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FIGURE 34 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily
FIGURE 34. Homology hypotheses of the male genital sclerites in Rhachiberothidae and Mantispidae, the male genitalia drawings are in lateral and ventral view. (a, b) Mucroberotha vesicaria. (c, d) Anchieta partheniella. (e, f) Theristria hillieri. (g, h) Calomantispa venusta. (i, j) Campion rubellus. Abbreviations: dp, digitiform processes; gxm, gonocoxites XI membrane; gstm, gonostyli X membrane; hp, hypomere; hsp, hook-shaped process; ml, median lobe of gonocoxites XI (Table 1).
FIGURE 33 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily
FIGURE 33. Male terminalia of Rhachiberothidae and Mantispidae in lateral and ventral view. (a, b) Mucroberotha vesicaria. (c, d) Anchieta partheniella. (e, f) Theristria hillieri. (g, h) Calomantispa venusta. (i, j) Campion rubellus. Abbreviations: cc, callus cerci; ect, ectoproct; s, sternite; t, tergite (Table 1).
FIGURE 31 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily
FIGURE 31. Morphology of the hind wing base in Mantispinae. (a) Nampista ragazziana. (b) Climaciella amapaensis. (c) Campanacella javanica. (d) Mantispa styriaca. (e) Buyda phthisica. (f) Necyla sp. (g) Leptomantispa catarinae. (h) Cercomantispa sp. (i) Xaviera manca. (j) Austromantispa sp. Homology colors as in Fig. 30.
FIGURE 32 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily
FIGURE 32. Fore- and hind wing in Rhachiberothidae and Mantispidae. (a) Mucroberotha vesicaria. (b‒d) Symphrasinae. (b) Anchieta partheniella. (c) Trichoscelia santareni. (d) Plega dactylota. (e, f) Drepanicinae. (e) Gerstaeckerella chilensis. (f) Drepanicus chrysopinus. (g, h) Calomantispinae. (g) Calomantispa venusta. (h) Nolima victor. (i, j) Mantispinae. (i) Campion sp. (j) Climaciella brunnea.
FIGURE 30 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily
FIGURE 30. Homology hypotheses of wing venation in Rhachiberothidae and Mantispidae. (a) Mucroberotha vesicaria. (b) Anchieta partheniella. (c) Gerstaeckerella irrorata. (d) Nolima victor. (e) Dicromantispa interrupta. Abbreviations: rt, radial triangle; vs, vesica (Table 1).
FIGURE 26 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily
FIGURE 26. Scanning electron micrographs of foreleg integumentary specializations of Drepanicinae. (a, b, d‒h) Gerstaeckerella irrorata. (c) Theristria hillieri. (a) Detail of the proximal region of the rows of integumentary specializations. (b) Closeup of the processes of the posteroventral row of integumentary specializations. (c) Detail of the processes on the posteroventral row of integumentary specializations. (d) Close-up of the distal region of the femoral closing surface. (e) Detail of the tibial ventral surface in lateral view. (f) Apex of tibia and tarsus, anterior surface. (g) Close-up of the tibial apex, anterior surface. (h) Close-up of the basitarsus closing surface. Abbreviations: ar, arolium; avr, anteroventral row of processes; bt, basitarsus; cvs, clavate setae; et, eutarsus; fcs, femoral closing surface; mp, major process; p, primary process; prs, prostrate seta; prt, pretarsus; ptc, pretarsal claw; pvr, posteroventral row of processes; pths, pedicellate thickened seta; s, secondary process; ssp, spineshaped specialization; sshs, stinger-shaped seta; t, tertiary process; ti, tibia; tsp, tibial spur; tvk, tibial ventral keel (Table 1).
FIGURE 28 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily
FIGURE 28. Scanning electron micrographs of foreleg integumentary specializations of Mantispinae. (a‒d) Dicromantispa interrupta. (e‒h) Zeugomantispa minuta. (a) Foreleg, anterior surface. (b) Close-up of the proximal region of the femoral closing surface, tibia apex and tarsus. (c) Detail of the integumentary processes of the posteroventral row. (d) Close-up of the anterior surface of the tibia. (e) Detail of the arrangement of the posteroventral processes row, major process, and tibia. (f) Close-up of the integumentary processes. (g) Close-up of the anterior surface of the tibia. (h) Close-up of the proximal region of the femur closing surface and tarsus. Abbreviations: bt, basitarsus; cvs, clavate setae; dta, dentiform arrangement; et, eutarsus; fe, femur; fcs, femoral closing surface; mp, major process; p, primary process; prt, pretarsus; pvr, posteroventral row of processes; ssp, spine-shaped specialization; stzo, Stitz organ; ti, tibia; tchs, trichoid setae; tvk, tibial ventral keel (Table 1).
