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393 results for “pesticides”
Data from: Chromosome-level genome of the melon thrips yields insights into evolution of a sap-sucking lifestyle and pesticide resistance
<p>Thrips are tiny insects from the order Thysanoptera (Hexapoda: Condylognatha), including many sap-sucking pests that are causing increasing damage to crops worldwide. In contrast to their closest relatives of Hemiptera (Hexapoda: Condylognatha) including numerous sap-sucking species, there are few genomic resources available for thrips. In this study, we assembled the first thrips genome at the chromosome level from the melon thrips, <i>Thrips palmi</i>, a notorious pest in agriculture, using PacBio long-read and Illumina short-read sequences. The assembled genome was 270.43 Mb in size with 4,120 contigs and a contig N50 of 426 kb. All contigs were assembled into 16 linkage groups assisted by the Hi-C technique. In total, 16,333 protein-coding genes were predicted, of which 88.13% were functionally annotated. Among sap-sucking insects, polyphagous species usually possess more detoxification genes than oligophagous species. The polyphagous thrips genomes characterized so far have relatively more detoxification genes in the GST and CCE families than polyphagous aphids, but they have fewer UGTs. HSP genes, especially from the Hsp70s group, have expanded in thrips compared to other hemipteran insects. These differences point to different genetic mechanisms associated with detoxification and stress responses in these two groups of sap-sucking insects. The expansion of these gene families may contribute to the rapid development of pesticide resistance in thrips, as supported by a transcriptome comparison of resistant and sensitive populations of <i>T. palmi</i>. The high-quality genome developed here provides an invaluable resource for understanding the ecology, genetics and evolution of thrips as well as their relatives more generally.</p>
Testing for population differences in evolutionary responses to pesticide pollution in brown trout (Salmo trutta)
<p>Pesticides are often toxic to non-target organisms, especially to those living in rivers that drain agricultural land. The brown trout (<i>Salmo trutta</i>) is a keystone species in many such rivers, and natural populations have hence been chronically exposed to pesticides over multiple generations. The introduction of pesticides decades ago could have induced evolutionary responses within these populations. Such a response would be predicted to reduce the toxicity over time but also deplete any additive genetic variance for the tolerance to the pesticides. If so, populations are now expected to differ in their susceptibility and in the variance for the tolerance depending on the pesticides they have been exposed to. We sampled breeders from seven natural populations that differ in their habitats and that show significant genetic differentiation. We stripped them for their gametes and produced 118 families by <i>in vitro</i> fertilization. We then raised 20 embryos per family singly in experimentally controlled conditions and exposed them to one of two ecologically relevant concentrations of either the herbicide S-metolachlor or the insecticide diazinon. Both pesticides affected embryo and larval development at all concentrations. We found no statistically significant additive genetic variance for tolerance to these stressors within or between populations. Tolerance to the pesticides could also not be linked to variation in carotenoid content of the eggs. However, pesticide tolerance was linked to egg size, with smaller eggs being more tolerant to the pesticides than larger eggs. We conclude that an evolutionary response to these pesticides is currently unlikely, and that (i) continuous selection in the past has either depleted genetic variance in all the populations we studied, or (ii) that exposure to the pesticides never induced an evolutionary response. The observed toxicity selects against large eggs that are typically spawned by larger and older females.</p>
Ecological impacts of pesticide seed treatments on arthropod communities in a grain crop rotation
<p>1. While many studies have investigated non-target impacts of neonicotinoid seed treatments (NSTs), they usually take place within a single crop and focus on specific pest or beneficial arthropod taxa.</p> <p>2. We compared the impacts of three seed treatments to an untreated control: imidacloprid + fungicide products, thiamethoxam + fungicide products, and fungicide products alone in a three-year crop rotation of full-season soybean, winter wheat, double-cropped soybean and maize. Specifically, we quantified neonicotinoid residues in the soil and in weedy winter annual flower buds and examined treatment impacts on soil and foliar arthropod communities as well as on plant growth and yield.</p> <p>3. Unquantifiably low amounts of insecticide were found in winter annual flowers of one species in one site year, which did not correspond with our treatments. Although low levels of insecticide residues were present in the soil, residues were not persistent. Residues were highest in the final year of the study, suggesting some accumulation.</p> <p>4. We observed variable impacts of NSTs on the arthropod community; principle response curve and redundancy analyses exhibited occasional treatment effects, with treatments impacting the abundance of various taxa, including predators and parasitoids. Overall, foliar taxa were impacted more than soil taxa, and the fungicides occasionally effected communities and individual taxa.</p> <p>5. Pest pressure was low throughout the study, and although pest numbers were reduced by the insecticides, corresponding increases in yield were not observed.</p> <p>6. <i>Synthesis and applications.</i> Pesticide seed treatments can impact arthropod taxa, including important natural enemies even when environmental persistence and active ingredient concentrations are low. The foliar community in winter wheat showed that in some cases, these impacts can last for several months after planting. Given the low pest pressure and lack of yield improvement in full-season and double-cropped soybean, winter wheat, and maize, we did not observe benefits that could justify the risks associated with neonicotinoid seed treatment (NST) use. Our results suggest that NSTs are not warranted in Maryland grain production, outside of specific instances of high pest pressure.</p>
