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642 results for “ornaments”
Data from: The role of between-group signalling in the evolution of primate ornamentation
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Data from: Among-individual behavioural variation in the ornamental red cherry shrimp, Neocaridina heteropoda
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The evolutionary history and mechanistic basis of female ornamentation in a tropical songbird
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Data from: Inbreeding and competitor’s genetic relatedness affect dynamic male color-ornament expression in a cichlid fish
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Data for: Ornaments indicate parasite load only if they are dynamic, or parasites are contagious
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Data from: Sex-dependent integration of ornamentation, personality, morphology and life history
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Comparative data for dance fly eye morphology and female ornamentation
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Data from: Recurrent evolution of small body size and loss of the sword ornament in Northern swordtail fish
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Female dewlap ornaments are evolutionarily labile and associated with increased influence diversification rates in Anolis lizards
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Data from: The size, symmetry, and color saturation of a male guppy's ornaments forecast his resistance to parasites
Sexually selected ornaments range from highly dynamic traits to those that are fixed during development and relatively static throughout sexual maturity. Ornaments along this continuum differ in the information they provide about the qualities of potential mates, such as their parasite resistance. Dynamic ornaments enable real-time assessment of the bearer's condition: they can reflect an individual's current infection status, or resistance to recent infections. Static ornaments, however, are not affected by recent infection but may instead indicate an individual's genetically-determined resistance, even in the absence of infection. Given the typically aggregated distribution of parasites among hosts, infection is unlikely to affect the ornaments of the vast majority of individuals in a population: static ornaments may therefore be the more reliable indicators of parasite resistance. To test this hypothesis, we quantified the ornaments of male guppies, Poecilia reticulata, before experimentally infecting them with Gyrodactylus turnbulli. Males with more left-right symmetrical black coloration and those with larger areas of orange coloration, both static ornaments, were more resistant. However, males with more saturated orange coloration, a dynamic ornament, were less resistant. Female guppies often prefer symmetrical males with larger orange ornaments, suggesting parasite-mediated natural and sexual selection act in concert on these traits.
Data from: Cost of an elaborate trait: a tradeoff between attracting females and maintaining a clean ornament
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Many sexually selected ornaments and weapons are elaborations of an animal's outer body surface, including long feathers, colorful skin, and rigid outgrowths. The time and energy required to keep these traits clean, attractive, and in good condition for signaling may represent an important, but understudied cost of bearing a sexually selected trait. Male fiddler crabs possess an enlarged and brightly colored claw that is used both as a weapon to fight with rival males and also as an ornament to court females. Here, we demonstrate that males benefit from grooming because females prefer males with clean claws over dirty claws, but also that the time spent grooming detracts from the amount of time available for courting females. Males therefore face a temporal tradeoff between attracting the attention of females and maintaining a clean claw. Our study provides rare evidence of the importance of grooming for mediating sexual interactions in an invertebrate, indicating that sexual selection has likely shaped the evolution of self-maintenance behaviors across a broad range of taxa.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Physiological costs and age constraints of a sexual ornament: an experimental study in a wild bird
Sexual ornaments are often considered honest signals of quality because potential costs or constraints prevent their display by low-quality individuals. Testing for potential physiological costs of ornaments is difficult, as this requires experimentally forcing individuals to produce and display elaborate ornaments. We use this approach to test whether a sexually selected trait is physiologically costly to male superb fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus). Male fairy-wrens moult from brown to blue breeding plumage at different times of the year, and females strongly prefer the few males that are blue early, during winter. We used short-acting testosterone implants to stimulate males to produce 'early-blue' plumage and assessed costs during and after moult using a panel of physiological indices. Testosterone-implanted, T-males moulted in winter and produced blue plumage six weeks before control-implanted, C-males. T-males moulted while in lower body condition, had lower fat reserves, and were more likely to be parasitised by lice. However, we detected no negative effects on immune function, blood parasites, exposure to stressors, or survival. Juvenile males never naturally display early-blue plumage, but we found no evidence for increased costs paid by juvenile T-males. Instead, juvenile T-males moulted later than adult T-males, suggesting that age presents an absolute constraint on ornament exaggeration that cannot be fully overcome by testosterone treatment. Together, these small costs and large, age-related constraints may enforce signal honesty, and explain female preference for early-blue males.