FIGURE 23 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily
FIGURE 23. Scanning electron micrographs of foreleg integumentary specializations of Mucroberotha vesicaria. (a) Foreleg, anterior surface. (b) Same, posterior surface. (c) Detail of the integumentary specializations on femur and tibia. (d) Close-up of the integumentary specializations. (e) Detail of the femur base and tarsus. (f) Close-up of the femoral integumentary processes and basitarsus. Abbreviations: ar, arolium; avr, anteroventral row of processes; bt, basitarsus; cx, coxa; cvs, clavate setae; et, eutarsus; fe, femur; ftso, foretarsal Stitz organ; prt, pretarsus; ptc, pretarsal claw; pvr, posteroventral row of processes; ti, tibia; tr, trochanter; tbs, tubercle-shaped specialization; tvk, tibial ventral keel; thrs, thorn-shaped specialization (Table 1).
FIGURE 27 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily
FIGURE 27. Scanning electron micrographs of foreleg integumentary specializations of Nolima victor (Calomantispinae). (a) Foreleg, anterior surface. (b) same, ventral surface. (c) Detail of the closing surface of the femur and tibia in lateral view. (d) Detail of the anterior surface of tibia apex and tarsus. Abbreviations: ar, arolium; avr, anteroventral row of processes; bt, basitarsus; cvs, clavate setae; et, eutarsus; fe, femur; fcs, femoral closing surface; mp, major process; p, primary process; prs, prostrate seta; prt, pretarsus; ptc, pretarsal claw; pvr, posteroventral row of processes; ssp, spine-shaped specialization; ti, tibia; tsp, tibial spur; tvk, tibial ventral keel (Table 1).
FIGURE 25 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily
FIGURE 25. Scanning electron micrographs of foreleg integumentary specializations of Symphrasinae. (a‒d) Anchieta fumosella. (a) Detail of the trochanter process. (b) Proximal region of the femoral closing surface. (c) Close-up of the femoral integumentary specializations. (d) Tibia, lateral view. (e‒h) Plega spinosa. (e) Proximal region of the femoral closing surface, and anterior surface of tibial apex and tarsus. (f) Detail of the femoral integumentary specializations. (g) Close-up of the integumentary rows of processes. (h) Close-up of the basitarsus lanceolate process apex. Abbreviations: avr, anteroventral row of processes; bt, basitarsus; cvs, clavate setae; et, eutarsus; fe, femur; fcs, femoral closing surface; ftso, foretarsal Stitz organ; lcp, lanceolate process; p, primary process; prs, prostrate seta; prt, pretarsus; pvr, posteroventral row of processes; s, secondary process; sshs, stinger-shaped seta; stzo, Stitz organ; t, tertiary process; ti, tibia; tr, trochanter; tp, trochanter process; tbs, tubercle-shaped specialization; tsgb, thickened seta with globular base (Table 1).
FIGURE 29 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily
FIGURE 29. Classification of integumentary specializations across raptorial Mantispoidea. (a) Major process. (b) Spine-shaped specializations. (c) Saber-shaped specializations. (d) Branched specialization. (e) Pedicellate thickened setae. (f) Tubercleshaped specializations. (g) Thorn-shaped specializations. (h) Stinger-shaped setae. (i) Reclined thorn-shaped setae. (j) Prostrate setae, reclined (left panel), flattened (right panel). (k) Reclined thorn-shape setae (1, 2), conial seta (3), prostrate setae (4, 5). (l) Foretarsal Stitz organ. See also Table 2.
