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Text-fig. 12. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of pollen of Sergipea sp. from a group of probable fragmentary pollen sacs; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Cluster of probable fragmentary pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b, c) Pollen grains showing the robust longitudinal ribs separated by prominent areas of granular exine; note the groove along the margins of the longitudinal ribs (arrowheads); d) Pollen grain showing the granular exine flanked by two robust ribs; note the groove along the margins of the longitudinal ribs (arrowheads). Specimen, TV44-S148012 (a–d). Scale bars 150 Μm (a), 12 Μm (c), 6 Μm (b, d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 12. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of pollen of Sergipea sp. from a group of probable fragmentary pollen sacs; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Cluster of probable fragmentary pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b, c) Pollen grains showing the robust longitudinal ribs separated by prominent areas of granular exine; note the groove along the margins of the longitudinal ribs (arrowheads); d) Pollen grain showing the granular exine flanked by two robust ribs; note the groove along the margins of the longitudinal ribs (arrowheads). Specimen, TV44-S148012 (a–d). Scale bars 150 Μm (a), 12 Μm (c), 6 Μm (b, d).
Text-fig. 8. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of spores from clumps of spores and sporangia with affinities to polypodiopsids (a–c) and of uncertain affinity (d–k); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Folded Cyathidites minor spores in proximal view showing trilete mark, from clump of spores; b) Cyathidites minor spores in proximal view showing trilete mark, from group of sporangia; c) Cyathidites australis spores in proximal view showing trilete mark, from group of sporangia; d–f) Linear group of spore masses (d; probable sporangial contents) composed of Taurocusporites segmentatus spores showing distal surface (e, middle) with concentric regions and proximal surface with segmented laesurae of elongated granules (e, right; f); in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 8. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of spores from clumps of spores and sporangia with affinities to polypodiopsids (a–c) and of uncertain affinity (d–k); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Folded Cyathidites minor spores in proximal view showing trilete mark, from clump of spores; b) Cyathidites minor spores in proximal view showing trilete mark, from group of sporangia; c) Cyathidites australis spores in proximal view showing trilete mark, from group of sporangia; d–f) Linear group of spore masses (d; probable sporangial contents) composed of Taurocusporites segmentatus spores showing distal surface (e, middle) with concentric regions and proximal surface with segmented laesurae of elongated granules (e, right; f);
Text-fig. 18. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a fruit of Canrightia sp. with associated pollen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fruit in lateral view showing prominent cavities in the fruit wall formed by the scattered oil bodies and the broad hypanthium fused to the base of the fruit (arrowhead); b) Fruit surface showing epidermal cells and the scattered oil cells embedded in the fruit wall (arrowheads); c) Cluster of monocolpate pollen grains in the probable stigmatic region of the fruit; d) Pollen grains showing the long colpus and semitectate-reticulate pollen wall; e) Pollen wall showing the reticulum with large and small lumina, and scattered, compressed columellae supporting the smooth muri. Specimen, TV142-S170213. Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 100 Μm (b), 30 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d), 1 Μm (e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 18. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a fruit of Canrightia sp. with associated pollen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fruit in lateral view showing prominent cavities in the fruit wall formed by the scattered oil bodies and the broad hypanthium fused to the base of the fruit (arrowhead); b) Fruit surface showing epidermal cells and the scattered oil cells embedded in the fruit wall (arrowheads); c) Cluster of monocolpate pollen grains in the probable stigmatic region of the fruit; d) Pollen grains showing the long colpus and semitectate-reticulate pollen wall; e) Pollen wall showing the reticulum with large and small lumina, and scattered, compressed columellae supporting the smooth muri. Specimen, TV142-S170213. Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 100 Μm (b), 30 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d), 1 Μm (e).
Text-fig. 15. NHMUK 17/2189, upper left central incisor (probably female) of Barytherium from Dor el Talha, Libya. a) mesial, b) lingual, c) labial, d) distal views (scale bar 10 cm). in Large Mammals From The Rupelian Of Oman - Recent Finds
Text-fig. 15. NHMUK 17/2189, upper left central incisor (probably female) of Barytherium from Dor el Talha, Libya. a) mesial, b) lingual, c) labial, d) distal views (scale bar 10 cm).
