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140 results for “reproductive ecology”
Data from: The ecological advantage of sexual reproduction in multicellular long-lived organisms
We present a model for the advantage of sexual reproduction in multicellular long-lived species in a world of structured resources in short supply. The model combines features of the Tangled Bank and the Red Queen hypothesis of sexual reproduction, and is of broad applicability. The model is ecologically explicit with the dynamics of resources and consumers being modelled by differential equations. The life history of consumers is shaped by body-mass dependent rates as implemented in the metabolic theory of ecology. We find that over a broad range of parameters sexual reproduction wins despite the twofold cost of producing males, due to the advantage of producing offspring that can exploit underutilized resources. The advantage is largest when maturation and production of offspring set in before the resources of the parents become depleted, but not too early, due to the cost of producing males. The model thus leads to the dominance of sexual reproduction in multicellular animals living in complex environments, with resource availability being the most important factor affecting survival and reproduction.
Figures 4-5 from: Gomez-Mesa L, Pereira-Ribeiro J, Colombo Ferreguetti Á, Almeida-Santos M, Bergallo HG, Rocha CFD (2017) Ecological and reproductive aspects of Aparasphenodon brunoi (Anura: Hylidae) in an ombrophilous forest area of the Atlantic Rainforest Biome, Brazil. Zoologia 34: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e20477
Figures 4-5 - Activity and microhabitat use of Aparasphenodon brunoi: (4) Number of individuals of A. brunoi (N = 77) recorded between 11:00 am and 11:00 pm in transects in the Vale Natural Reserve (VNR), municipality of Linhares, Espírito Santo, Southeastern Brazil). (5) Use of natural microhabitats by individuals of A. brunoi (N = 51) in the VNR. (H) On herbaceous plant, (TF) on a fallen tree trunk, (L) on liana, (TT) on a tree trunk, (TR) on a tree root, (PL) on a palm leaf, or in a (HTT) hollow in a tree trunk.
Figures 2-3 from: Gomez-Mesa L, Pereira-Ribeiro J, Colombo Ferreguetti Á, Almeida-Santos M, Bergallo HG, Rocha CFD (2017) Ecological and reproductive aspects of Aparasphenodon brunoi (Anura: Hylidae) in an ombrophilous forest area of the Atlantic Rainforest Biome, Brazil. Zoologia 34: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e20477
Figures 2-3 - Results of Multiple Regression Analysis between (2) the accumulated rainfall of the sampling period in each month (June 2015 – July 2016) and (3) temperature with corresponding density of active individuals of Aparasphenodon brunoi in the Vale Natural Reserve, municipality of Linhares, Espírito Santo, Southeastern Brazil (Density = -15.156+0.115*Rainfall+0.636*Temperature).
Figure 1 from: Gomez-Mesa L, Pereira-Ribeiro J, Colombo Ferreguetti Á, Almeida-Santos M, Bergallo HG, Rocha CFD (2017) Ecological and reproductive aspects of Aparasphenodon brunoi (Anura: Hylidae) in an ombrophilous forest area of the Atlantic Rainforest Biome, Brazil. Zoologia 34: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e20477
Figure 1 - Location of the Vale Natural Reserve, north of Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil, showing the vegetation types present in the reserve and the location of the plots (black squares) and collection sites of individuals for diet analysis and reproductive aspects (stars).
Fig. 4 in Influence of a large dam and importance of an undammed tributary on the reproductive ecology of the threatened fish matrinxã Brycon orthotaenia Günther, 1864 (Characiformes: Bryconidae) in southeastern Brazil
Fig. 4. Relative frequency of maturity stages of Brycon orthotaenia captured in two sites of the rio São Francisco, downstream from the Três Marias Dam. (a) females from site 1, (b) females from site 2, (c) males from site 1 and (d) males from site 2. Resting, light gray; maturing/mature, dark gray; spawning/spent, black.
