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FIGURE 3 in Morphological diversification of alien and native aquatic snails of the genus Physa and Aplexa (Gastropoda: Physidae) of Western and Central European range

FIGURE 3. Scanning electron microscopy image of A. hypnorum shell (10.18150/UFOMHM) A, B—front (with visible lip) and back side of the shell, C—projecting lamellar crystals on the lip (Phot. A—C M. Gawlak).

FIGURE 2 in Morphological diversification of alien and native aquatic snails of the genus Physa and Aplexa (Gastropoda: Physidae) of Western and Central European range

FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of the shell apex of Physidae (10.18150/FIZSWX) Horizontally: A—P. acuta (subsidence ponds); B—A. hypnorum (anthropogenic ponds, Poland); C—P. fontinalis (Nida River, Poland); D—P. gyrina (Ireland, The Argory- ditch and Sandy Bay L Neagh; Wales, Gwent Levels in pond in flood plain (l. Killen); E- Apex of the small (young) specimens—1—P. acuta, 2—A. hyponorum, 3—P. fontinalis, 4—P. gyrina (Phot. A–E M. Gawlak).

FIGURE 1 in Morphological diversification of alien and native aquatic snails of the genus Physa and Aplexa (Gastropoda: Physidae) of Western and Central European range

FIGURE 1. Physidae of Western and Central Europe (10.18150/YPDFJU)—general shell morphology A—Physa acuta (Phot. M. Kanturski), B—Aplexa hypnorum, C—Physa fontinalis, D—Physa gyrina; 1—front side of the shell, 2—shell from the side view, 3—back side of the shell (Phot. B–D A. Cieplok, A. Spyra).

FIGURE 6. P in Morphological diversification of alien and native aquatic snails of the genus Physa and Aplexa (Gastropoda: Physidae) of Western and Central European range

FIGURE 6. P. acuta shell features (SEM) (10.18150/G6UWMN); in which the sutural belts are visible (A), the structure of a white lip (B) with characteristic projecting lamellar crystals (C) is indicated by an arrow (Phot. A–C M. Gawlak), (D) a view of the lip visible under the stereoscopic microscope (Phot. M. Kanturski).

FIGURE 8 in Morphological diversification of alien and native aquatic snails of the genus Physa and Aplexa (Gastropoda: Physidae) of Western and Central European range

FIGURE 8. Correspondence Analysis (CA) diagram for the Physidae species; 1—Whorl convexity, 2—Spire, 3—Shell thickness, 4—Thickened appendages, 5—Shell shine, 6—Shell width and height ratio, 7—Aperture height, 8—Shell height, 9—Lip, 10—Apex, 11—Shell width, 12—Aperture width, 13—Spire height.

opennotspecifiedNov 2017View details →

Distribution. Native distribution ranged from E Afghanistan through N in Muridae

Distribution. Native distribution ranged from E Afghanistan through N &NE India, Nepal, Bhutan, and N Bangladesh into C & China (including Hainan I), Korean Peninsula, and mainland SE Asia including many offshore Is S to the Isthmus of Kra; presently unclear whether the species is native or introduced to Taiwan and Japan. Native and introduced distributions are currently unresolved, especially because there are probably three distinct species, currently recognized as lineages. Introduced into in the Andaman and Nicobar Is, Peninsular Malaysia and Sunda Shelf Is, Philippines, W New Guinea, Eniwetok and Fiji within Micronesia and Palau, although these seem to be more recent than other introductions. Specimens from South America and S California, USA, have been genetically identified as this species, probably originating from individuals transported there by boats in recent times. Because of ambiguity between when species were introduced and confusion as to what populations are native or not, the more ancient introduced distribution of the speciesis included in the distribution map throughout Indonesia and Melanesia, but not in other regions where the species has been introduced more recently (North America, South Africa, and Micronesia).

