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opennotspecifiedApr 2024View details →

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Isonychia Eaton, 1871 (Ephemeroptera: Isonychiidae) from Taishun, China based on morphological characteristics and COX1 gene

FIGURE 3. Larval legs of Isonychia taishunensis sp. nov. A. foreleg; B. midleg; C. hind leg and its claw; D. claw and apical spine of foretibiae; E. claw of midleg; F. ventral cleft of hind femur (ventral view).

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

Raw data files for "Dialectical characteristics of morphologies of the delta unit driven by water inflow"

The following dataset is a collection of analytical data of a limited repetition of lab-scale delta evolution for evaluating the dialectical characteristics of delta morphology.

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Kinematic and morphological data from: Trophic guilds of suction-feeding fish are distinguished by their characteristic hydrodynamics of swimming and feeding

Suction-feeding in fish is a ubiquitous form of prey capture whose outcome depends both on the movements of the predator and the prey, and on the dynamics of the surrounding fluid, which exerts forces on the two organisms. The inherent complexity of suction-feeding has challenged previous efforts to understand how the feeding strikes are modified when species evolve to feed on different prey types. Here, we utilize the concept of dynamic similarity, commonly applied to understanding the mechanisms of swimming, flying, walking, and aquatic feeding. We characterize the hydrodynamic regimes pertaining to 1) the forward movement of the fish (ram), and 2) the suction flows for feeding strikes of 71 species of acanthomorph fish. A discriminant function analysis revealed that feeding strikes of zooplanktivores, generalists, and piscivores could be distinguished based on their hydrodynamic regimes. Furthermore, a phylogenetic comparative analysis revealed that there are distinctive hydrodynamic adaptive peaks associated with zooplanktivores, generalists, and piscivores. The scaling of dynamic similarity across species, body sizes, and feeding guilds in fish indicates that elementary hydrodynamic principles govern the trophic evolution of suction-feeding in fish.

opencc-zeroJan 2022View details →

opennotspecifiedJan 2022View details →

FIGURE. Flower characteristics comparison of A. P. charlesworthii var. lannaense, B. P. papilio-laoticus (photo. by W. Tongkham) and C. P. Little Trouble (P. charlesworthii x P. barbigerum) (photo. by R. Hella) in Paphiopedilum charlesworthii var. lannaense, a new slipper orchid from Northern Thailand identified by morphological and AFLP analyses

FIGURE. Flower characteristics comparison of A. P. charlesworthii var. lannaense, B. P. papilio-laoticus (photo. by W. Tongkham) and C. P. Little Trouble (P. charlesworthii x P. barbigerum) (photo. by R. Hella)

opennotspecifiedJan 2022View details →

FIGURE. Flower and leaf characteristics comparison of A. P. charlesworthii var. lannaense, B. P. charlesworthii, C. P. vejvarutianum and D. P. barbigerum var. coccineum (photo. by W. Tongkham) in Paphiopedilum charlesworthii var. lannaense, a new slipper orchid from Northern Thailand identified by morphological and AFLP analyses

FIGURE. Flower and leaf characteristics comparison of A. P. charlesworthii var. lannaense, B. P. charlesworthii, C. P. vejvarutianum and D. P. barbigerum var. coccineum (photo. by W. Tongkham)

opennotspecifiedJan 2022View details →

FIGURE. Flower and leaf characteristics of A. P. charlesworthii var. lannaense, B. P. charlesworthii, C. P. barbigerum var. coccineum and D. P. barbigerum var. sulivongii (photo. by W. Tongkham) in Paphiopedilum charlesworthii var. lannaense, a new slipper orchid from Northern Thailand identified by morphological and AFLP analyses

FIGURE. Flower and leaf characteristics of A. P. charlesworthii var. lannaense, B. P. charlesworthii, C. P. barbigerum var. coccineum and D. P. barbigerum var. sulivongii (photo. by W. Tongkham)

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Morphological characteristics of pollen from triploid watermelon and its fate on stigmas in a hybrid crop production system

