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FIG. 29. — Phyllodorippinae n in A new subfamily classification of the highly diversified Dorippidae H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Dorippoidea), using morphological, molecular and palaeotonlogical data, with special emphasis on its unique female reproductive system
FIG. 29. — Phyllodorippinae n. subfam. Phyllodorippe armata (Miers, 1881), Guinean Trawling Survey, ZRC 2009.0413 (ex MNHN-B24202). A, ♂ 12.3 × 16.2 mm, habitus; B-D, ovigerous ♀ 11.9 × 16.6 mm. B, habitus; C, thoracic sternum and pleon; D, thoracic sternum, vulvae and spine on sternite 8.
FIG. 39 in A new subfamily classification of the highly diversified Dorippidae H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Dorippoidea), using morphological, molecular and palaeotonlogical data, with special emphasis on its unique female reproductive system
FIG. 39. — The ghost of Taira Tomomori along with the anchor he drowned with, and heikegani with faces of fallen soldiers, colour print by Utagawa Kuniyoshi illustrating the legend of the iconic 'samurai crab' known in Japan as 'heike-gani', a dorippid whose current scientific name is Heikeopsis japonica (von Siebold, 1824). It depicts the naval battle of Dan-no-ura in the Japanese Inland Sea in 1185 between the two clans Heike and Gengi. Members of the Heike clan and generals tie themselves to the anchor of the ship to sink to the bottom of the sea and to rejoin the drowned. The souls of deceased Heike warriors were passed on to the crabs, and their faces were etched forever on the carapaces of the crabs. In Japan, Heike-gani crabs are considered to be the reincarnations of the samurai who died at Dan-no-ura.
FIG. 9 in A new subfamily classification of the highly diversified Dorippidae H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Dorippoidea), using morphological, molecular and palaeotonlogical data, with special emphasis on its unique female reproductive system
FIG. 9. — Particular structures of some dorippids: A, spur-like process on ischium of P3 and sometimes P2: Dorippoides facchino (Herbst, 1785), postpubertal ♀ 19.0 × 22.0 mm, Pondicherry Bay, Maindron coll. 1882, MNHN-IU-2018-5199 (= MNHN-B19817). B, erect spine on sternite 8: Neodorippe callida (Fabricius, 1795), ovigerous ♀ 13.5 × 14.3 mm, Amoy, MNHN-IU-2021-8738 (= MNHN-B11170). C, D, callosity at base of P3: C, Dorippe sinica Chen, 1980, ♀ 34.8 × 38.9 mm, China, Guangdong, Nanao Island, ZRC 1999.0470; D, Dorippe tenuipes Chen, 1980, ♂ 13.2 × 14.2 mm, South China Sea, ZRC 1999.0009 (the granules on P2 and P3 are not visible in the photograph). Abbreviations: c, callosity; cx2-cx5, coxae of P2-P5; e, erect spine; m, articulating membrane; p, process of sternite 8; pl6, exposed pleurite 6; p2-p5, pereiopods 2-5; r, rim; s, strip; sp, spur-like process; t, special texture area.
FIG. 21. — Heikeopsinae n in A new subfamily classification of the highly diversified Dorippidae H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Dorippoidea), using morphological, molecular and palaeotonlogical data, with special emphasis on its unique female reproductive system
FIG. 21. — Heikeopsinae n. subfam. Nobilum histrio (Nobili, 1903), Malaysia, Johore, Pontian, ZRC 2002.0491: A-D, ♂ 21.0 × 22.4 mm: habitus; B, anterior ventral view; C, thoracic sternum with pleon; D, thoracic sternum without pleon, penis and G1. E, F, ovigerous ♀ 22.1 × 24.7 mm: thoracic sternum, pleon and vulvae.
FIG. 10. — Dorippinae H. Milne Edwards, 1837 n in A new subfamily classification of the highly diversified Dorippidae H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Dorippoidea), using morphological, molecular and palaeotonlogical data, with special emphasis on its unique female reproductive system
FIG. 10. — Dorippinae H. Milne Edwards, 1837 n. stat.: habitus: A, B, Dorippe quadridens (Fabricius, 1793): A, ♂ 36.3 × 38.1 mm, China Sea near Singapore, Hee Huat, ZRC 1984. 6308; B, ♀ 29.5 × 30 mm, NW Madagascar, Ambaro Bay, MNHN-IU-2018-5193 (= MNHN-B18279). C, D, Dorippe sinica Chen, 1980, China, Guangdong, Nanao Island, ZRC 1999.0470: C, ♂ 36.2 × 39.5 mm; D, ♀ 34.8 × 38.9 mm, specimen brushed.