Positive genetic covariance between male sexual ornamentation and fertilizing capacity
<p>Postcopulatory sexual selection results from variation in competitive fertilization success among males, and comprises powerful evolutionary forces that operate after the onset of mating [1, 2]. Theoretical advances in the field of sexual selection addressing the build-up and co-evolutionary consequences of genetic coupling [3-5], motivate the hypothesis that indirect postcopulatory sexual selection may promote evolution of male secondary sexual traits—those traits traditionally ascribed to mate choice and male fighting [6, 7]. A crucial prediction of this hypothesis is genetic covariance between trait expression and competitive fertilization success, which has been predicted to arise, for example, when traits subject to pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection are under positive correlational selection [8]. We imposed bidirectional artificial selection on male ornament (sex comb) size in <i>Drosophila bipectinata</i>, and demonstrate increased competitive fertilization success as a correlated evolutionary response to increasing ornament size. Transcriptional analyses revealed that levels of specific seminal fluid proteins repeatedly shifted in response to this selection, suggesting that properties of the ejaculate rather than the enlarged sex comb itself contributed fertilizing capacity. We used ultraprecise laser surgery to reduce ornament size of high line males, and found that their fertilizing superiority persisted despite the size reduction, reinforcing the transcriptional results. The data support the existence of positive genetic covariance between a male secondary sexual trait and competitive fertilization success, and suggest the possibility that indirect postcopulatory sexual selection may under certain conditions magnify net selection on ornamental trait expression. </p>
Quantitative dissection of color patterning in the foliar ornamental Coleus reveals underlying features driving aesthetic value
<p>readMe.txt (this file) /Coleus_scans.zip: This directory contains 3 sub-directories:</p> <p>1. raw_scans: Raw scans of coleus leaves. Data collection described below.</p> <p>2. binary_leaves: A zip file of individual binary leaves isolated from the raw scans. Data processing described below.</p> <p>3. colored_leaves: A zip file of individual colored leaves isolated from the raw scans using the binary leaf silhouettes. Data processing described below.</p> <p>Data collection</p> <p>Coleus leaf scans were collected from a starting population of 50,000 seedlings that were originally harvested from 133 open-pollinated mother plants in early January in Gainesville, FL. We organized the seedlings into families based on their maternal parents, grew the plants for five weeks and then selected ~2,000 individuals as potential new cultivars based on their foliar color patterning and branching architecture in mid-February. This data represents the youngest fully expanded leaf from each plant between 5-6 weeks of age. Leaves were imaged on Epson Perfection V550 Scanners with Kodak KOCSGS color separation guides included for color calibration. Analysis App Color analysis can be performed using an open-access software program called ColourQuant (Li et al., 2019); available on github: github.com/maoli0923/ColourQuant).</p> <p>Explanation of isolated binary and colored leaf files</p> <p>To isolate individual leaves from the raw data scans - we adjusted the RGB color balance on each scan by a white balance method so that the white swatch in the Kodak KOCSGS color separation guide is pure white, to ensure that scanners were not biasing the color data. Next, we segmented the leaves from the background by converting the RGB matrix into hue-saturation-value (HSV) format. Since most background pixels become grey in HSV, this was used to set a threshold that separates grey values from true leaf values. We then used the binary leaf silhouettes to extract the individual colored leaves by setting the background to pure white, and the foreground to pure black. We manually adjusted the thresholding for leaves that could not be automatically extracted due to shadows in the scan. The binary and colored leaf folder contain outliers, including leaves that were overlapping on the scanner, very small, or broken. These can be manually removed before analysis. </p> <p>File ID Key</p> <p>Files are named with the following code: Year_Family_Scan#. Files containing selected leaves for cultivar development are prepended with an “S” and files containing maternal leaf scans are prepended with an “M.”</p> <p>For questions regarding released dataset contact: Margaret Frank mhf47@cornell.edu</p> <p><br> Li, M., Frank, M.H., and Migicovsky, Z.. 2019a. ColourQuant: A high throughput technique to extract and quantify colour phenotypes from plant images. arXiv 190301652. http://arxiv.org/abs/1903.01652</p>
Data from: In love and war: the morphometric and phylogenetic basis of ornamentation, and the evolution of male display behavior, in the livebearer genus Poecilia
Exaggerated male traits under sexual selection are often used for both competition and courtship, raising the question of whether ornaments evolved simultaneously for both functions, or if use in one context preceded use in another. Here we apply a phylogenetic approach to study the evolution of ornamental dorsal fins in male poeciliid fish of the subgenera Mollienesia and Limia, which exhibit convergent development of an enlarged dorsal fin, and often direct erect-fin displays to male and female conspecifics. Unlike prior categorical assessments of poeciliid adornments, we measure dorsal fin exaggeration with a continuous index of ornamentation. Phylogenetic logistic and generalized least-squares regression analyses indicate that high index values are significantly associated with the use of two component postures of courtship and aggressive displays, dorsal fin erection and body curvature, but not with the presence of sexual dichromatism. Male displays initially evolved for male-male aggression in the common ancestor of Mollienesia and Limia, suggesting that this signal originated for competition, then became co-opted for courtship. These results support the armament-ornament hypothesis for evolution of exaggerated male traits, and are consistent with an evolutionary shift in the predominant mechanisms of sexual selection from intra- to intersexual.