Hybrid crop production is more reliant on pollinators compared to open-pollinated crops because they require cross-pollination between a male-fertile and a male-sterile line. Little is known about how stigma receipt of pollen from male-sterile genotypes affects reproduction in hybrids. Non-viable and non-compatible pollen cannot fertilise plant ovules, but may still interfere with pollination success. Here we used seedless watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai) as a model hybrid plant, to evaluate the morphology, physiology, and movement of pollen from inter-planted genotypes (diploids and triploids). We found that pollen from triploids ('Exclamation' and 'Royal Armada') and diploids ('SP-6', 'Summer Flavor 800', and 'Tiger') was visually distinguishable. Pollen in triploids had more deformities (42.4–46%), tetrads (43–44%), and abnormal growth of callose plugs in pollen tubes. The amount of pollen in triploids to germinate on stigmas was low (8 ± 3%), and few pollen grains produced pollen tubes (6.5 ± 2%). Still, contrary to previous reports our results suggest that some viable pollen grains are produced by triploid watermelons. However, whilst honey bees can collect and deposit pollen from triploids onto stigmas, its effect on hybrid watermelon reproduction is likely to be minimal due to its low germination rate.

opencc-zeroFeb 2022View details →

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2022View details →

Granule ripples in the Kumtagh Desert, China: morphological and sedimentary characteristics, and development processes

1. Observation of composition and morphology First, we selected typical granule ripples of different sizes and development stages at each observation site, and sampled the surface particles (to a depth of 1 cm) on the ridges of 85 granule ripples by scraping the surface with a steel ruler. The sample weight averaged 428 g (with values ranging between 249 and 697 g). We determined the grain-size distribution using a set of 15 standard sieves with a mesh size ranging from 0.0565 mm to 20 mm. We used the parameters proposed by Folk and Ward (1957) to calculate the grain size characteristics: the cumulative grain size of the 20 percentile (P20), and the average grain diameter, sorting coefficient, skewness, and kurtosis. Here, P20 represents the particle size corresponding to the cumulative distribution rate of 20% in the cumulative particle-size distribution diagram. Second, we defined ripple morphological characteristics (the wavelength, ripple height, ripple index, and symmetry coefficient) for 142 granule ripples by measuring their wavelength, ripple height, and ridge position. The ripple index (Z) equaled the ratio of the wavelength to the ripple height. The symmetry coefficient equaled the ratio of the horizontal windward slope length to the horizontal leeward slope length. Wavelength represents the horizontal distance between two crests, and the ripple height is the perpendicular height from the trough to the crest. We also excavated vertical profiles of five typical granule ripples with different sizes, and measured the stratification thickness for one ripple with a wavelength of 5 m, for a vertical profile whose depth was 60 cm. Based on the different grain size characteristics, we identified five strata and therefore obtained five sediment samples with different depths, and analyzed the vertical distribution of particle sizes in the sediment. We installed HOBO U30 field anemometers (Onset Computers, Bourne, MA, USA) at a height of 2 m and installed an eight-direction sand trap in the two areas in January 2011 to obtain the wind speed, wind direction, and the single-width sediment transport for a full year. The sensor type of wind speed and direction was S-WSET-A. The collection frequency for the wind speed and direction was 10 minutes, and the resolution of the wind speed and direction were 0.38 m/s and 1.4°, respectively. It is worth mentioning that Onset anemometers have a 5-degree window where they cannot measure wind direction, between 355 and 0 degrees. Unlike sand ripples, granule ripples are not particularly sensitive to wind direction, and these wind direction data only provide a regional main direction for the research, so a 5-degree window has little impact. The collection frequency of the sediment transport rate was 1 month, and the resolution was 10 g. The width and height of each collecting port of the sand trap were 2 cm and 1.2 m, respectively. 2. Wind tunnel experiment to detect the gravel threshold velocity We performed a wind tunnel simulation experiment to test the impact threshold velocity of the gravels. We used the high-speed wind tunnel at the High Speed Railway Construction Technology National Engineering Laboratory of Central South University in Changsha, Hunan Province in the validation test. We used surface sediments from granule ripples collected at our study area, and screened these sediments through 12 sieves with a mesh size ranging from 1.6 to 31.5 mm. We used the sieved material to create 10 different test surfaces with an average particle size ranging from 1.8 to 25.8 mm, which we subsequently bombarded with saltating particles from an upwind source. The upwind supply rate for the impacting particles was 1.2 kg/min, and their particle size ranged from 0.8 to 1.0 mm, with an average size of 0.9 mm, in all tests. The impacting particles were also obtained from the surface sediments of the granule ripples and were obtained by screening. The gravel bed surface was 80 cm long (parallel to the long axis of the wind tunnel), 40 cm wide, and 3 cm deep with its upper surface level with the wind tunnel floor. To increase the roughness of the surface, we glued a layer of coarse sand with a mean particle size of 0.9 mm that was 4.2 m long by 40 cm wide to the floor of the wind tunnel immediately upwind of the gravel bed. We observed the particles with a high-speed camera in the wind tunnel to determine the type of motion (vibration, roll, obvious roll, saltation, obvious saltation). The wind velocities were measured using a pitot tube at 10 heights (6, 7.5, 13, 21, 41, 83, 123, 161, 220, and 242 mm above the gravel bed). 3. Measurement of the granule ripple migration rate We chose a 25-m2 area at the yardang site, and monitored the migration rate of some smaller typical granule ripples from 11 October 2011 to 15 October 2012 using six marking pins, at an east–west spacing of 5 m between pins. The average wavelength of these granule ripples was 1.6 m and the average height was 0.09 m. The mean grain size in the ridge was 2.08 mm, and the maximum grain size was 6.5 mm. We also chose 11 larger granule ripples  (5 to 9 m in wavelength, 30 to 50 cm in height, granule size in the ridge of 6 to 10 mm) that were continuously distributed at the yardang site, and measured their migration rate over an 8-year period from 2011 to 2019 by using marking pins. Based on the migration rate, we applied the equation developed by Jerolmack et al. (2006) to calculate the sediment creep flux (qc) at the ridge of the granule ripples: qc = (1-p) ρcH / 2 where p is the porosity of the ripple sediment (30%), ρ is the particle density (2650 kg m-3), c is the ripple migration rate (m/year), and H is the ripple height (m).

