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FIGURE 3 in Species circumscription of the Caltha leptosepala polyploid complex (Ranunculaceae) based on molecular and morphological data
FIGURE 3. Neotype of Caltha leptosepala var. howellii, collected by R.M. Austin, July 1896. "Colby, Butte County, Northern California" (U.S.A.). California. Housed at the Greene-Nieuwland Herbarium, Notre Dame, U.S.A. (NDG17325). Inset photo shows narrow filaments; magnified 5×.
FIGURE 5 in Species circumscription of the Caltha leptosepala polyploid complex (Ranunculaceae) based on molecular and morphological data
FIGURE 5. Bayesian MCMC phylogram of Caltha species based on concatenated cpDNA data (rpL32–trnL and trnL-trnF). Posterior probability (PP) and bootstrap (BS) support is given for each node: PP/MLBS/MPBS.—indicates branch was not found. Dashed branches indicate less than moderate support for at least one approach (PP ≤ 0.95, BS ≤ 70). Psychrophila group and Caltha leptosepala complex indicated with vertical bars to right. Ploidy level (x = 8) and collection site is given for each ingroup sample. AK = Alaska, CO = Colorado, ID = Idaho, OR = Oregon, WA = Washington (all U.S.A.).
Data from: Strongly asymmetric hybridization barriers shape the origin of a new polyploid species and its hybrid ancestor
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Hybridization between diploids and tetraploids can lead to new allopolyploid species, often via a triploid intermediate. Viable triploids are often produced asymmetrically, with greater success observed for "maternal-excess" crosses where the mother has a higher ploidy than the father. Here we investigated the evolutionary origins of Mimulus peregrinus, an allohexaploid recently derived from the triploid M. ×robertsii, to determine whether reproductive asymmetry has shaped the formation of this new species. METHODS: We used reciprocal crosses between the diploid (M. guttatus) and tetraploid (M. luteus) progenitors to determine the viability of triploid M. ×robertsii hybrids resulting from paternal- vs. maternal-excess crosses. To investigate whether experimental results predict patterns seen in the field, we performed parentage analyses comparing natural populations of M. peregrinus to its diploid, tetraploid, and triploid progenitors. Organellar sequences obtained from pre-existing genomic data, supplemented with additional genotyping was used to establish the maternal ancestry of multiple M. peregrinus and M. ×robertsii populations. KEY RESULTS: We found strong evidence for asymmetric origins of M. peregrinus, but opposite to the common pattern, with paternal-excess crosses significantly more successful than maternal-excess crosses. These results successfully predicted hybrid formation in nature: 111 of 114 M. ×robertsii individuals, and 27 of 27 M. peregrinus, had an M. guttatus maternal haplotype. CONCLUSION: This study, which includes the first Mimulus chloroplast genome assembly, demonstrates the utility of parentage analysis through genome skimming. We highlight the benefits of complementing genomic analyses with experimental approaches to understand asymmetry in allopolyploid speciation.
Intercontinental dispersal and whole‐genome duplication contribute to loss of self‐incompatibility in a polyploid complex
Premise of the Study <div class="article-section__content en main"> <p>Angiosperm species often shift from self-incompatibility to self-compatibility following population bottlenecks. Across the range of a species, population bottlenecks may result from multiple factors, each of which may affect the geographic distribution and magnitude of mating-system shifts. We describe how intercontinental dispersal and genome duplication facilitate loss of self-incompatibility.</p> Methods <p>Self and outcross pollinations were performed on plants from 24 populations of the <i>Campanula rotundifolia</i> polyploid complex. Populations spanned the geographic distribution and three dominant cytotypes of the species (diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid).</p> Key Results <p>Loss of self-incompatibility was associated with both intercontinental dispersal and genome duplication. European plants were largely self-incompatible, whereas North American plants were intermediately to fully self-compatible. Within both European and North American populations, loss of self-incompatibility increased as ploidy increased. Ploidy change and intercontinental dispersal both contributed to loss of self-incompatibility in North America, but range expansion did not affect self-incompatibility within Europe or North America.</p> Conclusions <p>When species are subject to population bottlenecks arising through multiple factors, each factor can contribute to self-incompatibility loss. In a widespread polyploid complex, the loss of self-incompatibility can be predicted by the cumulative effects of whole-genome duplication and intercontinental dispersal.</p> </div>