opennotspecifiedNov 2017View details →

Nesokia is sister to Bandicota and are nested in Rattus phylogenetically, making Rat- tus paraphyletic. Tarsomys, Limnomys, and Diplothrix are also phylogenetically in Rat- tus, and the clade is in need of focused re- vision at the generic level. Nesokia bunnui was originally described as a separate ge-nus, Erythronesokia, because it is morphologically very distinctive from N. indica. Type specimen was destroyed during the Iraq War, and a neotype was recently designated to replace it. Monotypic. Distribution. Tigris and Euphrates river valleys, SE Iraq. Descriptive notes. Head—body 230-260 mm, tail 205-270 mm, ear 18-21 mm, hindfoot 49-58 mm; weight 519 g. The Long-tailed Bandicoot Rat is larger than the Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat (N. indica). Pelage is soft and woolly, interspersed with harsher coarse hair and long black hairs near mid-back. Dorsum is fawn to ocherous red, washed with purple or chestnuton darker individuals. Hairs are basally slate-gray and distally rufous, occasionally with whitish or black tips. Muzzle is drab. Sides arefawn, with gray edge toward venter. Venteris whitish, extending onto cheeks where the same pattern from gray to fawn to dorsal pelage occurs. Feet are large and robust, being light brown and well-furred dorsally. Claws are amber on forefeet and dull brown on hindfeet; pollux is extremely small. Ears are moderately long and brownish, with no hair internally. Tail is ¢.82-104% of head-body length and deep brownish drab, interspersed with visible white hair. Skull is large and robust, similarly to the Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat. Habitat. Marsh and swamp land. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. The Long-tailed Bandicoot Rat is terrestrial, although it isfound in swampy and marshy areas and is probably amphibious. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Longtailed Bandicoot Rat is apparently rare and is known from very few specimens. Marsh and swamp habitats in which it is found were completely destroyed during the Iraq War by draining, war damage, and agricultural expansion. In recent years, flooding from Tigris and Euphrates rivers and high snow fall and melt haveresulted in partial restoration ofits native habitat, although restoration is not a complete. Populations are now probably highly fragmented. Bibliography. Al-Ansari et al. (2012), Al-Robaae & Felten (1990), Khajuria (1981), Krystufek et al. (2017), Musser & Carleton (2005), Richardson & Hussain (2006), Stuart (2008). in Muridae

Nesokia is sister to Bandicota and are nested in Rattus phylogenetically, making Rat- tus paraphyletic. Tarsomys, Limnomys, and Diplothrix are also phylogenetically in Rat- tus, and the clade is in need of focused re- vision at the generic level. Nesokia bunnui was originally described as a separate ge-nus, Erythronesokia, because it is morphologically very distinctive from N. indica. Type specimen was destroyed during the Iraq War, and a neotype was recently designated to replace it. Monotypic. Distribution. Tigris and Euphrates river valleys, SE Iraq. Descriptive notes. Head—body 230-260 mm, tail 205-270 mm, ear 18-21 mm, hindfoot 49-58 mm; weight 519 g. The Long-tailed Bandicoot Rat is larger than the Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat (N. indica). Pelage is soft and woolly, interspersed with harsher coarse hair and long black hairs near mid-back. Dorsum is fawn to ocherous red, washed with purple or chestnuton darker individuals. Hairs are basally slate-gray and distally rufous, occasionally with whitish or black tips. Muzzle is drab. Sides arefawn, with gray edge toward venter. Venteris whitish, extending onto cheeks where the same pattern from gray to fawn to dorsal pelage occurs. Feet are large and robust, being light brown and well-furred dorsally. Claws are amber on forefeet and dull brown on hindfeet; pollux is extremely small. Ears are moderately long and brownish, with no hair internally. Tail is ¢.82-104% of head-body length and deep brownish drab, interspersed with visible white hair. Skull is large and robust, similarly to the Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat. Habitat. Marsh and swamp land. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. The Long-tailed Bandicoot Rat is terrestrial, although it isfound in swampy and marshy areas and is probably amphibious. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Longtailed Bandicoot Rat is apparently rare and is known from very few specimens. Marsh and swamp habitats in which it is found were completely destroyed during the Iraq War by draining, war damage, and agricultural expansion. In recent years, flooding from Tigris and Euphrates rivers and high snow fall and melt haveresulted in partial restoration ofits native habitat, although restoration is not a complete. Populations are now probably highly fragmented. Bibliography. Al-Ansari et al. (2012), Al-Robaae & Felten (1990), Khajuria (1981), Krystufek et al. (2017), Musser & Carleton (2005), Richardson & Hussain (2006), Stuart (2008).