Data for article Pesticide seed dressings can affect the activity of various soil organisms and reduce decomposition rate of plant material, BMC Ecology
<p>Raw data for article "Pesticide seed dressings can affect the activity of various soil organisms and reduce decomposition rate of plant material" published in BMC Ecology</p>
Database specific for the pesticide active substance and their metabolites, comprising the main genotoxicity endpoints
<p>In 2014, EFSA has commissioned the compilation of a database specific for the pesticide residues including active substances and their metabolites, which comprises different genotoxicity endpoints, i.e. point mutations, structural and numerical chromosome aberrations, and DNA damage.</p> <p>Data collection on individual genotoxicity studies has been retrieved from regulatory toxicological reports (Draft or Renewal Assessment Reports, i.e. DARs or RARs, respectively) as provided by the Rapporteur Member State (RMS) during the pesticide peer review process at European Level. The final EFSA conclusion on the overall genotoxic potential of active substance or metabolites taking into account all available information is not included in the database. </p> <p>The database contains identity and genotoxicity information on more than 290 active substances and some of their metabolites.</p> <p>The database represents a practical tool to complement in-silico tools i.e. QSAR (Quantitative structure–activity relationship models), grouping and read across for prediction of the genotoxicity hazard of the pesticides residues, and it supposes to enlarge the chemical domains for their application.</p> <p><strong>Format: xls; contact: data.collection@efsa.europa.eu, pesticides.ppr@efsa.europa.eu </strong></p> <p><br> <strong>DISCLAIMER</strong><br> Without prejudice to the legal notice applicable to EFSA's website available here, the following legal notice applies to the Pesticide genotoxicity database and any documents, data or information contained therein. Users are advised to read this legal notice carefully before accessing, using or reading any document, data or information made available in this context, or making any other use of the Database.<br> The Pesticide genotoxicity database is a compilation of chemical and genotoxicity information on active substances and some of their metabolites. The database contains the results of individual studies as initially assessed by the Rapporteur member state (RMS) and reported in the respective Draft assessment reports (DARs) or Renewal Assessment Reports (RARs). The final EFSA Conclusions on the respective active substances are available to the public on the EFSA Journal. The database includes the data that was available at the moment of compilation of the database (December 2016) and will be updated on a regular basis by including or deleting of information as a result of renewal procedure of active substances (Regulation (EU) No 1107/2009). <br> EFSA makes no representations or warranties about the accuracy or suitability of any document, information, data provided in the Database. In case of discrepancy between the data provided in the original scientific output (DARs/RARs) and that in this database, preference shall be given to the former.<br> This database does not disclose any commercially sensitive or otherwise confidential information. Unless otherwise stated, the owners of the data compiled in this database are the applicants under Regulation (EU) No 1107/2009, and by acceiding the Database you acknowledge that agreement for reuse of these data should be sought from them.<br> The information provided in the Database and related materials are not intended to constitute advice of any kind or the rendering of consulting, or other professional services of any kind. Acceding the Database does not establish any contractual relationship with EFSA. Users are advised to consult with an attorney, food consultant or other professional to determine what may be best for your individual needs.<br> By acceding the Database, you also acknowledge that the documents, data or information made available by EFSA may contain inaccuracies or errors. The content of the information provided is for your information and use only. It may be subject to change at any time and without prior notice by EFSA.</p>
Annexes to the EFSA external scientific report on the standard regulatory action for retrospective cumulative risk assessment of pesticides in MCRA