Text-fig. 12. Lower molars of (a) Omanitherium dhofarense and (b) Moeritherium chehbeurameuri. a) stereo occlusal views of ONHM TN 2017-50, posterior lophid of an unworn right lower molar, probably m/2, from Mohammed's molar site, Dhofar, Oman, b) stereo occlusal views of MNHN 1890-14, left lower molar from "Khenchella", Algeria (note the longitudinal sulcus in the centre-line of the tooth of Moeritherium and its absence in Omanitherium). Arrows show the course of the sulcus in the molar from "Khenchella" (scale bar 10 mm). in Large Mammals From The Rupelian Of Oman - Recent Finds
Text-fig. 12. Lower molars of (a) Omanitherium dhofarense and (b) Moeritherium chehbeurameuri. a) stereo occlusal views of ONHM TN 2017-50, posterior lophid of an unworn right lower molar, probably m/2, from Mohammed's molar site, Dhofar, Oman, b) stereo occlusal views of MNHN 1890-14, left lower molar from "Khenchella", Algeria (note the longitudinal sulcus in the centre-line of the tooth of Moeritherium and its absence in Omanitherium). Arrows show the course of the sulcus in the molar from "Khenchella" (scale bar 10 mm).
Text-fig. 3. Stutzeliastrobus bohemicus (BAYER) J.KVAČEK, Harcov. a – surface view of bract-scale complex (arrow) and probably aborted seed, No. NM-F 2746 (lectotype), scale bar 1 mm, b – seed with a wing (arrow) NM-F 872, scale bar 1 mm, c – microCT perpendicular section of bract scale complex showing two seeds with wings (arrows), No. NM-F 2746 (lectotype), scale bar 1 mm, d – microCT longitudinal section of bract scale complex showing three seeds, No. NM-F 2746 (lectotype), scale bar 1 mm, e – microCT longitudinal section of bract scale complex with one seed reconstructed showing micropyle (arrow), No. NM-F 2746 (lectotype), scale bar 1 mm, f – isolated seed with a fragment of wing (arrow), No. NM-F 2746 (lectotype), scale bar 1 mm. in Stutzeliastrobus Bohemicus Comb. Nov. - Basal Cupressaceae Conifer From The Cenomanian Of The Bohemian Cretaceous Basin, Central Europe
Text-fig. 3. Stutzeliastrobus bohemicus (BAYER) J.KVAČEK, Harcov. a – surface view of bract-scale complex (arrow) and probably aborted seed, No. NM-F 2746 (lectotype), scale bar 1 mm, b – seed with a wing (arrow) NM-F 872, scale bar 1 mm, c – microCT perpendicular section of bract scale complex showing two seeds with wings (arrows), No. NM-F 2746 (lectotype), scale bar 1 mm, d – microCT longitudinal section of bract scale complex showing three seeds, No. NM-F 2746 (lectotype), scale bar 1 mm, e – microCT longitudinal section of bract scale complex with one seed reconstructed showing micropyle (arrow), No. NM-F 2746 (lectotype), scale bar 1 mm, f – isolated seed with a fragment of wing (arrow), No. NM-F 2746 (lectotype), scale bar 1 mm.