FIG. 34. — A in A new subfamily classification of the highly diversified Dorippidae H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Dorippoidea), using morphological, molecular and palaeotonlogical data, with special emphasis on its unique female reproductive system
FIG. 34. — A, schematic cross-section of thoracic region at level of P3 to show in one diagram the two distinctive arrangements of female organs in Brachyura. On left, a typical podotreme, with coxal openings; on right, a typical eubrachyuran, with sternal openings or vulvae; B, schematic representation of the two types of brachyuran seminal receptacles, either of ventral type (left), or of dorsal type (right), and their connection to the oviduct (see Diesel 1991). Abbreviations: a, spermathecal aperture; cx, coxa; g, coxal female gonopore; od, oviduct; ov, ovary; sp, spermatheca; sr, seminal receptacle; st, thoracic sternum; v, vulva; vg, vagina. Modified from Hartnoll (1968: fig. 1), Guinot (1978: fig. 1; 1979a: fig. 38) and Vehof (2020: fig. 19).
FIG. 35 in A new subfamily classification of the highly diversified Dorippidae H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Dorippoidea), using morphological, molecular and palaeotonlogical data, with special emphasis on its unique female reproductive system
FIG. 35. — Schematic illustrations of female reproductive systems in representatives of four dorippid subfamilies: A, B, Dorippinae n. stat.: A, Dorippe sinica Chen, 1980, as interpreted by Hayer et al. (2016a: fig. 2); B, Dorippe quadridens (Fabricius, 1793) and D. sinica, as interpreted by Vehof et al. (2017: fig. 2A); C, Medorippinae n. subfam.: Medorippe lanata (Linnaeus, 1767), as interpreted by Vehof et al. (2017: fig. 2B); D, Paradorippinae n. subfam.: Paradorippe granulata (De Haan, 1841), as interpreted by Vehof et al. (2018b: fig. 3). E, Heikeopsinae n. subfam.: Heikeopsis japonica (von Siebold, 1824), with the same pattern shared by Neodorippe callida (Fabricius, 1798) and Nobilum histrio (Nobili, 1903), as interpreted by Vehof (2020: fig. 4). Abbreviations: a, apodeme; amb, anteromedian bursa; bu, bursa; cu, cuticle; cv, cuticular valves; bu, bursa; ev, extension of vulva; ge, glandular epithelium; mu, musculature; oc, oocyte; od, oviduct; ov, ovary; plb, posterolateral bursa; sr, seminal receptacle; vg, vagina; v, vulva.
FIG. 40 in A new subfamily classification of the highly diversified Dorippidae H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Dorippoidea), using morphological, molecular and palaeotonlogical data, with special emphasis on its unique female reproductive system
FIG. 40. — Fossil crabs: A, the poorly known true dorippid, Dorippe judicis Gripp, 1964 (pl. 17, fig. 7a), Lower Miocene of northern Germany, generic status to be reappraised: carapace and pleon partially dorsally exposed (photocopy from Gripp 1964: pl. 17, fig. 7a); B-F, Goniochele angulata Bell, 1858; B-D, F, Eocene London Clay, Ypresian, Isle of Sheppey, Kent; E, Ypresian, Forest, Brussels, Belgium: B, carapace with preserved lateral spines, except long epibranchial spine, broken, concealed with matrix (Griffiths' collection); C, carapace of paralectotype (lateral spines lost) with well-preserved protruding concave rim of posterior margin and narrow male pleon, with first three somites dorsally exposed (Wetherell's collection, NHM PL OR 59085); D, E, two views of male thoracic sternum, with triangular first sternites and press-buttons on suture 5/6 (D, Jeff Saward collection); E, original from Collins & Smith 1993: pl. 2, fig. 3, as Silvacarcinus laurae Collins & Smith, 1993; F, ventral view of a female, with narrow elongated sternites 1-4 and wider last sternites (Griffiths' collection, NHM 36652). Abbreviation: v, enormous vulvae. All, courtesy of Barry van Bakel.
