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549 results for “population size”
Demographics and song repertoire sizes of cirl bunting populations
<p>In order to improve conservation outcomes translocation or reintroduction of individuals may be necessary. When song learning birds are translocated, changes in the cultural diversity of song repertoires, or abnormal vocalisations, in the new population can be a problem. We monitored song production over 8 years in a reintroduced population of the cirl bunting (<em>Emberiza cirlus</em>). Chicks were removed from nests in Devon, UK, between 2006-2011, translocated at six days old to be hand-reared and released in Cornwall, UK. Recordings at the release site in 2011 showed a significantly reduced population repertoire and individuals sang abnormal song types compared to the source populations in Devon. However, recordings in 2019, showed population song repertoire had reached the level of source populations of similar size, and song types were species typical. Our study shows that species can recover from a cultural bottleneck and suggests that, for some song learning birds, if translocation of nestlings is necessary it may not lead to long-term problems for communication and thus population persistence. For future translocations of nestlings, we recommend that efforts are made to provide tutoring to enable song learning. This may be achieved by providing recordings but may also include providing adult song tutors. In addition, playback of 'normal' songs to translocated populations may aid in development of species typical song repertoires, although care must be taken that this is not disturbing the reintroduced birds.</p>
Dataset of paper "Predicting the size of silver nanoparticles synthesised in flow reactors: Coupling population balance models with fluid dynamic simulations"
<p>Dataset of paper "Predicting the size of silver nanoparticles synthesised in flow reactors: Coupling population balance models with fluid dynamic simulations"</p>
Data from: Abundance models of endemic birds of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, northern South America, suggest small population sizes and dependence on montane elevations
<p>Abundance measures are almost non-existent for several bird species threatened with extinction, particularly range-restricted Neotropical taxa, for which estimating population sizes can be challenging. Here we use data collected over nine years to explore the abundance of 11 endemic birds from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM), one of Earth's most irreplaceable ecosystems. We established 99 transects in the "Cuchilla de San Lorenzo" Important Bird Area within native forest, early successional vegetation, and areas of transformed vegetation by human activities. A total of 763 bird counts were carried out covering the entire elevation range in the study area (~175–2650 m). We applied hierarchical distance-sampling models to assess elevation- and habitat-related variation in local abundance and obtain values of population density and total and effective population size. Most species were more abundant in the montane elevational range (1800–2650 m). Habitat-related differences in abundance were only detected for five species, which were more numerous in either early succession, secondary forest, or transformed areas. Inferences of effective population size indicated that at least four endemics likely maintain populations no larger than 15,000–20,000 mature individuals. Estimates of species' area of occupancy and effective population size were lower than most values previously described, a possible consequence of increasing anthropogenic threats. At least four of the endemics exceeded criteria for threatened species listing and a thorough evaluation of their extinction risk should be conducted. Population strongholds for most of the study species were located on the northern and western slopes of the SNSM between 1500–2700 m. We highlight the urgent need for facilitating effective protection of native vegetation in premontane and montane ecosystems to safeguard critical habitats for the SNSM's endemic avifauna. Follow-up studies collecting abundance data across the SNSM are needed to obtain precise range-wide density estimations for all species.</p>
Data for: Coherent long-term body-size responses across all Northwest Atlantic herring populations to warming and environmental change despite contrasting harvest and ecological factors
<p>Body size is a key component of individual fitness and an important factor in the structure and functioning of populations and ecosystems. Disentangling the effects of environmental change, harvest, and intra- and inter-specific trophic effects on body size remains challenging for populations in the wild. Herring in the Northwest Atlantic provide a strong basis for evaluating hypotheses related to these drivers given that they have experienced significant warming and harvest over the past century, while also having been exposed to a wide range of other selective constraints across their range. Using data on mean length-at-age 4 for the sixteen principal populations over a period of 53 cohorts (1962-2014), we fitted a series of empirical models for temporal and between-population variation in the response to changes in sea surface temperature. We find evidence for a unified cross-population response in the form of a parabolic function according to which populations in naturally warmer environments have responded more negatively to increasing temperature compared with those in colder locations. Temporal variation in residuals from this function was highly coherent among populations, further suggesting a common response to a large-scale environmental driver. The synchrony observed in this study system, despite strong differences in harvest and ecological histories among populations and over time, clearly indicates a dominant role of environmental change on size-at-age in wild populations, in contrast to commonly reported effects of fishing. This finding has important implications for the management of fisheries as it indicates that a key trait associated with population productivity may be under considerably less short-term management control than currently assumed. Our study, overall, illustrates the need for a comparative approach within species for inferences concerning the many possible effects on body size of natural and anthropogenic drivers in the wild.</p>