Text-fig. 9. Lusitanispermum choffatii gen. et sp. nov. seeds from the Early Cretaceous Famalicão locality (sample 025), Portugal; Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, orthoslices). a) Longitudinal orthoslice (yz0769) through the median plane of the seed (S174345) showing expanded exotestal cells (ex, arrow head) in the hilar region and well-preserved cellular nutritive tissue with an embedded tiny embryo (asterisk markes the margin of the embryo); note well-developed mesotesta (me) on the raphal side of seed. b) Longitudinal orthoslice (yz0750) in the median plane showing detail of micropylar part of seed with well-preserved exotesta (ex) and mesotesta (me) and tiny embryo with two rudimentary cotyledons (asterisks mark the margin of the cotyledons); note numerous granular bodies in the cellular nutritive tissue that are probably the remains of protein and lipid bodies. c) Transverse orthoslice (xy0311) through seed below hilum showing the bulging exotesta (arrow heads) (S174472); note that the exotestal cells in this region have thinner walls (arrows). d) Transverse orthoslice (xy0900) through the middle of a seed showing the uneven thickening of the anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells (ex), which are thicker towards the outside and very thin towards the inside; note also mesotesta (me) and the well-preserved cellular nutritive tissue (S174472). Scale bars = 500 µm (a, d); 250 µm (b, c). in Extinct Taxa Of Exotestal Seeds Close To Austrobaileyales And Nymphaeales From The Early Cretaceous Of Portugal
Text-fig. 9. Lusitanispermum choffatii gen. et sp. nov. seeds from the Early Cretaceous Famalicão locality (sample 025), Portugal; Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, orthoslices). a) Longitudinal orthoslice (yz0769) through the median plane of the seed (S174345) showing expanded exotestal cells (ex, arrow head) in the hilar region and well-preserved cellular nutritive tissue with an embedded tiny embryo (asterisk markes the margin of the embryo); note well-developed mesotesta (me) on the raphal side of seed. b) Longitudinal orthoslice (yz0750) in the median plane showing detail of micropylar part of seed with well-preserved exotesta (ex) and mesotesta (me) and tiny embryo with two rudimentary cotyledons (asterisks mark the margin of the cotyledons); note numerous granular bodies in the cellular nutritive tissue that are probably the remains of protein and lipid bodies. c) Transverse orthoslice (xy0311) through seed below hilum showing the bulging exotesta (arrow heads) (S174472); note that the exotestal cells in this region have thinner walls (arrows). d) Transverse orthoslice (xy0900) through the middle of a seed showing the uneven thickening of the anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells (ex), which are thicker towards the outside and very thin towards the inside; note also mesotesta (me) and the well-preserved cellular nutritive tissue (S174472). Scale bars = 500 µm (a, d); 250 µm (b, c).
FIGURE 26. Orchestina dentifera, probable syntypes. A–C. Male. D. Female. A. Habitus dorsal. B in Taxonomic Revision Of The Jumping Goblin Spiders Of The Genus Orchestina Simon, 1882, In The Americas (Araneae: Oonopidae)
FIGURE 26. Orchestina dentifera, probable syntypes. A–C. Male. D. Female. A. Habitus dorsal. B. Habitus anterior, asterisks indicate the conical projections on the anterior face of chelicerae. C. Sternum and labium. D. Habitus lateral. Scale bars: A, D. 0.5 mm. B, C. 0.2 mm. (PBI_OON 50024).
Text-fig. 46. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Rugulate fruit"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Lateral (a) and ventral (b) views of a rugulate fruit showing the short extension of the sessile stigma at the apex (arrows); c) Irregular surface of fruit that probably reflects an irregular endocarp; note the isodiametric outlines of the epidermal cells; d) Semi-tectate reticulate pollen grains embedded in the remains of a secretion on the stigmatic surface. Specimen, Catefica 154-S101291 (a–d). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b), 100 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 46. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Rugulate fruit"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Lateral (a) and ventral (b) views of a rugulate fruit showing the short extension of the sessile stigma at the apex (arrows); c) Irregular surface of fruit that probably reflects an irregular endocarp; note the isodiametric outlines of the epidermal cells; d) Semi-tectate reticulate pollen grains embedded in the remains of a secretion on the stigmatic surface. Specimen, Catefica 154-S101291 (a–d). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b), 100 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d).