Effects of glaciation and whole genome duplication on the distribution of the Campanula rotundifolia polyploid complex
<div class="article-section__content en main"> Premise Of The Study <p>Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to a species distribution. Among plants, the extrinsic effects of glaciation and intrinsic effects of whole genome duplication are powerful drivers of biogeographical patterns, but the interplay of these factors is poorly understood. Here, we investigate the roles glaciation and whole-genome duplication have played in the evolution of the widespread polyploid complex <i>Campanula rotundifolia</i>.</p> Methods <p>We assessed the cytotype of 37 populations that spanned the geographic and cytotypic range of the <i>C. rotundifolia</i> complex. We constructed a chloroplast phylogeny for these populations and used RAD-seq to create nuclear phylogenies and networks for a subset of 23 populations; and estimated divergence times of major clades using Bayesian estimation of substitution rates.</p> Key Results <p><i>Campanula rotundifolia</i> originated in south-central Europe and underwent range expansion throughout much of Europe and North America. Multiple genome duplications have occurred in <i>C. rotundifolia</i>—at least two tetraploid and three hexaploid formations.</p> Conclusions <p>Nuclear and chloroplast phylogenies are largely congruent with a history of populations surviving glacial maxima in known Pleistocene refugia in Europe and North America. Divergent European clades are consistent with two disjunct glacial refugia within Europe. North America was colonized by hexaploids derived from Western European lineages. A glacial refugium in Midwestern North America likely facilitated post-glacial recolonization of North America and limited genetic divergence. These results implicate both glaciation and whole-genome duplication as contributing factors to the extant biogeography of <i>C. rotundifolia</i>.</p> </div>
FIGURE 4 in A diploid surrounded by polyploids: tadpole description, natural history and cytogenetics of Odontophrynus maisuma Rosset from Uruguay (Anura: Cycloramphidae)
FIGURE 4. Photomicrographs of erythrocytes obtained from tadpoles of: A diploid Odontophrynus maisuma (MNHN 9320), and B tetraploid O. americanus (MLP DB 5790). Scale bar = 10 µm.
FIGURE 2 in A diploid surrounded by polyploids: tadpole description, natural history and cytogenetics of Odontophrynus maisuma Rosset from Uruguay (Anura: Cycloramphidae)
FIGURE 2. Advertisement call of Odontophrynus maisuma (MNHN 9315). A oscillogram, B sonogram, and C oscillogram (partial).
FIGURE 1 in A diploid surrounded by polyploids: tadpole description, natural history and cytogenetics of Odontophrynus maisuma Rosset from Uruguay (Anura: Cycloramphidae)
FIGURE 1. Odontophrynus maisuma, tadpole at stage 35 (MNHN 9320). A Lateral view, B Dorsal view, and C Oral disc. Scale bars = 5 (A, B) and 1 mm (C).
FIGURE 3. Odontophrynus maisuma. A Giemsa stained karyotype, B C in A diploid surrounded by polyploids: tadpole description, natural history and cytogenetics of Odontophrynus maisuma Rosset from Uruguay (Anura: Cycloramphidae)
FIGURE 3. Odontophrynus maisuma. A Giemsa stained karyotype, B C-banded karyotype, and C Ag-NOR-bearing chromosome pair. Scale bar = 20 µm.
Fig. 3 in Variation in the amino acids, volatile organic compounds and terpenes profiles in induced polyploids and in Solanum tuberosum varieties
Fig. 3. Hierarchical cluster analysis (represented by a heat-map) of amino acids content in leaves of potato allo- and autotetraploids and cultivated varieties. Dendrograms were constructed by UPGMA clustering method for 18 amino acids and 10 lines: diploid S. kurtzianum parental line (2xPL), diploid S. tuberosum x S. kurtzianum parental interspecific hybrid (2xPIH), three autotetraploids (4xAuL1, 4xAuL2 and 4xAuL3), two allotetraploids (4xAL2 and 4xAL4) and three cultivated varieties (4xCalen, 4xInnovator and 4xPampeana).
Fig. 1 in Variation in the amino acids, volatile organic compounds and terpenes profiles in induced polyploids and in Solanum tuberosum varieties
Fig. 1. Fold change of compounds content in allotetraploids (a) and autotetraploids (b) relative to their respective diploid parental line. Fold change is expressed as log10(Tetraploid/Diploid). Horizontal lines are the average of the absolute logFC for each evaluated line, letters denote differences by Duncan's multiple range test (P <0.05).