Data from: genetic evidence of differential dispersal pattern in Asiatic wild dog: comparing populations with different pack size and tiger densities
<p><span>Dispersal is a multi-causal, crucial life-history event in shaping the genetic and behavioral structure of mammals. We assessed the dispersal pattern of dholes aka Asiatic wild dog (<em>Cuon alpinus</em>), a social monogamous mammal at two tiger reserves of Maharashtra with different degrees of pack size and competition with tigers i.e. Tadoba-Andhari (TATR, smaller pack size, higher tiger density) and Nawegaon-Nagzira (NNTR, larger pack size, lower tiger density). We used the microsatellite data of 174 individual genotypes (98 males and 67 females) to assess the dispersal pattern of dholes from two populations with varying pack size, tiger density, and landscape connectivity using gene flow as a proxy. We compared the population structure, pairwise F statistics, assignment index, and relatedness across a spatial scale. Overall, the results suggested a difference in sex-bias dispersal pattern for the two sub-populations, exhibiting significant results for female-biased dispersal in the TATR population with a smaller pack size and higher tiger density. Our study highlights the variability in sex-biased dispersal patterns in two different populations which could be the consequence of different variables such as pack size, tiger density, and geographical scale. The study warrants further quantitative investigation including several factors including individual behavior, pack composition, pack size, tiger density, etc. In the present Anthropocene era, determining the sex bias in dispersal patterns for a short-range, pack-living carnivore will help in devising an effective conservation management plan for their long-term survival.</span></p>
Wolf population size and composition in one of Europe's strongholds, the Romanian Carpathians
<p><span>Strategies of coexistence with large carnivores should integrate scientific evidence, population monitoring and estimates providing an opportunity for advancing outdated management paradigms. We estimated wolf population density and social dynamics across a 1,400 km<sup>2</sup> area in a data-poor region of Romanian Carpathians. Across three consecutive years (2017-2018 until 2019-2020), we collected and genotyped 505 noninvasive DNA wolf samples (scat, hair and urine) to identify individuals, reconstruct pedigrees and check for presence of hybridization with domestic dogs. We identified 27 males, 20 females, and one F1 wolf-dog hybrid male. We delineated six wolf packs, with pack size varying between two and seven individuals, and documented yearly changes in pack composition. Using a spatial capture recapture approach, we estimated population density at 2.35 wolves/100 km<sup>2</sup> (95% BCI = 1.68–3.03) and population abundance at 70 individuals (95% BCI = 49–89). Noninvasive DNA data collection coupled with spatial capture-recapture has the potential to inform on wolf population size and dynamics at broader spatial scales, across different sampling areas representative for the diverse Carpathian landscapes, and across different levels of human impact, supporting wildlife decision making in one of Europe's main strongholds for large carnivores.</span></p>
Data from: Population size mediates the contribution of high-rate and large-benefit mutations to parallel evolution
<p>The study "Population size mediates the contribution of high-rate and large-benefit mutations to parallel evolution" by Schenk et al. explores the phenotypic and genotypic changes in <em>Escherichia coli </em>after 500 generations of laboratory adaptation to increasing concentrations of an antibiotic (CTX). The source data files and scripts pertaining to the figures in the main manuscript and the extended data are available on the publishers webiste. Here we provide the source data files and scripts pertaining to the supplementary materials, organized according the figures in the supplementary material. Data are provided for Figures S2-S4, S6-S8, and S10-S12.</p>
Data from: Passive acoustic monitoring provides reliable under-estimates of population size and longevity in wild Savannah Sparrows
<p>Many breeding birds produce conspicuous sounds, providing tremendous opportunities to study free-living birds through acoustic recordings. Traditional methods for studying population size and demographic features depend on labour-intensive field research. Passive acoustic monitoring provides an alternative method for quantifying population size and demographic parameters, but this approach requires careful validation. To determine the accuracy of passive acoustic monitoring for estimating population size and demographic parameters, we used autonomous recorders to sample an island-living population of Savannah Sparrows (<em>Passerculus sandwichensis</em>) over a six-year period. Using the individually distinctive songs of males, we estimated male population size as the number of unique songs detected in the recordings. We analyzed songs across six years to estimate birth year, death