Text-fig. 45. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Staminate structure"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a–c) Staminate structure in oblique apical (a), oblique basal (b) and lateral (c) views showing distinct stalk and head with a cluster of about 20 stamens; note bracts at the base of the structure (asterisks) and probable secretory openings in the anther tissues (arrows). Specimen, Catefica 358-S135451 (a–c). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a–c). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 45. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Staminate structure"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a–c) Staminate structure in oblique apical (a), oblique basal (b) and lateral (c) views showing distinct stalk and head with a cluster of about 20 stamens; note bracts at the base of the structure (asterisks) and probable secretory openings in the anther tissues (arrows). Specimen, Catefica 358-S135451 (a–c). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a–c).
Text-fig. 41. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Pollen clump with tricolpate pollen sp. 5"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump, probably coprolite but containing one kind of pollen; b, c) Pollen grains from pollen clump in oblique equatorial view (b) and polar view (c) showing the three apertures with a distinct aperture margin and the coarse reticulum; d) Detail of wall of a broken pollen grain showing long straight columellae and a thin foot layer. Specimen, Catefica 50-S115858 (a–d). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, c), 1.5 Μm (d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 41. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Pollen clump with tricolpate pollen sp. 5"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump, probably coprolite but containing one kind of pollen; b, c) Pollen grains from pollen clump in oblique equatorial view (b) and polar view (c) showing the three apertures with a distinct aperture margin and the coarse reticulum; d) Detail of wall of a broken pollen grain showing long straight columellae and a thin foot layer. Specimen, Catefica 50-S115858 (a–d). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, c), 1.5 Μm (d).
Text-fig. 40. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Pollen clump with tricolpate pollen sp. 4"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump, probably an anther fragment with one kind of pollen grain; b) Detail of pollen clump showing densely packed pollen all of the same kind; c) Pollen grains in equatorial (left) and polar (right) views showing the coarse reticulum in the mesocolpium regions, the striate-reticulate tectum over the polar regions, and the microreticulate to foveolate tectum along the aperture margins; d) Detail of pollen wall showing smooth muri supported by long, densely-spaced columellae; e) Detail of broken pollen wall showing long, densely-spaced columellae detached from the thick foot layer. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170386 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c), 1.5 Μm (d, e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 40. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Pollen clump with tricolpate pollen sp. 4"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump, probably an anther fragment with one kind of pollen grain; b) Detail of pollen clump showing densely packed pollen all of the same kind; c) Pollen grains in equatorial (left) and polar (right) views showing the coarse reticulum in the mesocolpium regions, the striate-reticulate tectum over the polar regions, and the microreticulate to foveolate tectum along the aperture margins; d) Detail of pollen wall showing smooth muri supported by long, densely-spaced columellae; e) Detail of broken pollen wall showing long, densely-spaced columellae detached from the thick foot layer. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170386 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c), 1.5 Μm (d, e).
Text-fig. 19. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a–c) of Aristospermum huberi and scanning electron microscope (SEM, d, e) images of Choffaticarpus compactus; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Volume rendering of strongly flattened, triangular seed with pointed micropylar region; note thin-walled cells of outer integument preserved along the margins of the seed and pitted surface of the crystalliferous inner cells of outer integument where the outer cells are abraded and the narrow, lateral funicle/raphe; b) Volume rendering of seed showing surface of inner integument (endotesta) with cells showing clear imprints of crystals (arrows); c) Longitudinal section (orthoslice yz0241) of seed showing crystalliferous cells of endotesta (white arrows) and the two fiber layers of the tegmen that are perpendicular to each other (inner integument, ii-f, black arrows); d) Fragment of multiparted, apocarpous fruiting structure showing several helically-arranged, laterally flattened, fruitlets; e) Fruitlet in lateral view showing the prominent ventral face with its lateral groove, short attachment scar, and sunken regions of the fruit wall that indicate the probable presence of oil cells. Specimens, Catefica 49-S266049 (a–c), Catefica 49-S172558 (d), Catefica 49-S118675 (e). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c–e), 100 Μm (b). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 19. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a–c) of Aristospermum huberi and scanning electron microscope (SEM, d, e) images of Choffaticarpus compactus; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Volume rendering of strongly flattened, triangular seed with pointed micropylar region; note thin-walled cells of outer integument preserved along the margins of the seed and pitted surface of the crystalliferous inner cells of outer integument where the outer cells are abraded and the narrow, lateral funicle/raphe; b) Volume rendering of seed showing surface of inner integument (endotesta) with cells showing clear imprints of crystals (arrows); c) Longitudinal section (orthoslice yz0241) of seed showing crystalliferous cells of endotesta (white arrows) and the two fiber layers of the tegmen that are perpendicular to each other (inner integument, ii-f, black arrows); d) Fragment of multiparted, apocarpous fruiting structure showing several helically-arranged, laterally flattened, fruitlets; e) Fruitlet in lateral view showing the prominent ventral face with its lateral groove, short attachment scar, and sunken regions of the fruit wall that indicate the probable presence of oil cells. Specimens, Catefica 49-S266049 (a–c), Catefica 49-S172558 (d), Catefica 49-S118675 (e). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c–e), 100 Μm (b).