FIG. 8 in A new subfamily classification of the highly diversified Dorippidae H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Dorippoidea), using morphological, molecular and palaeotonlogical data, with special emphasis on its unique female reproductive system
FIG. 8. — Particular structures of some dorippids: A, B, rim and strip along posterior margin of carapace: A, Dorippoides facchino (Herbst, 1785), ovigerous ♀ 20.3 × 26.2 mm, South China Sea, ZRC 1984.5347; B, Paradorippe granulata (De Haan, 1841), ♂ 23.6 × 27.3 mm, NE Taiwan, ZRC 2001.0014; C, retention of female pleon by process of sternite 8 overhanging pleonal somite 2: Dorippe quadridens (Fabricius, 1793), ♀ 38.1 × 33.7 mm, South China Sea, Hee Huat, ZRC 1984.6307; D, retention of telson engaged between edges of sternite 5: Dorippoides facchino (Herbst, 1785), ovigerous ♀ 20.3 × 26.2 mm, same data as A. Abbreviations: cx3-cx5, coxae of P3-P5; p, process of sternite 8; p2, p3, pereiopod 2, 3; r, rim; s, strip; sp, spur-like process on P3 ischium; 1, pleonal somite 1; 7, 8, dorsally exposed thoracic sternites 7, 8.
FIG. 6. — A-C in A new subfamily classification of the highly diversified Dorippidae H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Dorippoidea), using morphological, molecular and palaeotonlogical data, with special emphasis on its unique female reproductive system
FIG. 6. — A-C, nomenclature of various carapace regions and location of cervical groove in Eubrachyura, exemplified by: A, Mithrax spinosissimus (Lamarck, 1818); B, by Zosimus aeneus (Linnaeus, 1758), according to H. Milne Edwards (1851: pl. 8, figs 6, 9, respectively); C, by a species of 'Cancer group' with numbered regions, according to Dana (1851: 95-98, fig. 1); D: homology of gastric regions defined by H. Milne Edwards (1851) and those numbered by Dana (1851) (after Guinot 1979a: fig. 7D). Abbreviations: cd, cardiac region; epg, epigastric lobe; f.g., gastric pit; in, intestinal region; mag, metagastric region; mog, mesogastric region; ptg, protogastric lobe; s.c., cervical groove; s.b.c., branchiocardiac groove; s.g.h., hepatic groove; urg, urogastric region.
FIG. 7. — A, B in A new subfamily classification of the highly diversified Dorippidae H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Dorippoidea), using morphological, molecular and palaeotonlogical data, with special emphasis on its unique female reproductive system
FIG. 7. — A, B, exposure of latero-external ends of pleurites 5-7 in Medorippe lanata (Linnaeus, 1767), skeleton prepared by S. Secretan, MNHN: A, carapace (partially removed) covering all pleurites except exposed latero-external portions of pleurites 5-7; B, close-up view of lateroposterior region of carapace to show calcified exposed external portion of pleurites 5-7, with setting gutter for carapace; red line indicates location of carapace margin. Modified from Guinot et al. (2013: fig. 46A, B). C, thoracic sternum/pterygostome junction, oxystomatous condition, Milne Edwards openings in Medorippe lanata (Linnaeus, 1767), ♀ 17.8 × 23.0 mm, Mediterranean Sea (MNHN, skeleton prepared by S. Secretan). Modified from Guinot et al. 2013: fig. 42C. D, articulation of pleonal somites, dorsal view of female Medorippe lanata (Linnaeus, 1767). Modified from Guinot et al. (2013: fig. 51G). Abbreviations: a1-a3, first to third pleonal somites; c, carapace margin; ce, ventral extension of carapace posterior margin; cm, mxp3 coxa; cp5, cp6, calcified portion of pleurites 5, 6 covered by carapace; cx2-cx5, coxae of P2-P5; c6, c7, coxo-pleural condyles of P3, P4; e, sternal extension; e6, extension of pleurite 6 covered by carapace; ep5-ep7, exposed pleurites 5-7; g, setting gutter of carapace; M, Milne Edwards openings as pterygostomial slits; m, articulating membrane; p, sternal boutonniere of suture 3/4; pn, penis; pt, pterygostome; p.b., press-button; r, rim; s, strip; t, telson; v, vulva on a prominence and with operculum; 3-6, thoracic sternites 3-6; 8, exposed portion of thoracic sternite 8; 3/4, 4/5, thoracic sternal sutures 3/4, 4/5.