<p>Annexes to the EFSA external scientific report on the standard regulatory action for retrospective cumulative risk assessment of pesticides in MCRA.</p> <p>Harmonized methodology for retrospective dietary cumulative risk assessment (CRA) of pesticides was established by the European Commission (EC) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in 2018, in close collaboration with the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM). An update of this regulatory methodology (RM) was proposed and adopted by EFSA in 2022 in a CRA on craniofacial alterations. This updated RM was implemented in version 10 of the MCRA software and validated as part of the first action defined in the third framework partnership agreements between EFSA and RIVM. This report describes the implementation of this updated methodology in the MCRA software for risk assessment. This is done from a proposed framework of standard regulatory actions (SRAs). SRAs offer a user-friendly and simple to use option for regulators to perform retrospective and prospective CRAs in MCRA according to agreed-upon RMs. In particular, this report provides guidance on the use of an SRA for a retrospective dietary CRA for craniofacial alterations according to the updated RM in MCRA version 10.</p> <p>Detailed results of the comparison between reported by MCRA and EFSA’s SAS® software and MCRA formatted input files for the catalogues and secondary data are presented in the following annexes:</p> <ul> <li>Annex A – Comparison of the MOET at different percentiles reported by MCRA and EFSA’s SAS® software for retrospective dietary CRA of craniofacial alterations. </li> <li> <p>Annex B – Comparison of risk-driver contributions reported by MCRA and EFSA’s SAS® software for retrospective dietary CRA of craniofacial alterations. </p> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <p>Annex C – MCRA formatted input data file containing the primary entity catalogues for the SRA on retrospective dietary CRA of craniofacial alterations. </p> </li> <li> <p>Annex D – MCRA formatted input data file containing the secondary data for the SRA on retrospective dietary CRA of craniofacial alterations. </p> </li> <li> <p>Annex E – MCRA formatted input data file containing the unit- variability factors for the Tier II calculations of the SRA on retrospective dietary CRA of craniofacial alterations. </p> </li> <li> <p>Annex F – MCRA formatted input data file containing the unit- variability factors for the Tier I calculations of the SRA on retrospective dietary CRA of craniofacial alterations. </p> </li> </ul> <p> </p>
Supplementary digital data for "Widespread contamination of soils and vegetation with Current Use Pesticide residues along altitudinal gradients in a European Alpine valley"
<p>Supplementary digital data for the publication:</p> <p>Widespread contamination of soils and vegetation with Current Use Pesticide residues along altitudinal gradients in a European Alpine valley</p> <p>Data that was no publicly available but is used for Figure 1 - 3 in the manuscript is provided in this repository in addition to the raw data describing the occurrence in plant and soil matrices throughout the Vinschgau valley along the altitudinal transects.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: The phyllosphere microbiome in Tsuga canadensis: Possible relationships with resistance to Adelges tsugae and effects of the pesticide dinotefuran
<p>Eastern hemlock (<em>Tsuga canadensis</em>) is an important forest tree species in North America. It currently faces threats from invasive insects; primarily hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA -<em> Adelges tsugae</em>)<em> </em>and elongate hemlock scale (EHS - <em>Fiorinia externa</em><em>). </em>Both insect species are native to Asia with Tsuga species in the native range typically resistant to the damage they cause. We conducted a study of the phyllosphere microbiome of two hemlock species native to North America and susceptible to HWA (<em>T. canadensis</em> and <em>T. caroliniana</em>), and two species native to Asia and resistant to HWA (<em>T. chinensis</em> and <em>T. diversifolia</em>). The files for this experiment are labelled "Hemlock Microbiome." Since pesticide application is often used to treat North American hemlock species impacted by HWA and EHS, we also examined how the pesticide dinotefuran affected the microbiome and overall plant physiology of <em>T. canadensis</em>. The files for this experiment are labelled "Hemlock Dinotefuran."</p> <p>Included here are zOTU tables for fungi and bacteria and the taxonomic matches for each zOTU from both experiments, as well as the codes used in the programs USEARCH and Cutadapt to generate these data tables. (Note that raw sequence reads are publicly available in the Sequence Read Archive under BioProject number PRJNA1052676.) In addition, R scripts that show 1) how these data were analyzed with PERMANOVA and PERMDISP and visualized with PCoA in the R package vegan, including sequence read normalization in the R package DESeq2, 2) how the relative abundance of the top taxa were graphed in the R package phyloseq, and 3) indicator species analysis in the R package indicspecies are included. Finally, the raw data for plant physiology measurements are also included, along with the R script on how these data were analyzed with ANOVAs.</p>
Data from: Diverse pollen nutrition can improve the development of solitary bees but does not mitigate negative pesticide impacts