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

Tree mixtures increase bird taxonomic and functional diversity over pure stands of tree species planted outside their natural range—but not over pure native stands

Recent biodiversity loss has emphasized the necessity to critically evaluate the consequences of human alterations of forest ecosystems. Stand diversification via tree species mixtures and the use of non-native tree species are two such alterations currently gaining importance as climate change adaptations. However, the effects of local versus regional tree mixing on associated biodiversity and notably the modifying role of tree species growing outside their natural range remain poorly understood. We assessed how monocultures and mixtures of native and introduced tree species influence the taxonomic and functional diversity of northwest German bird communities at stand and landscape scales. We focused on the dominant natural tree species (Fagus sylvatica) and economically important conifer species planted outside their natural range (the native Picea abies and non-native Pseudotsuga menziesii). We found that bird species richness and functional diversity were generally higher in pure and mixed stands of native F. sylvatica than in pure conifer stands, especially in comparison to non-native P. menziesii. These differences were particularly strong at the landscape scale. Pure conifer stands harbored only a reduced set of functionally similar bird species. Structural diversity based on tree microhabitat availability emerged as a key predictor of bird diversity. Synthesis and applications: Our study suggests that tree species mixtures do not necessarily increase bird diversity compared to pure stands of native trees, but can promote bird diversity relative to pure stands of species planted outside their natural range. Moreover, local mixtures, rather than a mosaic of pure stands, may promote bird diversity also at the landscape scale. By contrast, pure stands of tree species planted outside their natural range can increase the biotic homogenization of forest birds. Promoting structural diversity of microhabitats via tree retention and ensuring that non-native trees are planted in mixtures with native trees may alleviate potential limitations of climate change-oriented management for biodiversity.

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

Expansion of non-native plant Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze driven by range of factors leading to patchy distribution patterns

Given the growing concern over the ecological impacts of non-native species, exploring these species' expansion edge and distribution patterns and their driving factors is important for developing suitable management measures. Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze, a non-native plant that was introduced to China in the 1990s, has spread from southern Hebei Province, where it first took root, to the surrounding regions and has become one of the most notorious invasive weeds in northern China. Based on 15 years (2006-2021) of extensive field investigations, the spatial distribution of sampling and occurrence points were mapped in the recently expanded region of F. bidentis' population. Then, nearest neighbor analysis used to characterize the spatial pattern differences between samplings and occurrences. An exponential decay function was used to elucidate the driving factors contributing to the presence and absence of F. bidentis. Our results demonstrated an effective random sampling setup, a heterogeneous spatial distribution of F. bidentis, and a multi-regional independent aggregation distribution pattern (p<0.01). There were significant spatial correlations between the aggregation areas of plant occurrence points and the locations of roads and construction sand distribution centers. These findings suggest that human activities involving major roads and construction sand distribution centers were driving factors contributing to this long-distance dispersal and spatially discontinuous distribution patterns. The presence of these patchy distribution patterns has important implications for ongoing efforts to manage populations of non-native species.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2016View details →

Supplementary material 4 from: Novoa A, Kumschick S, Richardson DM, Rouget M, Wilson JRU (2016) Native range size and growth form in Cactaceae predict invasiveness and impact. In: Daehler CC, van Kleunen M, Pyšek P, Richardson DM (Eds) Proceedings of 13th International EMAPi conference, Waikoloa, Hawaii. NeoBiota 30: 75–90. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.30.7253

Results of the General Impact Scoring System applied to 70 cactus species (35 invasive and 35 non-invasive cactus species with a long history of introduction in South Africa) : Explanation note: The impact scores are expressed as the maximum impact over all the environmental and socioeconomic categories considered in this study.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2016View details →

Supplementary material 3 from: Novoa A, Kumschick S, Richardson DM, Rouget M, Wilson JRU (2016) Native range size and growth form in Cactaceae predict invasiveness and impact. In: Daehler CC, van Kleunen M, Pyšek P, Richardson DM (Eds) Proceedings of 13th International EMAPi conference, Waikoloa, Hawaii. NeoBiota 30: 75–90. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.30.7253

Generic Impact Scoring System (GISS) : Explanation note: Detailed description of impact categories. An updated Excel version is available from the authors on request.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Locomotor performance of cane toads differs between native-range and invasive populations

