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Figure 3 in A phylogenetic analysis of the arachnid orders based on morphological characters

Figure 3. Consensus trees produced by parsimony analysis of neontological data constrained to produce relationships proposed in the recent literature. The constrained (target) node is indicated by a black dot and the taxa encompassed by the constraint are enclosed in a box. Numbers below each tree represent the number of minimal-length constrained trees, length of minimal-length trees, difference in the length of the unconstrained minimal-length tree and the constrained minimal-length tree, and percentage unconstrained bootstrap trees in which the target node was recovered, respectively. These trees indicate the effect on branch length imposed by specific hypotheses and impact of constraining target nodes on nontarget nodes.

Figure 6 in A phylogenetic analysis of the arachnid orders based on morphological characters

Figure 6. Results from analysis of the full data matrix. A, minimal-length topology. Numbers below internodes are bootstrap percentages/Bremer support values. B, parsimony tree produced by implied weights with k = 1. C, parsimony tree produced by implied weights with k = 2. Parsimony trees produced by implied weights with k = 3–6 are identical to topology C. For B and C, relationships within terminal clades are the same as those shown in A.

Figure 5 in A phylogenetic analysis of the arachnid orders based on morphological characters

Figure 5. Results from analysis of neontological data. A, minimal-length topology. Numbers below internodes are bootstrap percentages/Bremer support values. B, parsimony tree produced by implied weights with k = 1. C, parsimony tree produced by implied weights with k = 2. Parsimony trees produced by implied weights with k = 3–6 are identical to topology A. For B and C, relationships within terminal clades are the same as those shown in A.

Figure 4 in A phylogenetic analysis of the arachnid orders based on morphological characters

Figure 4. Consensus trees produced by parsimony analysis of the full data matrix constrained to produce relationships proposed in the recent literature. See legend to Figure 3 for details.

Figure 2 in A phylogenetic analysis of the arachnid orders based on morphological characters

Figure 2. Fully resolved phylogenetic hypotheses of extant euchelicerate groups proposed in the recent literature. Note the similarity in the topologies of the parsimony-based analyses by Shultz (1990), Wheeler & Hayashi (1998) and Giribet et al. (2002). The Giribet et al. topology is based on neontological data (morphology and molecules) and the original 'ROOT' may be an artefact from use of the highly divergent pycnogonids as an outgroup.

Figure 1 in A phylogenetic analysis of the arachnid orders based on morphological characters

Figure 1. Cladogram summarizing results from analysis of major euchelicerate lineages generated by parsimony analysis of 59 genera and 202 non-molecular characters. Only those relationships that were well supported by bootstrap analysis or consistently recovered in sensitivity analysis are depicted; deepest relationships within Arachnida are effectively unresolved.

Figure 24 in Revision of the genus Bosmina Baird, 1845 (Cladocera: Bosminidae), based on evidence from male morphological characters and molecular phylogenies

Figure 24. Bosmina (Eubosmina) tanakai sp. nov.: adult male from Ichiyanagi Numa Pond, Aomori Prefecture, Japan. A, antenna II; B, distal anterior seta; C–E, limb I; F, tip of copulatory hook; G, subdistal lobe in distal view. Scale bars: 100 Mm.

Figure 22 in Revision of the genus Bosmina Baird, 1845 (Cladocera: Bosminidae), based on evidence from male morphological characters and molecular phylogenies

Figure 22. Bosmina (Eubosmina) tanakai sp. nov.: female from Ichiyanagi Numa Pond, Aomori Prefecture, Japan (A, D–G), and from Konuma (B) and Kussharo (C), Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan. A–C, body outline of large adult; D, E, postabdonem of large adult; F, midgut with loops of an atypical specimen; G, juvenile female. Scale bars: 100 Mm.

Figure 21 in Revision of the genus Bosmina Baird, 1845 (Cladocera: Bosminidae), based on evidence from male morphological characters and molecular phylogenies

Figure 21. Bosmina (Eubosmina) tanakai sp. nov.: ephippial female from Ichiyanagi Numa Pond, Aomori Prefecture, Japan. A, lateral view; B, head, lateral view; C, D, head, anterior view; E, F, region of lateral head pore; G, setae at anteroventral portion of valve; H, I, mucro, inner view. Scale bars: 100 Mm.

Figure 20 in Revision of the genus Bosmina Baird, 1845 (Cladocera: Bosminidae), based on evidence from male morphological characters and molecular phylogenies

Figure 20. Bosmina (Eubosmina) cf. longispina: adult male from a pond in Nome, Alaska, USA. A, lateral view; B, C, head in lateral and anterior view; D, setae at anteroventral portion of valve, inner view; E, mucro, inner view; F, G, postabdomen; H, antenna I, anterior view; I, proximal portion of basal segment of antenna II; J, K, distal portion of limb I in inner (anterior) and external (posterior) view. Scale bars: 100 Mm.

Figure 25. The 50 in Revision of the genus Bosmina Baird, 1845 (Cladocera: Bosminidae), based on evidence from male morphological characters and molecular phylogenies

Figure 25. The 50% majority rule bootstrap tree based on the maximum parsimony analysis of morphological characters for bosminids. The numbers above the branches indicate clade support estimated by nonparametric bootstrapping. The boxes indicate the subgenera (from top to bottom; subgenera are indicated by coloured boxes in the online version of this article) Bosmina (blue), Sinobosmina (green), Liederobosmina (purple), Lunobosmina (turquoise), and Eubosmina (red).