year, and longevity. We then compared the estimates to field data in a blind analysis. Estimates of male population size through passive acoustic monitoring were, on average, 72% of the true male population size, with higher accuracy in lower-density years. Estimates of demographic rates were lower than true values by 29% for birth year, 23% for death year, and 29% for longevity. This is the first investigation to estimate longevity with passive acoustic monitoring, and adds to a growing number of studies that have used passive acoustic monitoring to estimate population size. Although passive acoustic monitoring under-estimated true population parametersfeatures, likely due to the high similarity among many male songs, our findings suggest that autonomous recorders can provide reliable estimates of population size and demographic characteristicslongevity in a wild songbird.</p>
Using by-catch camera trapping data for estimating the population size of spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta)
<p>Spotted hyenas (<em>Crocuta crocuta</em>) are an important carnivore species whose dual role of scavenger and predator is vital to trophic energy flows of systems in which they are found. Where populations of spotted hyenas are small, the environment has few cleaners and carcasses can remain unprocessed. Despite being largely characterized as scavengers, spotted hyenas actively hunt and take down live prey and at high densities can have depressing effects on fragile or choice ungulate populations. In addition, they can alter the structure and composition dynamics of the carnivore guild through direct conflict or indirectly through competition for food and space. Despite their importance to ecosystem function and balance, reliable estimates of spotted hyena densities are rare. This is because unlike lions and leopards, spotted hyenas are generally not regarded as a charismatic species and, as such, survey resources, which are costly, are seldom solely allocated towards surveying them. Nonetheless, being able to confidently estimate spotted hyena numbers is important for the effective management of carnivore and herbivore populations whose dynamics they influence.</p>
Estimation of breeding population size using DNA-based pedigree reconstruction in brown bears
Robust estimates of demographic parameters are critical for effective wildlife conservation and management, but are difficult to obtain for elusive species. We estimated the breeding and adult population sizes, as well as the minimum population size, in a high-density brown bear population on the Shiretoko Peninsula, in Hokkaido, Japan, using DNA-based pedigree reconstruction. A total of 1,288 individuals, collected in and around the Shiretoko Peninsula between 1998 and 2020, were genotyped at 21 microsatellite loci. Among them, 499 individuals were identified by intensive genetic sampling conducted in two consecutive years (2019 and 2020) mainly by noninvasive methods (e.g., hair and fecal DNA). Among them, both parents were assigned for 330 bears, and either maternity or paternity was assigned to 47 and 76 individuals, respectively. The subsequent pedigree reconstruction indicated a range of breeding and adult (≥4 years old) population sizes: 128–173 for female breeders and 66–91 male breeders, and 155–200 for female adults and 84–109 male adults. The minimum population size was estimated to be 449 (252 females and 197 males) in 2019. Long-term continuous genetic sampling prior to a short-term intensive survey would enable parentage to be identified in a population with a high probability, thus enabling reliable estimates of breeding population size for elusive species. --
Reduced sexual size dimorphism in a pipefish population where males do not prefer larger females
<p><span>Within a species' distribution, populations are often exposed to diverse environments and may thus experience different sources of both natural and sexual selection. These differences are likely to impact the balance between costs and benefits to individuals seeking reproduction, thus entailing evolutionary repercussions. Here, we look into an unusual population (Baltic Sea) of the broadnosed pipefish, <i>Syngnathus typhle</i>, where males do not seem to select females based on size and hypothesise that this pattern may derive from a reduction of direct benefits to the male. We further hypothesise that if larger females do not persistently secure a higher reproductive success, either through pre- or post-copulatory sexual selection, a decrease in sexual size dimorphism in the Baltic population should be apparent, especially when contrasted with a well-studied population, inhabiting similar latitudes (Swedish west coast), where males prefer larger females.</span></p> <p>We found that, in the Baltic population, variation in female quality is low. We were unable to find differences in abortion rates or protein concentration in oocytes produced by females of contrasting sizes. Direct benefits from mating with large partners seem, thus, reduced in the Baltic population. We also found no evidence of any post-copulatory mechanism that could favour larger mothers as embryo development was unrelated to female size. While female size can still be selected through intrasexual competition or fecundity selection, the pressure for large female body size seems to be lower in the Baltic. Accordingly, we found a noticeable decrease in sexual size dimorphism in the Baltic population. We conclude that, although far from negating the significance of other selective process, sexual selection seems to have a decisive role in supporting pipefish sexual size asymmetries.</p>
Data: Approaching a population level assessment of body size in pinnipeds using drones, an early warning of environmental degradation.
