)<br> mass-specMMR: mass-specific maximum metabolic rate (max V̇O<sub>2</sub>, ml (g min)<sup>-1</sup>)<br> TimeExhaust: time until exhaustion (min)</p>
Prevalence of hepatitis A virus among migrant workers in Qatar
<p>Database of a cross-sectional survey to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis A virus among migrant workers in Qatar.</p>
FIGURE 2 in Checklist of the Red Sea Fishes with delineation of the Gulf of Suez, Gulf of Aqaba, endemism and Lessepsian migrants
FIGURE 2. Map of the Red Sea and the countries surrounding; EG—Egypt, ER—Eritrea, IS—Israel, JO—Jordan, SA—Saudi Arabia, SU—Sudan, YE—Yemen.
FIGURE 3 in First record of a Lessepsian migrant: the sea cucumber Holothuria (Theelothuria) hamata Pearson, 1913
FIGURE 3. Holothuria (Theelothuria) hamata Pearson, 1913. A. Rods of tentacles; B. Tables of dorsal body wall; C. Tables of ventral body wall; D. 'Compact-look' table; E. Buttons/fenestrated ellipsoids of dorsal body wall; F. Perforated rods of papillae; G. Lateral view of tag-like tables of papillae. Scale bars B–E represent 50 mm; scale bars F& G 100 mm.
FIGURE 2 in First record of a Lessepsian migrant: the sea cucumber Holothuria (Theelothuria) hamata Pearson, 1913
FIGURE 2. Holothuria (Theelothuria) hamata Pearson, 1913. A. Dorso-lateral view; B. Ventral view (Photo's by M. Aydin)
Data from: A mimicked bacterial infection prolongs stopover duration in songbirds – but more pronounced in short- than long-distance migrants
1) Migration usually consists of intermittent travel and stopovers, the latter being crucially important for individuals to recover and refuel to successfully complete migration. Quantifying how sickness behaviours influence stopovers is crucial for our understanding of migration ecology and how diseases spread. However, little is known about infections in songbirds, which constitute the majority of avian migrants. 2) We experimentally immune-challenged autumn migrating passerines (both short- and long-distance migrating species) with a simulated bacterial infection. Using an automated radio-telemetry system in the stopover area, we subsequently quantified stopover duration, 'bush-level' activity patterns (0.1-30m) and landscape movements (30-6000m). 3) We show that compared to controls, immune-challenged birds prolonged their stopover duration by on average 1.2 days in long-distance and 2.9 days in short-distance migrants, respectively (100 – 126 % longer than controls, respectively). During the prolonged stopover, the immune-challenged birds kept a high 'bush-level' activity (which was unexpected) but reduced their local movements, independent of migration strategy. Baseline immune function, but not blood parasite infections prior to the immune challenge, had a prolonging effect on stopover duration, particularly in long-distance migrants. 4) We conclude that a mimicked bacterial infection does not cause lethargy, per se, but restricts landscape movements and prolongs stopover duration, and that this behavioural response also depends on the status of baseline immunity and migration strategy. This adds a new level to the understanding of how acute inflammation affect migration behaviour and hence the ecology and evolution of migration. Accounting for these effects of bacterial infections will also enable us to fine-tune and apply optimal migration theory. Finally it will help us predicting how migrating animals may respond to increased pathogen pressure by global change.
Data from: An empirical and mechanistic explanation of abundance-occupancy relationships for a critically endangered nomadic migrant
The positive abundance-occupancy relationship (AOR) is a pervasive pattern in macroecology. Similarly, the association between occupancy (or probability of occurrence) and abundance is also usually assumed to be positive and in most cases constant. Examples of AORs for nomadic species with variable distributions are extremely rare. Here we examined temporal and spatial trends in the AOR over seven years for a critically endangered nomadic migrant which relies on dynamic pulses in food availability to breed. We predicted a negative temporal relationship, where local mean abundances increase when the number of occupied sites decreases, and a positive relationship between local abundances and the probability of occurrence. We also predicted that these patterns are largely attributable to spatiotemporal variation in food abundance. The temporal AOR was significantly negative and annual food availability was significantly positively correlated with the number of occupied sites, but negatively correlated with abundance. Thus, as food availability decreased, local densities of birds increased, and vice-versa. The abundance - probability of occurrence relationship was positive and non-linear, but varied between years due to differing degrees of spatial aggregation caused by changing food availability. Importantly, high abundance (or occupancy) did not necessarily equate to high quality habitat and may be indicative of resource bottlenecks or exposure to other processes affecting vital rates. Our results provide a rare empirical example that highlights the complexity of AORs for species that target aggregated food resources in dynamic environments.