Data from: Parental response to intruder females altered by ornamentation and mate quality in a biparental fish
In many monogamous species females behave aggressively toward other females, as they may threaten their exclusive access to paternal resources. However, in species with a high degree of breeding asynchrony not all females are true reproductive rivals. Female ornamentation that advertises sexual receptivity is a possible mechanism whereby parental females could assess the potential threat of rival females and attack only those which could challenge their mating status. Convict cichlids (Amatitlania siquia) are sexually dichromatic, monogamous fish that exhibit biparental care. Females develop gold ventral coloration when reproductively receptive and actively court males. We presented breeding pairs of convict cichlids with confined conspecific females to investigate whether parental response was affected by the intruder's reproductive status. We also investigated whether differences in partner quality within breeding pairs mediated the response to intruders, as mate quality influences both intra- and intersexual dynamics in many monogamous species. We found parental females responded more aggressively to reproductive intruders and that parental females mated to high quality males decreased the aggression they directed at general brood predators during the reproductive intruder presentation. Contrary to our predictions, we also found that males behaved aggressively toward reproductive intruders, particularly when paired with small females. Our results indicate that both parents engage in pair-bond defense and that differences in partner quality determine the level of aggression directed at extra-pair reproductive females. These findings suggest that when biparental care greatly increases offspring survival, reproductive success for both sexes may be maximized by cooperation and coordination, rather than conflict.
Fig. 1 in Cytogenetic analysis of Baryancistrus xanthellus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae: Ancistrini), an ornamental fish endemic to the Xingu River, Brazil
Fig. 1. Live photograph of Baryancistrus xanthellus, LIA 1629.
Data from: Age and infection history are revealed by different ornaments in a warbler
Female preference for older or more disease-resistant males are both possible outcomes of parasite-mediated sexual selection, but the extent to which infection alters the development of ornaments to yield signals of male age and health has rarely been explored. In a longitudinal study of 61 male common yellowthroats (Geothlypis trichas), age-related increases in the size of the melanin-based mask and carotenoid-based bib were not correlated among young males, likely owing to differences in how blood parasites affect ornament development. Infection with trypanosomes and hemosporidians in a male's first breeding season was associated with slower growth of the mask; uninfected males attained large masks in their second breeding season, while infected males attained large masks in their third breeding season. In contrast, the bib size of males increased every year regardless of infection. As a consequence, different populations of males are identified by the largest ornaments – older males in the case of bib and a combination of older males and young, uninfected males in the case of mask. Although mask is thus the more informative trait with respect to male health, females prefer large bibs in our population. If infection is opportunistic, young, uninfected males may not possess good genes for parasite resistance but simply good luck, and it may benefit females to prefer older males who are more likely to have withstood prior episodes of selection. A "pure" signal of age may be a more reliable signal of resistance to parasites than an ornament whose expression is modulated by infection.
Data from: Female ornamentation is associated with elevated aggression and testosterone in a tropical songbird
In males, testosterone plays a key role in ornament production and linking ornamentation with reproductive behaviors and other traits to produce an integrated phenotype. Less is known about whether females couple testosterone, ornamentation, and aggressive behaviors to achieve female-specific combinations of traits. Ornamentation in females may be the result of correlated expression with male ornamentation, or female traits could arise as the result of sex specific selection pressures. Resolving between these alternatives is necessary to understand the degree to which selection acts on female traits. The White-shouldered Fairywren (Malurus alboscapulatus) provides a useful context to address these questions because populations vary in degree of female ornamentation, a derived trait, whereas male ornamentation is constant across both populations. We found that ornamented females have higher levels of circulating testosterone and respond more aggressively to experimental territorial intrusions than do unornamented females. These findings are consistent with the idea that, among female White-shouldered Fairywrens, testosterone may mechanistically link plumage and behavioral traits to produce an integrated competitive phenotype, as has been reported for males of closely related species. In contrast, circulating testosterone in males did not differ significantly between populations. More broadly, our findings are consistent with ongoing selection on the mechanisms underlying female ornaments, likely via social selection.
Data from: The role of male coloration and ornamentation in potential alternative mating strategies of the dimorphic jumping spider, Maevia inclemens
Polymorphism can arise across taxa due to various selection pressures and potentially lead to alternative mating or antipredator strategies. For male jumping spiders, sexual selection and predation risk are often intertwined when courting cannibalistic females and may be a driving factor in the polymorphism of the jumping spider, Maevia inclemens. The dimorphic males of M. inclemens differ dramatically in their complex courtship behavior and display traits that may function as alternative mating strategies to reduce female aggression and maximize mating success. We hypothesized that males of the "tufted" morph honestly communicate condition or body size to females with three conspicuous tufts of setae on their head and males of the "striped" morph reduce female aggression with coloration commonly found in aposematic animals (here, yellow-orange pedipalps and striped legs). We examined correlations between tuft length and symmetry and metrics of body size and condition in field-collected spiders and conducted prey color choice tests (with live color-manipulated prey) to determine if yellow-orange and striped prey are avoided. Tuft length was variable and correlated with male size (but not condition). All prey color types were attacked at equal rates, but spiders oriented to striped prey more often, suggesting that male stripes may attract female attention without increasing predation. This study provides insight into the potential functions of the different courtship and visual displays of M. inclemens males. Using jumping spiders to study polymorphism can provide new insight into how multiple morphs can evolve, as males use mating strategies not only to impress females but also avoid getting eaten by their potential mates.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.