<p>Floral resource loss and pesticide exposure are major threats to bees in intensively managed agroecosystems, but interactions among these drivers remain poorly understood. Altered composition and lowered diversity of pollen nutrition may reinforce negative pesticide impacts on bees. Here we investigated the development and survival of the solitary bee <em>Osmia bicornis</em> provisioned with three different pollen types, as well as a mixture of these types representing a higher pollen diversity. We exposed bees of each nutritional treatment to five pesticides at different concentrations in the laboratory. Two field-realistic concentrations of three nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) modulating insecticides (thiacloprid, sulfoxaflor and flupyradifurone), as well as of two fungicides (azoxystrobin and tebuconazole) were examined. We further measured the expression of two detoxification genes (<em>CYP9BU1</em>, <em>CYP9BU2</em>) under exposure to thiacloprid across different nutrition treatments as a potential mechanistic pathway driving pesticide-nutrition interactions. We found that more diverse pollen nutrition reduced development time, enhanced pollen efficacy (cocoon weight divided by consumed pollen weight) and pollen consumption, and increased weight of <em>O. bicornis</em> after larval development (cocoon weight). Contrary to fungicides, high field-realistic concentrations of all three insecticides negatively affected <em>O. bicornis</em> by extending development times. Moreover, sulfoxaflor and flupyradifurone also reduced pollen efficacy and cocoon weight, and sulfoxaflor reduced pollen consumption and increased mortality. The expression of detoxification genes differed across pollen nutrition types, but was not enhanced after exposure to thiacloprid. Our findings highlight that lowered diversity of pollen nutrition and high field-realistic exposure to nAChR modulating insecticides negatively affected the development of <em>O. bicornis</em>, but we found no mitigation of negative pesticide impacts through increased pollen diversity. These results have important implications for risk assessment for bee pollinators, indicating that negative effects of nAChR modulating insecticides to developing solitary bees are currently underestimated.</p>
Exploring relationships between time of day and pollinator activity in the context of pesticide use - data
<p>Pesticide exposure can be harmful to insect pollinators and the ecosystem services they provide. As pesticide guidelines warn against applying such products when pollinators are active, it is important to determine how pollinator activity changes with the time of day and when the most appropriate time is to spray these chemicals. We walked transects from sunrise to sunset in oilseed rape (<em>Brassica napus</em> L.) fields in Ireland to capture the abundance of honeybees, bumblebees, solitary bees, and hoverflies across daylight hours. We also recorded the activity of representative species from the three bee groups at their nests across similar time periods to compare with field observations. Peak pollinator abundance was in the mid-afternoon with fewer individuals in the early morning and late evening for all groups. At the nest, we observed patterns of activity that broadly reflected field abundance but indicated that bees are active earlier and later than those observed on the crop. However, there were differences between pollinator groups. Overall, honeybee and solitary bee abundance and activity were found to peak in the middle of the day, while bumblebee abundance and activity were more consistent throughout daylight hours. Hoverflies were relatively abundant in the morning and increased in number towards the late afternoon and early evening. Our results confirm current recommendations that pesticide application should be avoided in the middle of the day when pollinators are most active. However, the diversity of responses within and between pollinator groups to time of day should be accounted for when shaping guidelines, and clearly defining optimal pesticide application timings for end users is difficult and needs further consideration as it will vary between regions and crops. Further research should also explore how time impacts pesticide efficacy and exposure of pollinators to residues post-application to allow full evaluation of how practical and beneficial timing of application may be when aiming to protect pollinators from pesticide exposure.</p>
From weeds to natural enemies: Implications of weed cultivation and bio-pesticides for organic onion production
<p>Weed management is challenging for vegetable crops highly sensitive to weed competition, such as onions. Thrips (<em>Thysanoptera</em>: <em>Thripidae</em>) are major insect pests of onion, causing damage through feeding, and vector bacterial pathogens causing rot. Both thrips and their associated pathogens are known to survive on many weed species in onion growing regions. Combining weeding with bio-pesticides may synergistically manage thrips and disease by reducing disease prevalence and indirectly increasing onion yield. However, disturbances from weeding may negatively impact natural enemies. We estimate the effects of organic weed management and bio-pesticides on weed density, thrips and natural enemy activity, disease severity, and yield. The experiment was a randomized complete block design, with four replications of each weeding (control, tine-weeded 2x, tine-weeded 4x, and hand-weeded) and bio-pesticide (control, OxiDate 2.0, Serenade) combination. Arthropods were monitored using yellow sticky cards, and weed counts, marketable yield, and bulb rot prevalence were estimated. Hand-weeding resulted in the lowest weed density and thrips abundance. Additionally, hand-weeding produced 9x higher yield compared to all other treatments. Significant interactions were observed between tine-weeding and bio-pesticide treatments. Natural enemy abundance was slightly negatively impacted by weeding, dependent on year. DNA metabarcoding results show high parasitoid diversity in onion systems and strong reads for multiple genera containing important known biological control agents. Our study suggests hand-weeding is necessary in the southeast for maximum onion yield. Future research should focus on exploring the impact of management on natural enemy communities in onion systems at a large scale.</p>