FIGURE 22 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily
FIGURE 22. Foreleg of Calomantispinae, Drepanicinae, and Mantispinae, posterior surface showing the processes formula. (a) Theristria hillieri. (b) Drepanicus chrysopinus. (c) Gerstaeckerella irrorata. (d) Nolima victor. (e) Calomantispa venusta. (f) Campion sp. (g) Zeugomantispa minuta. (h) Entanoneura batesella. Abbreviations: q, quaternary process; mp, major process; p, primary process; s, secondary process; t, tertiary process (Table 1).
FIGURE 18 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily
FIGURE 18. Head morphology of Rhachiberothidae and Mantispidae subfamilies in frontal and lateral view. (a, f) Mucroberotha vesicaria. (b, g) Trichoscelia santareni. (c) Gerstaeckerella irrorata. (d, i) Nolima victor. (e) Zeugomantispa minuta. (h) Theristria hillieri. (j) Campion sp. Abbreviations: op, ocular plane (Table 1).
FIGURE 12 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily
FIGURE 12. Morphology of male and female abdomen of Plega dactylota. (a) Male abdomen. (b) Female abdomen. Abbreviations: ect, ectoproct; gxIX, ninth gonocoxite; s, sternite; spi, spiracle; t, tergite (Table 1).
FIGURE 14 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily
FIGURE 14. Male genitalia morphology of Plega dactylota. (a, b) Caudal view. (c, d) Lateral view. Abbreviations: dp, digitiform processes; hyi, hypandrium internum; ml, median lobe of gonocoxites XI (Table 1).
FIGURE 6 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily
FIGURE 6. Foreleg morphology of Plega dactylota. (a) Anterior surface. (b) Posterior surface. (c) Femur ventral surface. (d) Femur posterior surface. Abbreviations: avr, anteroventral row of processes; bt, basitarsus; cx, coxa; fe, femur; p, primary process; pvr, posteroventral row of processes; s, secondary process; t, tertiary process; ta, tarsus; ti, tibia; tr, trochanter; tbs, tubercleshaped specialization; tsgb, thickened seta with globular base (Table 1).
FIGURE 5 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily
FIGURE 5. Prothorax morphology of Plega dactylota. (a, b) Prothorax in dorsal view. (c, d) Prothorax in ventral view. Abbreviations: bs, basisternum; cg, anterior cervical sclerite; es, episternum; fs, furcasternum; lc, posterior cervical sclerite; pn, pronotum; pfs, postfurcasternum; trt, trochantin (Table 1).
FIGURE 4 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily
FIGURE 4. Prothorax morphology of Plega dactylota. (a) Uncleared specimen. (b) Cleared specimen. (c) Drawing of the sclerites. Abbreviations: cg, anterior cervical sclerite; em, epimeron; es, episternum; lc, posterior cervical sclerite; pn, pronotum; pfs, postfurcasternum; pls, pleural suture; psa, pleurosternal apophysis; spi, mesothoracic spiracle (Table 1).
FIGURE 2 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily
FIGURE 2. Head morphology of Plega dactylota. (a, b) Dorsal view. (c, d) Ventral view. (e, f) Lateral view. Abbreviations: atp, anterior tentorial pit; ca, cardo; ce, compound eye; cs, coronal suture; cly, clypeus; fr, frons; g, genal region; ga, galea; hyb, hypostomal bridge; la, labium; lac, lacinia; lbr, labrum; lbp, labial palpus; lig, ligula; md, mandible; mt, mentum; mx, maxilla; mxp, maxillary palpus; op, ocular plane; occp, occiput; pm, palpimacula; ped, pedicel; pge, postgena; pmt, prementum; ptp, posterior tentorial pit; sc, scape; st, stipes; smt, submentum; spa, supraantenal area; to, torulus; ve, vertexal region (Table 1).
FIGURE 1 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily
FIGURE 1. Habitus of living representatives of Rhachiberothidae (a‒c) and Mantispidae (d‒f). (a) Rhachiella malawica U. Aspöck et al., 2020 (photo by: © Thomas Reich). (b) Trichoscelia santareni (Navás, 1914). (c) Anchieta partheniella (Westwood, 1867) (photo by: © Colin Hutton). (d) Drepanicus gayi Blanchard in Gay, 1851 (photo by: © Pablo Nuñez Fuentes). (e) Haematomantispa nubeculosa (Navás, 1933). (f) Climaciella brunnea (Say in Keating, 1824). Photos b, e, f by: © Gernot Kunz (Animals of Costa Rica App).
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