Fig. 2 in Influence of a large dam and importance of an undammed tributary on the reproductive ecology of the threatened fish matrinxã Brycon orthotaenia Günther, 1864 (Characiformes: Bryconidae) in southeastern Brazil
Fig. 2. Histological sections of Brycon orthotaenia ovaries stained with Hematoxilin-eosin: (a) resting stage presenting early (O1) and late (O2) perinucleolar follicles, (b)(c) maturing/mature stage presenting O1, O2, previtellogenic follicles (O3) and vitellogenic follicles (O4), (d) vitellogenic follicles containing yolk globules (Y), zona radiata (ZR) and follicular cells (FC), (e) spawned stage from site 2 with postovulatory follicles (asterisk) and rare vitellogenic atretic follicles (AF), (f)(g)(h) ovaries of B. orthotaenia collected in site 1 possessing several vitellogenic atretic follicles triggered by the cold water released by the Três Marias Dam, (f) vitellogenic follicle in early atresia with fragmented zona radiata (arrows), (g) hypertrophy of follicular cells, fragmented zona radiata (arrows) and yolk being degraded in atretic follicle and (h) vitellogenic follicle in advanced atresia. Bar = (a), (b), (h) 70 µm, (c) 160 µm, (d) 40 µm, (e) 100 µm, (f) 120 µm and (g) 50 µm.
Figure 4 in Reproductive and ecological similarity between Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) and Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766) in southern Bahia (Brazil)
Figure 4. Comparison between the number of hatchlings for both species on the three beaches (p <0.001).
Data from: Positive feedback between ecological and reproductive character displacement in a young avian hybrid zone
Character displacement can reduce costly interspecific interactions between young species. We investigated the mechanisms behind divergence in three key traits - breeding habitat choice, timing of breeding and plumage coloration - in Ficedula flycatchers. We found that male pied flycatchers became expelled from the preferred deciduous habitat into mixed forest as the superior competitor, collared flycatchers, increased in numbers. The peak in food abundance differs between habitats, and the spatial segregation was paralleled by an increased divergence in timing of breeding between the two species. Male pied flycatchers vary from brown to black with brown coloration being more frequent in sympatry with collared flycatchers, a pattern often proposed to result from selection against hybridization, i.e. reinforcement. In contrast to this view, we show that brown male pied flycatchers more often hybridize than black males. Male pied flycatcher plumage coloration influenced the territory obtained in areas of co-occurrence with collared flycatchers, and brown male pied flycatchers experienced higher relative fitness than black males when faced with heterospecific competition. We suggest that allopatric divergence in resource defense ability causes a feedback loop at secondary contact where male pied flycatchers with the most divergent strategy compared to collared flycatchers are favored by selection.
Data from: Light sensing by opsins and fungal ecology: NOP-1 modulates entry into sexual reproduction in response to environmental cues
Understanding the genetic basis of the switch from asexual to sexual lifestyles in response to sometimes rapid environmental changes is one of the major challenges in fungal ecology. Light appears to play a critical role in the asexual–sexual switch—but fungal genomes harbour diverse light sensors. Fungal opsins are homologous to bacterial green-light-sensory rhodopsins, and their organismal functions in fungi have not been well understood. Three of these opsin-like proteins were widely distributed across fungal genomes, but homologs of the Fusarium opsin-like protein CarO were present only in plant-associated fungi. Key amino acids, including potential retinal binding sites, functionally diverged on the phylogeny of opsins. This diversification of opsin-like proteins could be correlated with life history-associated differences among fungi in their expression and function during morphological development. In Neurospora crassa and related species, knockout of the opsin NOP-1 led to a phenotype in the regulation of the asexual–sexual switch, modulating response to both light and oxygen conditions. Sexual development commenced early in ∆nop-1 strains cultured in unsealed plates under constant blue and white light. Furthermore, comparative transcriptomics showed that the expression of nop-1 is light-dependent and that the ∆nop-1 strain abundantly expresses genes involved in oxidative stress response, genes enriched in NAD/NADP binding sites, genes with functions in proton transmembrane movement and catalase activity, and genes involved in the homeostasis of protons. Based on these observations, we contend that light and oxidative stress regulate the switch via light-responsive and ROS pathways in model fungus N. crassa and other fungi.