Pesticides toxicity on Nesidiocoris tenuis
<p><span><span>Residual toxicity of <em>Nesidiocoris tenuis</em> (Heteroptera: Miridae) to pesticide active ingredients commonly used in tomato crop</span></span></p>
Data from: Effects of pesticides on soil bacterial, fungal and protist communities, soil functions and crop quality in vineyards
<p>Pesticides can have unintentional effects on non-target organisms and change biotic communities. Such changes might be particularly important in soil microbial communities which drive many ecosystem functions and may affect crop quality. Here, we investigated, in a 3-year study, how vegetation control (by herbicide application) and soil copper content (from long-term copper-based fungicide application), affect biodiversity and the community structure of soil bacteria, fungi and protists and associated soil functions (respiration, decomposition) in Swiss vineyards. Furthermore, we determined the effects of these two management practices on grape quality as the most direct ecosystem service to farmers. Across all study years, the community composition of microorganisms was affected by herbicide application, however, a significant loss of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was only observed in fungi and protists. Soil copper content reduced OTU richness of bacteria and protists in some years but had no significant effect on fungal richness. Copper changed the community composition in all three groups of soil microorganisms. While we found no effect of copper on soil functions, herbicide application reduced microbial respiration and biomass by about 39% and 45% respectively. However, decomposition rates remained virtually unchanged by any pesticide. Yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) levels in grape must were below the critical threshold of 140 mg/L in 40% of the vineyards without herbicide application and the variety Chasselas , whereas in vineyards with herbicide application it was only 20%. Synthesis and applications: Application of pesticides led to changes in richness and composition of soil microbial communities and directly reduced some soil functions (microbial biomass and respiration), but not all (decomposition). Some grape quality parameters can be indirectly enhanced by pesticide application, highlighting the trade-off between the interests of nature conservation and the interests of the farmer. Balancing these two diverging interests requires the establishment of alternative vineyard management allowing reduced pesticide application.</p>
Raw data for the submitted manuscript: The Influence of Soil Organic Matter Content on the Toxicity of Pesticides to the Springtail Folsomia candida
<p>Raw data obtained from toxicity tests with the springtail Folsomia candida exposed for 28 days to chlorpyrifos, lindane, cyproconazole, carbendazim and imidacloprid in artificial soils containing 10%, 5%, 2.5% sphagnum peat, and LUFA 2.2 soil. Tests were performed following OECD guideline 232. The file includes data on springtail survival and reproduction.</p>
Raw data for the manuscript: The influence of soil organic matter content and substance lipophilicity on the toxicity of pesticides to the earthworm Eisenia andrei
<p>Raw data obtained from toxicity tests with the earthworm <em>Eisenia andrei</em> exposed for 56 days to chlorpyrifos, lindane, cyproconazole, carbendazim and imidacloprid in artificial soils containing 10%, 5%, 2.5% sphagnum peat, and LUFA 2.2 soil. Tests were performed following OECD guideline 222. The file includes data on earthworm starting and ending weights, survival, and reproduction.</p>
Pesticide use in France
<p>Maps assessing the intensity of pesticide use for mainland France for the years 2019, 2020 and 2021, as well as the average for the three years. Maps show the number of pesticide applications, in relation to the number of reference doses of the products used (treatment frequency index).</p> <p>Link to preprint describing the methodology and comparing these maps with population density to estimate exposure of French population to pesticides:</p> <p>https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.25.624818v1 </p>
Data and code for "Pesticides have negative effects on non-target organisms"
<p>Data and code for "Pesticides have negative effects on non-target organisms"</p>
FIGURE 3 in Evaluation of three pesticides against phytophagous mites and their impact on phytoseiid predators in an eggplant open-field
FIGURE 3: General mean abundance per eggplant leaf (± SE) of Tetranychus urticae (a), Phytoseilus persimilis (b), Polyphagotarsonemus latus (c) and other phytoseiid species (d) in control, fenbutatin oxide (F.O.), acetamiprid (aceta.) and deltamethrin (delta.) treatments.
FIGURE 4 in Evaluation of three pesticides against phytophagous mites and their impact on phytoseiid predators in an eggplant open-field
FIGURE 4: Mean abundance per eggplant leaf (± SE) of Tetranychus urticae (continuous line) and Phytoseiulus persimilis (dotted line) observed during experiments in control (a) treated with water (gray arrows), fenbutatin oxide (b), acetamiprid (c) and deltamethrin (d) (black arrows).
Laboratory capability Survey - Pesticides, VSCHT
<p>Pesticide analysis capabilities at University of Chemistry and Technology (VSCHT), Prague, Czech Republic</p>
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