Environmental drivers of annual population fluctuations in a trans-Saharan insect migrant
<p>Many latitudinal insect migrants, including agricultural pests, disease vectors and beneficial species, show huge fluctuations in the year-to-year abundance of spring immigrants reaching temperate zones. It is widely believed that this variation is driven by climatic conditions in the winter-breeding regions, but evidence is lacking. We identified the environmental drivers of the annual population dynamics of a cosmopolitan migrant butterfly (the painted lady Vanessa cardui), using a combination of long-term monitoring, climate and atmospheric data within the western part of its Afro-Palearctic migratory range. Our population models show that a combination of high winter NDVI (normalised difference vegetation index) in the Savannah/Sahel of sub-Saharan Africa, high spring NDVI in the Maghreb of North Africa, and frequent favourably-directed tailwinds during migration periods, are the three most important drivers of the size of the immigration to Western Europe, while our atmospheric trajectory simulations demonstrate regular opportunities for windborne trans-Saharan movements. The effects of sub-Saharan vegetative productivity and wind conditions confirm that painted lady populations either side of the Sahara are linked by regular mass migrations, making this the longest annual insect migration circuit so far known. Our results provide the first quantification of the environmental drivers of large annual population fluctuations of an insect migrant, and hold much promise for predicting invasions of migrant insect pests, disease vectors and beneficial species.</p>
Data from: Context-dependent colonisation of terrestrial habitat 'islands' by a long-distance migrant bird
Landscape context can affect how individuals perceive patch quality during colonisation. However, although context-dependent colonisation has been observed in aquatic environments it has rarely been studied in terrestrial environments or at large spatial scales. Here, we assessed how landscape context influenced colonisation rates in a large-scale (c.7000 km2) terrestrial system where colonisers (Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus) are capable of rapid, long-distance movements. Bioacoustic recorders were used to detect first song dates (an indicator of colonisation or re-colonisation) and settlement in 23 naturally replicated habitat patches. We compared support for three competing hypotheses describing colonisation patterns that depend on landscape context ('redirection', 'landscape-selection' and 'relative patch size') with two patch-level hypotheses (patch 'quality' and 'heterospecific attraction'). First song was earlier when habitat availability in the landscape was low, supporting the 'redirection' hypothesis. Settlement probability was best predicted by patch 'quality' and was lower in woodlands with a dense understorey. Results suggest that colonisation of habitat patches by male P. trochilus after spring migration is spatially hierarchical. First, initial colonisation depends on landscape context, and settlement is then determined by fine-scale vegetation characteristics. More broadly, we suggest that patterns observed in fragmented aquatic environments (e.g. 'redirection') can, in some circumstances, be extended to large-scale terrestrial environments.
Data from: Evidence of large-scale range shift in the distribution of a Palaearctic migrant in Africa
Aim: Long-distance Palaearctic migrant birds are declining at a faster rate than short-distance migrant or resident species. This is often attributed to changes on their non-breeding grounds and along their migratory routes. The European Honey-buzzard (Pernis apivorus) is a scarce migrant in southern Africa that is declining globally. This study assessed the distribution and abundance of honey-buzzards in southern Africa over the past four decades and compared it to trends in the East African population to examine possible drivers of population expansion in southern Africa. Location Southern and East Africa Methods European Honey-buzzard reporting data were collected from a variety of sources including citizen science databases (1983-2017). In addition, records of all other southern African vagrants (including ten other regularly occurring species) were gathered to account for changes in birdwatching effort in the sub-region. To assess the effect of forest loss on honey-buzzard abundance, rolling correlations were performed using forest cover in East Africa and number of honey-buzzard records in both sub-regions. Results European Honey-buzzard records in southern Africa have increased over five times more than other regularly occurring vagrant species and almost 40 times more than honey-buzzard in Tanzania, where the population has remained stable. Loss of forested area in East Africa was correlated with an increase in European Honey-buzzard records in southern Africa. Main conclusions We suggest that the European Honey-buzzard shift in wintering range may be driven by a decline in suitable habitat further north in Africa amongst other possible reasons. This effect may have been amplified by an increase in appropriate habitat across southern Africa brought about by anthropogenic changes to vegetation such as increased tree cover in urban areas. This study further highlights the importance of using African distributional data banks to understand the effects of global change on Palaearctic migrant bird species.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.