FIG. 3 in Phylogeny and biogeography of wild roses with specific attention to polyploids
FIG. 3. Network representing the relationships among copies of GAPDH obtained from Rosa species. A 'c' followed by a number indicates the number attributed to one particular clone sequenced. The groups are compared with our main clades from the chloroplast analyses. Purple is attributed to Rosa subgen. Platyrhodon, yellow to R. sect. Banksianae, bright orange to R. sect. Bracteatae, brown to R. sect. Laevigatae, light pink to Pimpinellifoliae clade, green to Cinnamomeae clade, light blue to Synstylae clade and a deeper blue to R. sect. Caninae. Two species have a particular colour, R. spinosissima is highlighted with a deeper pink colour and R. abyssinica with a light orange colour. Two types of copies, C1 and C2, are distinguished in our Cinnamomeae group. Some polyploids have several copies with different affinities. The names of known polyploids are in bold (in R. sect. Caninae all species are presumed to be polyploids even when the ploidy number is not exactly known).
FIG. 4 in Phylogeny and biogeography of wild roses with specific attention to polyploids
FIG. 4. Chronogram obtained from BEAST analyses of chloroplast regions. Branches are coloured according to the ancestral area reconstruction analyses (DEC model) including fossils information. A P designates our Pimpinellifoliae clade, a C our Cinnamomeae clade and an S our Synstylae clade. The names of known polyploids are in bold (in R. sect. Caninae all species are presumed to be polyploids even when the ploidy number is not exactly known).
FIG. 1 in Phylogeny and biogeography of wild roses with specific attention to polyploids
FIG. 1. Morphological diversity of flowers and fruits of a few representatives of Rosa. (A) Flower of Rosa hugonis. (B) Flower of R. moyesii. (C) Flower of R. multibracteata. (D) Flower of R. odorata. (E) Flower of R. praelucens. (F) Flower of R. prattii. (G) Flower of R. tsinglingensis. (H) Flower of R. roxburghii. (I) Flower of R. rubus. (J) Flower of R. roxburghii. (K) Flower of R. villosa. (L) Flower of R. primula. (M) Fruit of R. sikangensis. (N) Fruits of R. omeiensis. (O) Fruit of R. mairei. (P) Fruit of R. macrophylla. (Q) Fruits of R. sweginzowii.
FIG. 2 in Phylogeny and biogeography of wild roses with specific attention to polyploids
FIG. 2. Phylogenetic relationships among Rosa species as reconstructed by Maximum Likelihood analyses of three chloroplast regions (psbA-trnH spacer, trnL region and trnG region). Bootstrap values are placed as close as possible to the node supported. The ploidy level of each species is given after its name (see Erlanson, 1929, 1934, 1938; Roberts, 1977; Yokoya et al., 2000; Roberts et al., 2009; Jian et al., 2010). The names of known polyploids are in bold (in R. sect. Caninae all species are presumed to be polyploids even when the ploidy number is not exactly known). Wissemann's (2003) classification is compared with our clades. A P designates our Pimpinellifoliae clade, a C our Cinnamomeae clade, an S our Synstylae clade, Ca our Caninae clade and Ru our Rubiginae clade.
Fig. 7 in Triterpenic and phenolic acids production changed in Salvia officinalis via in vitro and in vivo polyploidization: A consequence of altered genes expression
Fig. 7. Relative expression of six genes related to the biosynthesis of TAs, including farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDS), squalene synthase (SQS), squalene epoxidases (SQE), lupeol synthase (LUS), β-amyrin synthase (BAS), and mixed function amyrin synthase (MFAS) genes in the different ploidy levels of in vitro and in vivo conditions of S. officinalis. Error bars are shown as standard deviation (n = 3).
Fig. 6 in Triterpenic and phenolic acids production changed in Salvia officinalis via in vitro and in vivo polyploidization: A consequence of altered genes expression
Fig. 6. The observation of stomata characteristics in vivo plants of diploid (A1,2) and mixoploid (B1,2) of S. officinalis. Bars = 50 and 10 μm.
Fig. 5 in Triterpenic and phenolic acids production changed in Salvia officinalis via in vitro and in vivo polyploidization: A consequence of altered genes expression
Fig. 5. The observation of stomata characteristics in vitro plants of diploid (A1,2), tetraploid (B1,2), and mixoploid (C1,2) of S. officinalis. Bars = 50 and 10 μm.
Fig. 2 in Triterpenic and phenolic acids production changed in Salvia officinalis via in vitro and in vivo polyploidization: A consequence of altered genes expression
Fig. 2. Chromosome numbers of root tip cells from diploid plants 2n = 2x = 14 (A); and tetraploid plants 2n = 4x = 28 (B) of S. officinalis.
Fig. 1 in Triterpenic and phenolic acids production changed in Salvia officinalis via in vitro and in vivo polyploidization: A consequence of altered genes expression
Fig. 1. Histograms of flow cytometric analysis of diploid (A), tetraploid (B) and mixoploid (C) plants of S. officinalis.
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