FIGURE 4. 18S in Morphological and molecular characteristics of Geocenamus longus and the first report of G. brevidens from a karst cave (Nematoda: Merliniidae Siddiqi, 1971)

FIGURE 4. 18S rDNA-based Bayesian phylogeny of the Merliniidae. The new Geocenamus sequences are indicated in bold. Numbers near nodes indicate posterior probabilities.

FIGURE 5. 28S in Morphological and molecular characteristics of Geocenamus longus and the first report of G. brevidens from a karst cave (Nematoda: Merliniidae Siddiqi, 1971)

FIGURE 5. 28S rDNA-based Bayesian phylogeny of Merliniidae. The new Geocenamus sequences are indicated in bold. Numbers near nodes indicate posterior probabilities.

FIGURE 1 in Morphological and molecular characteristics of Geocenamus longus and the first report of G. brevidens from a karst cave (Nematoda: Merliniidae Siddiqi, 1971)

FIGURE 1. Light microscopy images of Geocenamus longus, female. A) Entire body; B) Pharyngeal region; C) Pharyngeal region with a visible hemizonid near to the excretory pore; D) Anterior end of the body, the structure of the cuticle; E) Anterior end of the body with a visible long stylet; F) Vulval region with a visible filled spermatheca; G–I&M) Vulval region; J–K) Tail region with a visible anus; L) Tail region with a visible phasmid. Scale: A) 50 µm; B–M) 10 µm.

FIGURE 3 in Morphological and molecular characteristics of Geocenamus longus and the first report of G. brevidens from a karst cave (Nematoda: Merliniidae Siddiqi, 1971)

FIGURE 3. Light microscopy images of Geocenamus brevidens, female and male. Female: A) Entire body; B) Pharyngeal region; C) Vulval region; D) Lateral field; E) Tail region; Male: F) Entire body; G) Pharyngeal region; H–I) Tail region with visible spicules and bursa. Scale: 10 µm.

FIGURE 2 in Morphological and molecular characteristics of Geocenamus longus and the first report of G. brevidens from a karst cave (Nematoda: Merliniidae Siddiqi, 1971)

FIGURE 2. Light microscopy images of Geocenamus longus, male. A) Entire body; B) Anterior end of the body with visible long stylet; C) Pharyngeal region; D) Lateral field; E) Posterior region with visible testis; F–G) Tail region with visible spicules; H–I) Tail region with a visible bursa. Scale: A) 50 µm; B–I) 10 µm.

opennotspecifiedJul 2022View details →

FIGURE. Drosera hirtella (a–i): a, b, c, habit of the "type morphotype"; d, habit of the "western morphotype"; e, rosette of the "type morphotype"; f, emerging inflorescence, highlighting the red scape with red eglandular trichomes characteristic of the species; g, fertile individuals of D. hirtella (left plant, with inflorescence emerging to the bottom) and D. lutescens (right plant, with inflorescence emerging to the top left) growing under shaded conditions side by side, highlighting the morphological differences between the two species regarding leaf shape and scape and indumentum color; h, i, flower. a–c, f and h at Serra do Cipó, MG; d and h at Chapada dos Veadeiros, GO; e at Diamantina, MG; g at Cristalina, GO. Photo credits: all by PMG. in A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil

FIGURE. Drosera hirtella (a–i): a, b, c, habit of the "type morphotype"; d, habit of the "western morphotype"; e, rosette of the "type morphotype"; f, emerging inflorescence, highlighting the red scape with red eglandular trichomes characteristic of the species; g, fertile individuals of D. hirtella (left plant, with inflorescence emerging to the bottom) and D. lutescens (right plant, with inflorescence emerging to the top left) growing under shaded conditions side by side, highlighting the morphological differences between the two species regarding leaf shape and scape and indumentum color; h, i, flower. a–c, f and h at Serra do Cipó, MG; d and h at Chapada dos Veadeiros, GO; e at Diamantina, MG; g at Cristalina, GO. Photo credits: all by PMG.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Sleep characteristics, MRI- and DXA-based morphological parameters, muscle strength and risk of falls in sedentary older subjects: a cross sectional study

The aims of this study were: 1) to assess actigraphy-based and subjective sleep parameters in a sample of healthy older subjects and compare them to normative values for this specific population; 2) to assess the differences in muscle morphological parameters (muscle mass and composition) and physical performance (strength and balance) between short- vs normal-sleepers and poor- vs good-sleepers; 3) to assess the possible correlations between sleep variables and muscle morphological and physical function parameters in elderly subjects.

FIG. 9. Bayesian tree inferred using D2-D3 28S in Analyses of morphological and molecular characteristics of Telotylenchinae from Iran point at the validity of the genera Bitylenchus and Sauertylenchus

FIG. 9. Bayesian tree inferred using D2-D3 28S rDNA sequences. Posterior probabilities (pp) exceeding 0.65 are given on appropriate clades, bifurcations with pp above 0.95 are considered to be well-supported. Nematode species and GenBank numbers are listed for each taxon. In bold: newly generated D2-D3 28S rDNA sequences. With regard to Telotylenchinae Clades (indicated in Roman figures) we adhered to Handoo et al. (2014)

FIG. 8. Bayesian tree inferred from 18S in Analyses of morphological and molecular characteristics of Telotylenchinae from Iran point at the validity of the genera Bitylenchus and Sauertylenchus

FIG. 8. Bayesian tree inferred from 18S rDNA sequences. Posterior probabilities (pp) exceeding 0.65 are given on appropriate clades, bifurcations with pp above 0.95 are considered to be well-supported. Nematode species and GenBank numbers are listed for each taxon. In bold: newly generated 18S rDNA sequences. With regard to Telotylenchinae Clades (indicated in Roman figures) we adhered to Handoo et al. (2014).

FIG. 7 in Analyses of morphological and molecular characteristics of Telotylenchinae from Iran point at the validity of the genera Bitylenchus and Sauertylenchus

FIG. 7. Photomicrographs of Trophorus ussuriensis. Females (A–C & F–L & N–P) and males (D, M & Q). A: Pharynx; B–D: Head and stylet. F,E: Terminal bulb; G: Spermatheca; H: Lateral field; I–J: Vulva and post-vulval uterine sac; K–M: Entire body; N–Q: Tail. (Scale bars: A = 20 μm; B–J & N–Q = 10 μm; K & M: = 100 μm); [a = anus; c = cardia; p = post vulval uterine sac; ph = phasmid; s = spermatheca].

FIG. 4 in Analyses of morphological and molecular characteristics of Telotylenchinae from Iran point at the validity of the genera Bitylenchus and Sauertylenchus

FIG. 4. Photomicrographs of Sauertylenchus maximus. Females (A–O). A: Pharynx; B–E: Head and stylet; F: Terminal bulb; G &H: Lateral field; I: Vulva; J: Entire body; K–O: Tail. (Scale bars: A = 20 μm; J = 100 μm; B–I & K–O = 10 μm); [a = anus].

FIG. 3 in Analyses of morphological and molecular characteristics of Telotylenchinae from Iran point at the validity of the genera Bitylenchus and Sauertylenchus

FIG. 3. Photomicrographs of Bitylenchus serranus. Females (A–D & F–J & L–O) and males (E, K & P). A: Pharynx; B–E: Head and stylet; F: Terminal bulb; G: Lateral field; H: Spermatheca; I: Vulva and fasciculi; J & K: Entire body; L–P: Tail. (Scale bars: A = 20 μm; J–K = 100 μm; B–I &L–P = 10 μm); [ph = phasmid].