Text-fig. 28. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens and pollen of Endressistemon cateficensis gen. et sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Staminal structure with two lateral stamens and one median structure seen in ventral and dorsal view (orientation unknown) showing that each stamen has a prominent apical extension and two pairs of pollen sacs separated by a narrow connective; both stamens are borne on a common base together with the median structure and their anthers are sessile on the common stalk; note the apical projection of the median structure (asterisk) between the two stamens and the ribs over probable vascular bundles that extend from the common base into the apical projections of both stamens and the median structure (arrows); c) Staminal structure showing two stamens with prominent apical projections and median axis-like structure between the two stamens (arrow); d) Staminal structure showing two stamens with prominent apical projections borne on a common base; e) Staminal structure in (a) and (b), from the same orientation as (b), showing the ribs over probable vascular bundles (yellow) that extend into the apical projections; f) Detail of staminal structure in (a) and (b) showing the fused or strongly adhering apical projections of the two lateral stamens and the median structure (asterisk); g) Monocolpate, reticulate pollen grains from the pollen sacs of stamen in (d). Specimens, Catefica 49-S107778 (holotype, a, b, e, f), Catefica 49-S107769 (c), Catefica 49-S107751 (d, g). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a–d), 300 Μm (e), 100 Μm (f), 6 Μm (g). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 28. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens and pollen of Endressistemon cateficensis gen. et sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Staminal structure with two lateral stamens and one median structure seen in ventral and dorsal view (orientation unknown) showing that each stamen has a prominent apical extension and two pairs of pollen sacs separated by a narrow connective; both stamens are borne on a common base together with the median structure and their anthers are sessile on the common stalk; note the apical projection of the median structure (asterisk) between the two stamens and the ribs over probable vascular bundles that extend from the common base into the apical projections of both stamens and the median structure (arrows); c) Staminal structure showing two stamens with prominent apical projections and median axis-like structure between the two stamens (arrow); d) Staminal structure showing two stamens with prominent apical projections borne on a common base; e) Staminal structure in (a) and (b), from the same orientation as (b), showing the ribs over probable vascular bundles (yellow) that extend into the apical projections; f) Detail of staminal structure in (a) and (b) showing the fused or strongly adhering apical projections of the two lateral stamens and the median structure (asterisk); g) Monocolpate, reticulate pollen grains from the pollen sacs of stamen in (d). Specimens, Catefica 49-S107778 (holotype, a, b, e, f), Catefica 49-S107769 (c), Catefica 49-S107751 (d, g). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a–d), 300 Μm (e), 100 Μm (f), 6 Μm (g).