FIG. 5 in A new subfamily classification of the highly diversified Dorippidae H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Dorippoidea), using morphological, molecular and palaeotonlogical data, with special emphasis on its unique female reproductive system
FIG. 5. — Terminology of main grooves on dorsal carapace of Dorippidae: A, diagrammatic figure of Holthuis & Manning (1990: fig. 1, based on a Dorippe species) without any mention of 'precervical groove'. B-D, terminology used in the present paper and only partially used by Holthuis & Manning (1990). B, Dorippe tenuipes Chen, 1980: after Holthuis & Manning (1990: fig. 18a); C, Heikeopsis japonica (von Siebold, 1824): after Holthuis & Manning (1990: fig. 30a, as Heikea japonica); D, Neodorippe callida (Fabricius, 1795): after Holthuis & Manning (1990: fig. 39). The strip, which runs posteriorly along the rim, was only figured in C. Abbreviations: b.c., branchiocardiac groove; c.g., cervical groove; l.b., branchial lobe; p.g., precervical groove; r, rim; s, strip.
FIG. 1. — A in A new subfamily classification of the highly diversified Dorippidae H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Dorippoidea), using morphological, molecular and palaeotonlogical data, with special emphasis on its unique female reproductive system
FIG. 1. — A typical dorippid crab, Heikeopsis japonica (von Siebold, 1824), the iconic 'samurai crab' known in Japan as 'heike-gani', whose carapace looks like a human face: A, the species represented by De Haan (1839: pl. 31, fig. 1, as Dorippe japonica) in Fauna Japonica: top, a female; below, chelae of a male; B, lectotype selected by Yamaguchi & Baba (1993: 300, fig. 90-A.a-2, as Heikea japonica) from type series material labelled "Types, Japan, 1823, Leg. P. H. von Siebold", RMNH CRUS D 822 (see Fransen et al. 1997: 83); C, ♂ 25.0 × 27.3 mm, ♀ 23.5 × 26.7 mm, Japan, Chaffanjon, 174-96, E.-L. Bouvier det. 1899 Dorippe japonica, dry condition, MNHN-IU-2000-4091 (= MNHN-B4091).
FIG. 4 in A new subfamily classification of the highly diversified Dorippidae H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Dorippoidea), using morphological, molecular and palaeotonlogical data, with special emphasis on its unique female reproductive system
FIG. 4. — Dorippid thoracic sternum exemplified here by Medorippe lanata (Linnaeus, 1767), Mediterranean Sea, dehydrated specimens for skeletal preparation by Sylvie Secretan (MNHN): A, ♂; B, ♀. Abbreviations: b.p., press-button located in curved sternal suture 5/6; cx4, P4 coxa: e, episternite; G1, G2, first and second gonopods; j, sternum/pterygostome junction; m, membrane; m.o., Milne Edwards opening as pterygostomial slit; p, perforation at the end of sternal suture 3/4; r, sternal ridge; s.p., sternal prominence; v, vulva; 1-8, thoracic sternites 1-8; 2/3-7/8, sternal sutures 2/3-7/8. Photographs by Barry van Bakel.
FIG. 2 in A new subfamily classification of the highly diversified Dorippidae H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Dorippoidea), using morphological, molecular and palaeotonlogical data, with special emphasis on its unique female reproductive system
FIG. 2. — Colour print by Utagawa Kuniyoshi in 1851: The ghost of Taira Tomomori along with the anchor he drowned with, and heikegani with faces of fallen soldiers; A, Heikeopsis japonica (von Siebold, 1824), the 'heike-gani' or 'samurai crab', during the naval battle at Dan-no-ura (1185) in Japan's Inland Sea; B, closeup view of the crabs, easily recognisable by their carapaces bearing like a human face, their last two legs, reduced and carried dorsally, and the dorsally visible pleon (See also Fig. 39).