<p>Data and R sctipts for measuring harbour seal body sizes and estimating mass based on .shp files containing outlines. Associated with the manusctipt currently titled "Approaching a population level assessment of body size in pinnipeds using drones, an early warning of environmental degradation."</p> <p>1_Seal_Volume_Function.R: A function for the estimation of length, width, and ellipsoid volume of harbour seals from georeferenced polygons representing individual outlines 2_Polygon_Process.R: This script uses the curved_length_vol function (1_Seal_Volume_Function.R) to process a folder full of .shp file subfolders containing georeferenced polygons representing individual outlines and outputs a .csv with estimates of length, width, and ellipsoid volume for each individual. 3_Calibration.R: This script processes and calibrates summarized harbor seal measurements based on reference to known individuals</p> <p>CSV_Files: Folder containing data files</p> <p>Known_Seals.csv: True measurments of length and mass for known seals with derived estimates of 'true' width and volume. Drone based estimates of length, width, simple and complex volume for the same individuals, information on pose.</p> <p>measurments.csv: Drone based estimates of length, width, simple and complex volume for all individuals.</p> <p>Pup_growth.csv: Data on pup mass by age from Harding et al. 2005 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0269-8463.2005.00945.x" rel="nofollow">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0269-8463.2005.00945.x</a>).</p> <p>Slottsskogen_Data.csv: True and drone based measurments for individual captive harbour seals taken on two seperate occasions.</p> <p>Summarised_Weights.csv: True measurments of length, girth, and mass for harbour seals.</p>
Fig. 2 in Altitudinal Variation In Population Density, Body Size And Morphometric Structure In C A R A B U S O D O R At U S S H I L, 1996 (C O L E O P T E R A: Carabidae)
Fig. 2. Sampling localities of C. odoratus.
Fig. 9 in Altitudinal Variation In Population Density, Body Size And Morphometric Structure In C A R A B U S O D O R At U S S H I L, 1996 (C O L E O P T E R A: Carabidae)
Fig. 9. Results of each trait variation in C. odoratus at different altitudes.
Fig. 2 in Shell size and population density of Cerastoderma glaucum Poiret 1789 (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in "Pomorie Lake" (Black Sea coast, Bulgaria)
Fig. 2. Population density of Cerastoderma glaucum per 1 m2 of each size group during seasons.
Fig. 1 in Shell size and population density of Cerastoderma glaucum Poiret 1789 (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in "Pomorie Lake" (Black Sea coast, Bulgaria)
Fig. 1. Map of the studied area (the location of the sampling sites is indicated with numbers).
Figure 2 in Assessing population size and survival rate of Pelophylax bedriagae caralitanus, in a well-protected Nature Park in Türkiye
Figure 2. The view of the habitat surrounding Gölcük Lake.
Figure 1 in Sexual size dimorphism in Rana (Pelophylax) ridibunda ridibunda Pallas, 1771 from a population in Darre-Shahr Township, Ilam Province, western Iran
Figure 1. Map showing the study area in Ilam province, western Iran.
Estimates for US foreign-born population size and immigration flows, 2000-2019
<p>Detailed results files for "Bayesian evidence synthesis to infer unobserved population dynamics: an application to international migration into the United States, 2000-2019"</p>
Fig. 1 in Population size, distribution and daylight behaviour of Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) in Penang Island, Malaysia
Fig. 1. Penang Island. Shown are the survey trackline west of island and fishing villages.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.