Data from: Timing and probability of arrival for sea lice dispersing between salmon farms
<p>Sea lice are a threat to the health of both wild and farmed salmon and an economic burden for salmon farms. With a free-living larval stage, sea lice can disperse tens of kilometers in the ocean between salmon farms, leading to connected sea lice populations that are difficult to control in isolation. In this paper, we develop a simple analytical model for the dispersal of sea lice between two salmon farms. From the model we calculate the arrival time distribution of sea lice dispersing between farms, as well as the level of cross-infection of sea lice. We also use numerical flows from a hydrodynamic model, coupled with a particle tracking model, to directly calculate the arrival time of sea lice dispersing between two farms in the Broughton Archipelago, BC, in order to fit our analytical model and find realistic parameter estimates. Using the parametrized analytical model we show that there is often an intermediate inter-farm spacing that maximizes the level of cross-infection between farms, and that increased temperatures will lead to increased levels of cross-infection.</p>
Data for: Aggressive hosts are undeterred by a cuckoo's hawk mimicry, but probably make good foster parents
<p>Parasites face a trade-off if the highest quality hosts are also most resistant to exploitation. For brood parasites, well-defended host nests may be both harder to parasitize and harder to predate, leading to better survival of parasitic chicks. This trade-off could be accentuated if brood-parasitic adaptations to reduce front-line defences of hosts, such as mimicry of hawks by Cuculus cuckoos, do not deter hosts which aggressively mob raptors. Here we investigate the costs and benefits to the African cuckoo (Cuculus gularis) of specializing on a highly aggressive host species, the fork-tailed drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis). Field experiments showed that drongos strongly attacked and mobbed both cuckoo and hawk models, implying that hawk mimicry does not deter front-line defences against African cuckoos. Attacks on cuckoo and hawk models generally declined after the egg stage but attacks on snake models sharply increased, suggesting drongos may treat hawks more like cuckoos than predators. We suggest that the cost to cuckoos of parasitizing an aggressive host may be alleviated by subsequent benefits to their offspring, since drongo nests survived better than nests of other species with similar nesting ecology. These results are indicative of a trade-off between host quality and susceptibility for a brood parasite.</p>
Figs 6–8 in A new species of Xenomyia Malloch, 1921 (Diptera: Muscidae) from South Africa, a probable natural antagonist of blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae)
Figs 6–8. Xenomyia osculata sp. n. ♂ (paratype). 6. Sternite 5, dorsal view. 7. Hypandrium and aedeagus, lateral view. 8. Hypandrium and some aedeagal processes, dorsal view. a - epiphallus; b - phallapodeme; c - postgonite (paramere); d - praegonite (gonopod).
Figs 3–5 in A new species of Xenomyia Malloch, 1921 (Diptera: Muscidae) from South Africa, a probable natural antagonist of blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae)
Figs 3–5. Xenomyia osculata sp. n. ♂ (paratype). 3. Head, lateral view. 4. Fore femur, posterior view. 5. Wing.
Global reconstruction of flood and heavy precipitation probabilities, 1836-2015
<p>As part of the <a href="https://globxblog.inrae.fr/hegs/">HEGS project</a>, an attempt was made at reconstructing flood and heavy precipitation probabilities for thousands of stations worldwide and for the period 1836-2015. This repository contains the precipitation/streamflow data underlying this reconstruction (<a href="https://vimeo.com/802751683">https://vimeo.com/802751683</a>), and the reconstruction itself. Details can be found in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jd037908">this publication</a>.</p> <p><strong>Data</strong></p> <p>Seasonal maxima of daily precipitation or streamflow. One file for each season, with the following columns:</p> <ol> <li>"var": variable 'Rx1day' (heavy precipitation) or 'Qx' (flood).</li> <li>"year": year. For the DJF season, year e.g. 1998 spans from December 1998 to February 1999.</li> <li>"siteID": ID of the site, as used in the original <a href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadex2/">HadEX2</a>/<a href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadex3/">HadEX3</a> and <a href="https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.887470">GSIM</a> datasets.</li> <li>"lon": longitude.</li> <li>"lat": latitude.