Differences in mating system and predicted parental conflict affect post-pollination reproductive isolation in a flowering plant
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Data from: Inbreeding depression affects the growth of seedlings of an African timber species with a mixed mating reproductive system, Pericopsis elata (Harms) Meeuwen
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Effects of Tamoxifen on the Reproductive System of Females with Breast Cancer
<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tamoxifen (TMX) currently regarded as the standard treatment for breast cancer (BC) patients‎, however in recent years, several researchers reported gynecological side effects and attributed them to TMX and its estrogenic (ER) effects. We evaluate the side effects of TMX on female ‎endometrium and ovaries.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> an ultrasound-based cohort study conducted in three oncology centers. The studied groups included a total of ‎‎255 patients, 140 premenopausal (PreM) and 115 postmenopausal (PostM) female patients with ER-positive BC using TMX adjuvant hormonal treatment in ‎a dose of 20 mg/day for at least three months after surgery and adjuvant ‎chemo/radiotherapy.‎ The study conducted at the three main oncology centers in Baghdad. The collected data includes: age of the patient, menopausal status, co-morbid chronic illness such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, etc, and used medications.</p>
Effects of Tamoxifen on the Reproductive System of Females with Breast Cancer – an Ultrasound-based Cohort study
<p>This data represent an ultrasound-based cohort study conducted in three oncology centers. The studied groups included a total of ‎‎255 patients, 140 premenopausal (PreM) and 115 postmenopausal (PostM) female patients with ER-positive BC using TMX adjuvant hormonal treatment in ‎a dose of 20 mg/day for at least three months after surgery and adjuvant ‎chemo/radiotherapy.‎ The study conducted at the three main oncology centers in Baghdad. The collected data includes: age of the patient, menopausal status, co-morbid chronic illness such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, etc, and used medications.an ultrasound-based cohort study conducted in three oncology centers. The studied groups included a total of ‎‎255 patients, 140 premenopausal (PreM) and 115 postmenopausal (PostM) female patients with ER-positive BC using TMX adjuvant hormonal treatment in ‎a dose of 20 mg/day for at least three months after surgery and adjuvant ‎chemo/radiotherapy.‎ The study conducted at the three main oncology centers in Baghdad. The collected data includes: age of the patient, menopausal status, co-morbid chronic illness such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, etc, and used medications.</p>
Data for: Spatial prey availability and pulsed reproductive tactics: encounter risk in a canid-ungulate system
<ol> <li>Predation risk is a function of spatiotemporal overlap between predator and prey, as well as behavioral responses during encounters. Dynamic factors (e.g., group size, prey availability, and animal movement or state) affect risk, but rarely are integrated in risk assessments. Our work targets a system where predation risk is fundamentally linked to temporal patterns in prey abundance and behavior. For neonatal ungulate prey, risk is defined within a short temporal window during which the pulse in parturition, increasing movement capacity with age, and anti-predation tactics have the potential to mediate risk.</li> <li>In our coyote – mule deer (<em>Canis</em> <em>latrans</em> – <em>Odocoileus</em> <em>hemionus</em>) system, leveraging GPS data collected from both predator and prey, we tested expectations of the shared enemy and reproductive risk hypotheses. We asked two questions regarding risk: (A) how do primary and alternative prey habitat, predator and prey activity, and reproductive tactics (e.g., birth synchrony, maternal defense) influence vulnerability of a neonate encountering a predator? (B) How do the same factors affect behavior by predators relative to time before and after an encounter?</li> <li>Despite increased selection for mule deer and intensified search behavior by coyotes during the peak in mule deer parturition, mule deer were afforded protection from predation via predator swamping, experiencing reduced per-capita encounter risk when most neonates were born. Mule deer occupying rabbit habitat (<em>Sylvilagus</em> spp.; coyote's primary prey) experienced the greatest risk of encounter but the availability of rabbit habitat did not affect predator behavior during encounters. Encounter risk increased in areas with greater availability of mule deer habitat, coyotes shifted their behavior relative to deer habitat, and the pulse in mule deer parturition and movement of neonatal deer during encounters elicited increased speed and tortuosity by coyotes.</li> <li>In addition to the spatial distribution of prey, temporal patterns in prey availability, and animal behavioral state were fundamental in defining risk. Our work reveals the nuanced consequences of pulsed availability on predation risk for alternative prey, whereby responses by predators to sudden resource availability, the lasting effects of diversionary prey, and inherent antipredation tactics ultimately dictate risk.</li> </ol>
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