Figure 18 in Revision of the genus Bosmina Baird, 1845 (Cladocera: Bosminidae), based on evidence from male morphological characters and molecular phylogenies

Figure 18. Bosmina (Eubosmina) cf. longispina: male from a lake in tundra, Tareya, Taimyr Autonomous Area, Asian Russia. A, juvenile male I, lateral view; B, postabdomen of juvenile male I; C, distal portion of limb I of juvenile male I, inner view; D, juvenile male II, general view; E, postabdomen of juvenile male II; F, limb I of juvenile male II, inner view; G, adult male (third instar), general view; H, anteroventral portion of valve of adult male, inner view; I, mucro of adult male, inner view; J, postabdomen of adult male; K, distal portion of adult male; L, limb I of adult male, inner view; M, tip of copulatory hook of adult male. Scale bars: 100 Mm.

Figure 17 in Revision of the genus Bosmina Baird, 1845 (Cladocera: Bosminidae), based on evidence from male morphological characters and molecular phylogenies

Figure 17. Bosmina (Eubosmina) cf. longispina: from a lake in tundra, Tareya, Taimyr Autonomous Area, Asian Russia. A, adult male; B, head of adult male, anteroventral view; C, D, postabdomen and its distal portion; E, juvenile male II; F, head of juvenile male II, anteroventral view; G, adult parthenogenetic female, general view; H, head of adult parthenogenetic female, anteroventral view. Scale bars: 100 Mm for (A, B, E, G, H); 10 Mm for (C, D, F).

Figure 16 in Revision of the genus Bosmina Baird, 1845 (Cladocera: Bosminidae), based on evidence from male morphological characters and molecular phylogenies

Figure 16. Bosmina (Lunobosmina) oriens: adult male from a pond on highway 1, Newfoundland, Canada (B–E, G, I–M), and from Hell Hollow Pond, Connecticut, USA (A, F, H, J). A, setae at anteroventral portion of valve, inner view; B–D, postabdomen; E, antenna I, anterior view; F, G, region of aesthetasc location, anterior view; H, region of aesthetasc location, inner view; I, antenna II, anterior view; J, sensory setae at coxal part of antenna II. Scale bars: 100 Mm.

Figure 14 in Revision of the genus Bosmina Baird, 1845 (Cladocera: Bosminidae), based on evidence from male morphological characters and molecular phylogenies

Figure 14. Bosmina (Lunobosmina) oriens: juvenile female from a pond on highway 1, Newfoundland, Canada (A, C–F), and from Great Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA (B); juvenile male II from Hell Hollow Pond, Connecticut, USA (G–M). A, B, general view of juvenile female; C, anterior view of juvenile female; D, antennular sensory setae and frontal head pore of juvenile female; E, lateral head pore of juvenile female; F, mucro of juvenile female; G, juvenile male II, general view; H, head of juvenile male II, anterior view; I, mucro of juvenile male II, inner view; J, postabdomen of juvenile male II; K, setae at coxal part of antenna II of juvenile male II; L, rudimentary sensory seta at distal segment of antenna II of juvenile male II; M, distal portion of limb I of juvenile male II. Scale bars: 100 Mm.

Figure 13 in Revision of the genus Bosmina Baird, 1845 (Cladocera: Bosminidae), based on evidence from male morphological characters and molecular phylogenies

Figure 13. Bosmina (Lunobosmina) oriens: adult female from a pond on highway 1, 2.9 km east of Little Harbor junction, Newfoundland, Canada. A, B, lateral view; C, head, lateral view; D, E, head, anterior view; F, region of lateral head pore; G, setae at anteroventral portion of valve, inner view; H, I, mucro, inner view; J, K, postabdomen, lateral view; L, postabdominal claw. Scale bars: 100 Mm.

Figure 12 in Revision of the genus Bosmina Baird, 1845 (Cladocera: Bosminidae), based on evidence from male morphological characters and molecular phylogenies

Figure 12. Bosmina (Liederobosmina) hagmanni: adult male from Lago Cristalino, Brazil. A, lateral view; B, anterior view; C, head; D, lateral head pore; E, F, rostrum; G, sculpture of valves; D, postabdonem. Scale bars: 100 Mm for (A, C); 10 Mm for (D, H).

Figure 7 in Revision of the genus Bosmina Baird, 1845 (Cladocera: Bosminidae), based on evidence from male morphological characters and molecular phylogenies

Figure 7. Bosmina (Sinobosmina) fatalis: from Hongzehu Lake, Jiantsu Province, China. A, postabdomen of juvenile female; B, juvenile male I, lateral view; C, postabdomen of juvenile male I; D, limb I of juvenile male I; E, juvenile male II; F, postabdomen of juvenile male II; G, limb I of juvenile male II. See text for a list of morphological abbreviations. Scale bars: 100 Mm.

Figure 11 in Revision of the genus Bosmina Baird, 1845 (Cladocera: Bosminidae), based on evidence from male morphological characters and molecular phylogenies

Figure 11. Bosmina (Liederobosmina) hagmanni: adult male from Lago Cristalino, Ipiranga, lower Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil. A, B, lateral and anterior view; C, D, mucro; E, postabdomen; F, distal portion of limb I. Scale bars: 100 Mm.

Figure 10 in Revision of the genus Bosmina Baird, 1845 (Cladocera: Bosminidae), based on evidence from male morphological characters and molecular phylogenies

Figure 10. Bosmina (Liederobosmina) meridionalis: juvenile male from waterhole 22 km from Pedrika, South Australia. A, juvenile male I, general view; B, postabdomen of juvenile male I; C, antenna II of juvenile male I, external view; D, distal portion of limb I of juvenile male I; E, F, juvenile male II, lateral and anterior view; G, mucro of juvenile male II, inner view; H, postabdomen of juvenile male II; I, distal portion of basal segment of antenna II of juvenile male II; J, distal portion of limb I of juvenile male II. Scale bars: 100 Mm.