</li> <li>"value": seasonal maximum value, in mm (precipitation) or m<sup>3</sup>.s<sup>-1</sup> (streamflow).</li> <li>"returnPeriod": return period T associated with the value above.</li> <li>"nonExceedanceProb": non-exceedance probability associated with the return period (p=1-1/T).</li> </ol> <p><strong>Reconstructions</strong></p> <p>Probability of exceeding T-year events and predictive quantiles, estimated at all stations and for the period 1836-2015. One file for each season, with the following columns:</p> <ol> <li>"var": variable 'Rx1day' (heavy precipitation) or 'Qx' (flood).</li> <li>"year": year. For the DJF season, year e.g. 1998 spans from December 1998 to February 1999.</li> <li>"siteID": ID of the site, as used in the original <a href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadex2/">HadEX2</a>/<a href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadex3/">HadEX3</a> and <a href="https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.887470">GSIM</a> datasets.</li> <li>"lon": longitude.</li> <li>"lat": latitude.</li> <li>"Pr[exceeding the 2-year event]": estimated probability of exceeding the 2-year event at this site during this season.</li> <li>"Pr[exceeding the 10-year event]": estimated probability of exceeding the 10-year event at this site during this season.</li> <li>"Pr[exceeding the 100-year event]": estimated probability of exceeding the 100-year event at this site during this season.</li> <li>"q5": 5%-quantile of the predictive distribution at this site during this season.</li> <li>"q10": 10%-quantile of the predictive distribution at this site during this season.</li> <li>"q25": 25%-quantile of the predictive distribution at this site during this season.</li> <li>"q50": 50%-quantile of the predictive distribution at this site during this season.</li> <li>"q75": 75%-quantile of the predictive distribution at this site during this season.</li> <li>"q90": 90%-quantile of the predictive distribution at this site during this season.</li> <li>"q95": 95%-quantile of the predictive distribution at this site during this season.</li> </ol>
Co-activation probability between neurons in the largest brain connectome of the fruit fly
<p>This is a data set containing the co-activation probability between neurons in the largest brain connectome of the fruit fly released by the FlyEM project. The co-activation probability is measured based on neural dynamics computation, where a standard leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) model is applied on the connectome to generate neural dynamics. Please read the paper "Yang Tian, Pei Sun; <strong>Percolation may explain efficiency, robustness, and economy of the brain</strong>. <em><em>Network Neuroscience</em></em> 2022; 6 (3): 765–790. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1162/netn_a_00246">https://doi.org/10.1162/netn_a_00246</a>" for more details.</p> <p><strong>This is the newest version of the data set.</strong></p> <p>The following is a list of variable information:</p> <p>(1) SomaLocation is a 23008*3 matrix that contains the three-dimensional coordinates of neurons;</p> <p>(2) LambdaVector is the vector of a vector of synaptic excitation-inhibition (E/I) balance (see "Percolation may explain efficiency, robustness, and economy of the brain" for detailed explanations).</p> <p>(3) DirectedCoactivationPattern is a cell of co-activation probability matrices generated under each E/I balance condition, which is used in "Percolation may explain efficiency, robustness, and economy of the brain" for computational experiments. The (i,j)-th element in the matrix is the probability for neuron i to activate neuron j under the corresponding E/I balance condition. Note that the (i,j)-th element can be differnt from the (j,i)-th element. </p> <p>(4) SymmetricCoactivationPattern is a cell of symmetric co-activation probability matrices generated under each E/I balance condition. This is a new data that has not been used in "Percolation may explain efficiency, robustness, and economy of the brain" yet. The (i,j)-th element in the matrix is the probability for neurons i and j to be co-activated under the corresponding E/I balance condition. If we define D as the directed co-activation probability matrix and denote S as the symmetric co-activation probability matrix, then we have S(i,j)=S(j,i)=0.5*(D(i,j)+D(j,i)). </p> <p>The earlist version of this data can be seen in https://zenodo.org/record/5497516, which may lack detailed explanations.</p> <p>The second version of this data can be seen in https://zenodo.org/record/7869532, where a small mistake is found while calculating the SymmetricCoactivationPattern. This mistake is resolved in the newest version.</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.