Figure 8 in Reproductive ecology of the glass frog Espadarana prosoblepon (Anura: Centrolenidae) in an urban forest of the Central Andes of Colombia
Figure 8. Egg clutches of Espadarana prosoblepon at different stages of development.
Data from: The ecological advantage of sexual reproduction in multicellular long-lived organisms
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Data from: Light sensing by opsins and fungal ecology: NOP-1 modulates entry into sexual reproduction in response to environmental cues
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Positive feedback between ecological and reproductive character displacement in a young avian hybrid zone
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Figure 1 in Reproductive ecology of a Tibetan frog Nanorana parkeri (Anura: Ranidae)
Figure 1. Map showing the species distribution and study site.
Figure 5 in Oviposition site preference and reproductive ecology of Teratohyla midas (Anura: Centrolenidae) in the Colombian Amazon
Figure 5. Preference as oviposition site of Teratohyla midas towards leaves of selaginella sp. The observed legend corresponds to the clutches recorded throughout the study area. The legend of expected corresponds to the number of clutches that would be expected to find in relation to the availability of the substrate in the entire study area. The category 'others' refers to other types of leaves present in the area.
Figure 4 in Oviposition site preference and reproductive ecology of Teratohyla midas (Anura: Centrolenidae) in the Colombian Amazon
Figure 4. Clutches of Teratohyla midas deposited on leaves; (a-d) leaves of the fern selaginella sp. with T. midas clutches; (e-f) substrates categorised as other types of leaves. Photographs: Juan C. Diaz-Ricaurte.
Figure 1 in Oviposition site preference and reproductive ecology of Teratohyla midas (Anura: Centrolenidae) in the Colombian Amazon
Figure 1. (a) Study site in the department of Caquetá, Foothill Amazonian of Colombia. (b) Micro-watershed study area of La Perdíz stream tributary of the Hacha River in the Reserva Natural y Comunitaria el Manantial, municipality of Florencia, department of Caquetá, Colombia.
Figure 2 in Oviposition site preference and reproductive ecology of Teratohyla midas (Anura: Centrolenidae) in the Colombian Amazon
Figure 2. Dorsal colour patterns (yellow dots) between among individuals of Teratohyla midas. (a) Individual 94 (Female; SVL: 19.94 mm); (b) Individual 95 (Female; SVL: 21.41 mm); (c) Individual 104 (Male; SVL: 21.51 mm); (d) Individual 97 (Male; SVL: 20.23 mm). Photographs: Juan C. Diaz-Ricaurte.
Figure 3 in Oviposition site preference and reproductive ecology of Teratohyla midas (Anura: Centrolenidae) in the Colombian Amazon
Figure 3. Axillary amplexus of Teratohyla midas. (a) At the end of the amplexus, the male retires, and the female covers the clutch for 60 min (b). Images A and B (Male individual N° 50, SVL: 20.58 mm and female individual N° 51, SVL: 21.70 mm) Photographs: Juan C. Diaz-Ricaurte.
Figure 4 in Reproductive characteristics of Elaphe quadrivirgata (Serpentes: Colubridae) from ecologically dissimilar main island and island populations
Figure 4. Comparisons of (A) mean relative clutch mass (RCM) and (B) mean relative egg mass (REM) of Elaphe quadrivirgata between Shiga and Yakushima Island. RCM was calculated as clutch mass divided by post-ovipositional maternal body mass. REM was calculated as mean egg mass of a clutch divided by post-ovipositional maternal body mass. For snakes from Shiga, the right-hand column shows the subset of data which comprises snakes with an SVL range comparable to that of snakes from Yakushima. Vertical bars are 1 SD. Numerals above bars represent sample sizes.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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