Invasive species provide a robust opportunity to evaluate how animals deal with novel environmental challenges. Shifts in locomotor performance—and thus the ability to disperse—(and especially, the degree to which it is constrained by thermal and hydric extremes) are of special importance, because they might affect the rate that an invader can spread. We studied cane toads (Rhinella marina) across a broad geographical range: two populations within the species' native range in Brazil, two invasive populations on the island of Hawai'i and eight invasive populations encompassing the eastern, western and southern limits of the toad invasion in Australia. A toad's locomotor performance on a circular raceway was strongly affected by both its temperature and its hydration state, but the nature and magnitude of those constraints differed across populations. In their native range, cane toads exhibited relatively low performance (even under optimal test conditions) and a rapid decrease in performance at lower temperatures and hydration levels. At the other extreme, performance was high in toads from southern Australia, and virtually unaffected by desiccation. Hawai'ian toads broadly resembled their Brazilian conspecifics, plausibly reflecting similar climatic conditions. The invasion of Australia has been accompanied by a dramatic enhancement in the toads' locomotor abilities, and (in some populations) by an ability to maintain locomotor performance even when the animal is cold and/or dehydrated. The geographical divergences in performance among cane toad populations graphically attest to the adaptability of invasive species in the face of novel abiotic challenges.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: Bird migratory flyways influence the phylogeography of the invasive brine shrimp Artemia franciscana in its native American range

Since Darwin's time, waterbirds have been considered an important vector for the dispersal of continental aquatic invertebrates. Bird movements have facilitated the worldwide invasion of the American brine shrimp Artemia franciscana, transporting cysts (diapausing eggs), and favouring rapid range expansions from introduction sites. Here we address the impact of bird migratory flyways on the population genetic structure and phylogeography of A. franciscana in its native range in the Americas. We examined the sequence variation for two mitochondrial gene fragments (COI and 16S for a subset of the data) in a large set of population samples representing the entire native range of A. franciscana. Furthermore, we performed Mantel tests and redundancy analyses (RDA) to test the role of flyways, geography and human introductions on the phylogeography and population genetic structure at a continental scale. A. franciscana mitochondrial DNA was very diverse, with two main clades, largely corresponding to Pacific and Atlantic populations, mirroring American bird flyways. There was a high degree of regional endemism, with populations subdivided into at least 12 divergent, geographically restricted and largely allopatric mitochondrial lineages, and high levels of population structure ( Φ ST of 0.92), indicating low ongoing gene flow. We found evidence of human-mediated introductions in nine out of 39 populations analysed. Once these populations were removed, Mantel tests revealed a strong association between genetic variation and geographic distance (i.e., isolation-by-distance pattern). RDA showed that shared bird flyways explained around 20% of the variance in genetic distance between populations and this was highly significant, once geographic distance was controlled for. The variance explained increased to 30% when the factor human introduction was included in the model. Our findings suggest that bird-mediated transport of brine shrimp propagules does not result in substantial ongoing gene flow; instead, it had a significant historical role on the current species phylogeography, facilitating the colonisation of new aquatic environments as they become available along their main migratory flyways.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

Introduced plants of Lupinus polyphyllus are larger but flower less frequently than conspecifics from the native range: Results of the first year

Introduced species, which establish in novel environments, provide an opportunity to explore trait evolution and how it may contribute to the distribution and spread of species. Here, we explore trait changes of the perennial herb Lupinus polyphyllus based on 11 native populations in the western USA and 17 introduced populations in Finland. More specifically, we investigated whether introduced populations outperformed native populations in traits measured in situ (seed mass) and under common garden conditions during their first year (plant size, flowering probability, and number of flowering shoots). We also explored whether climate of origin (temperature) influenced plant traits, and quantified the degree to which trait variability was explained collectively by country and temperature as compared to other population-level differences. Three out of four plant traits differed between the native and introduced populations; only seed mass was similar between countries, with most of its variation attributed to other sources of intraspecific variation not accounted for by country and temperature. Under common garden conditions, plants originating from introduced populations were larger than those originating from native populations. However, plants from the introduced range flowered less frequently and had fewer flowering shoots than their native-range counterparts. Temperature of a population's origin influenced plant size in the common garden, with plant size increasing with increasing mean annual temperature in both native and introduced populations. Our results of the first year reveal genetic basis for phenotypic differences in some fitness-related traits between the native and introduced populations of L. polyphyllus. However, not all of these trait differences necessarily contribute to the invasion success of the species and thus may not be adaptive, which raises a question how persistent the trait differences observed in the first year are later in individuals' life for perennial herbs.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Supplementary material 1 from: Leonhardt F, Arranz Aveces C, Müller A, Angin B, Jegu M, Haynes P, Ernst R (2022) Low genetic diversity in a widespread whistling alien: A comparison of Eleutherodactylus johnstonei Barbour, 1914 (Eleutherodactylidae) and congeners in native and introduced ranges. NeoBiota 79: 31-50. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.79.86778

Detailed information on all populations of the three congeneric taxa used in the molecular data sets of this study

FIGURE 36 in The worldwide occurrence of Sceliphron caementarium (Drury, 1773) outside its native range, with new records (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

FIGURE 36. The updated distribution of Sceliphron caementarium in Ukraine and Autonomous Republic of Crimea. Green = regions where the species is known; grey = regions with no records. The regions where the species is recorded for the first time through present work are marked with an asterisk. 1 = Zakarpatska; 2 = Odessa; 3 = Mykolaïv; 4 = Dnipropetrovska; 5 = Crimea.

FIGURE 30 in The worldwide occurrence of Sceliphron caementarium (Drury, 1773) outside its native range, with new records (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

FIGURE 30. The updated distribution of Sceliphron caementarium in Croatia islands. Green = islands where the species is known; grey = islands with no records. The islands where the species is recorded for the first time through present work are marked with an asterisk. 1 = Cres; 2 = Krk; 3 = Rab; 4 = Pag; 5 = Zverinac; 6 = Ugljan; 7 = Pašman; 8 = Čiovo; 9 = Brač; 10 = Sveti Klement; 11 = Hvar; 12 = Vis; 13 = Korčula; 14 = Mljet; 15 = Koločep.

FIGURE 28 in The worldwide occurrence of Sceliphron caementarium (Drury, 1773) outside its native range, with new records (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

FIGURE 28. The updated distribution of Sceliphron caementarium in Malta. Green = regions where the species is known; grey = regions with no records. 1 = Central Region; 2 = South Eastern Region.

FIGURE 26 in The worldwide occurrence of Sceliphron caementarium (Drury, 1773) outside its native range, with new records (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

FIGURE 26. The updated distribution of Sceliphron caementarium in Switzerland (left) and Austria (right). Green = regions where the species is known; grey = regions with no records. The regions where the species is recorded for the first time through present work are marked with an asterisk. 1 = Basel-Landschaft; 2 = Basel-Stadt; 3 = Jura; 4 = Lucern; 5 = Bern; 6 = Neuchâtel; 7= Fribourg; 8 = Vaud; 9 = Geneva; 10 = Valais; 11 = Ticino; 12 = Graub̧nden; 13 = St. Gallen; 14; = Z̧rich; 15 = Carinthia; 16 = Styria; 17 = Burgenland; 18 = Lower Austria; 19 = Vienna.

FIGURE 29 in The worldwide occurrence of Sceliphron caementarium (Drury, 1773) outside its native range, with new records (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

FIGURE 29. The updated distribution of Sceliphron caementarium in Slovenia (left, above), Serbia (left, below, without Kosovo—disputed territory in which no records of S. caementarium are known), Croatia (right, above), Bosnia and Herzegovina (right, below). Green = regions where the species is known; grey = regions with no records. Croatia islands are not considered (and they are lighter grey). The regions where the species is recorded for the first time through present work are marked with an asterisk. 1 = Gorizia; 2 = Coastal Karst; 3 = Central Slovenia; 4 = Lower Sava; 5 = Drava; 6 = Mura; 7 = Istria; 8 = PrimorjeGorski Kotar; 9 = Karlovac; 10 = Zagreb; 11 = Krapina-Zagorje; 12 = Varaždin; 13 = Osijek-Baranja; 14 = Lika-Senj; 15 = Zadar; 16 = Šibenik-Knin; 17 = Split-Dalmatia; 18 = Dubrovnik-Neretva; 19 = Vojvodina; 20 = Belgrade; 21 = Southern and Eastern Serbia; 22 = Republika Srpska; 23 = Herzegovina-Neretva.