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213 results for “seed beetles”
Data from: Transgenerational effects of maternal sexual interactions in seed beetles
Mating bears large costs to females, especially in species with high levels of sexual conflict over mating rates. Given the direct costs to females associated with multiple mating, which include reductions in lifespan and lifetime reproductive success, past research focused on identifying potential indirect benefits (through increases in offspring fitness) that females may accrue. Far less attention has been given to understanding how costs of sexual interactions to females may span across generations. Hence, little is known about the transgenerational implications of variation in mating rates, and net consequences of maternal sexual activities across generations. Using the seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus, a model system for the study of sexual conflict, we look at the effects of mating with multiple males versus a single male, and tease apart effects due to sexual harassment and those due to mating per se, over three generations. We show that across generations, harassed females suffer a severe decline in fitness compared to non-harassed females, while multiply mated females showed no difference in net fitness compared to singly mated females. Overall, it appears that the transgenerational benefits of multiple mating counteract but do not exceed the direct costs of harassment. Our study highlights the importance of examining transgenerational effects from an inclusive (looking at both indirect benefits but also costs) perspective, and the need to investigate transgenerational effects across several generations if we are to fully understand the consequences of sexual interactions, sexual conflict evolution, and the interplay of sexual conflict and multi-generational costs and benefits.
Data from: Multivariate intralocus sexual conflict in seed beetles
Intralocus sexual conflict (IaSC) is pervasive because males and females experience differences in selection but share much of the same genome. Traits with integrated genetic architecture should be reservoirs of sexually antagonistic genetic variation for fitness but explorations of multivariate IaSC are scarce. Previously, we showed that upward artificial selection on male lifespan decreased male fitness but increased female fitness compared with downward selection in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. Here, we use these selection lines to investigate sex-specific evolution of four functionally integrated traits (metabolic rate, locomotor activity, body mass and lifespan) that collectively define a sexually dimorphic life-history syndrome in many species. Male-limited selection for short lifespan led to correlated evolution in females towards a more male-like multivariate phenotype. Conversely, males selected for long lifespan became more female-like, implying that IaSC results from genetic integration of this suite of traits. However, while lifespan, metabolism and body mass showed correlated evolution in the sexes, activity did not evolve in males but, surprisingly, did so in females. This led to sexual monomorphism in locomotor activity in short-life lines, associated with detrimental effects in females. Our results thus support the general tenet that widespread pleiotropy generates IaSC despite sex-specific genetic architecture.
Data from: Assessing the alignment of sexual and natural selection using radio-mutagenized seed beetles
A major unsolved question in evolutionary biology concerns the relationship between natural and sexual selection. Sexual selection might augment natural selection, e.g. if mutations that harm female fecundity also reduce male mating success. Conversely, sexual selection might favor traits that impair naturally-selected fitness components. We induced detrimental mutations in Callosobruchus maculatus beetles using X-ray irradiation, and then experimentally measured the effect of pre-copulatory sexual selection on offspring number and survival rate. Sexual selection treatment had a negative effect on egg-to-adult survivorship, though the number of progeny reaching adulthood was unaffected, perhaps because eggs and juveniles that failed to develop lessened competition on the survivors. We hypothesize that the negative effect of sexual selection arose because sexually competitive males transmitted a smaller nuptial gift, or carried alleles that conferred reduced survival. Although we found no evidence that sexual selection on males can purge alleles that are detrimental to naturally-selected fitness components, such benefits might exist in other environmental or genetic contexts.
Data from: Sexual selection and the evolution of male and female cognition: a test using experimental evolution in seed beetles
The mating system is thought to be important in shaping animal intelligence and sexual selection has been depicted as a driver of cognitive evolution, either directly by promoting superior cognitive ability during mate competition, or indirectly via genic capture of sexually selected traits. However, it remains unclear if intensified sexual selection leads to general improvements in cognitive abilities. Here, we evaluated this hypothesis by applying experimental evolution in seed beetles. Replicate lines, maintained for 35 generations of either enforced monogamy (eliminating sexual selection) or polygamy, were challenged to locate and discriminate among mates (male assays) or host seeds (female assays) in a spatial chemo-sensory learning task. All lines displayed learning between trials. Moreover, polygamous males outperformed monogamous males, providing evidence that sexual selection can lead to the evolution of improved male cognition. However, there were no differences between regimes in rates of male learning, and polygamous females showed no improvement in host search and even signs of reduced learning. Hence, sexual selection increased performance in cognitively demanding mate search, but it did not lead to general increases in cognitive abilities. We discuss the possibility that sexually antagonistic selection is an important factor maintaining abundant genetic variation in cognitive traits.
Data from: Components of cowpea resistance to the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae)
Cowpea serves as a major source of dietary protein in many tropical and subtropical regions around the world. To identify loci associated with agronomically desirable traits, eight elite cowpea cultivars were systematically inter-crossed for eight generations to yield 305 recombinant inbred lines. Here, we investigated whether these founder parents also possess resistance to the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a highly destructive post-harvest pest. We estimated larval survival in seeds, egg-to-adult development time, adult mass at emergence, and seed acceptance for oviposition. Survival varied significantly among cowpea cultivars, but the pattern was complicated by an unexpected source of mortality; on three cultivars, mature larvae in a substantial fraction of seeds (20-36%) exited seeds prematurely, and consequently failed to molt into viable adults. Even if such seeds were eliminated from the analysis, survival in the remaining seeds varied from 49% to 92% across the eight parents. Development time and body mass also differed among hosts, with particularly slow larval development on three closely related cultivars. Egg-laying females readily accepted all cultivars except one with a moderately rugose seed coat. Overall, suitability ranks of the eight cultivars depended on beetle trait; a cultivar that received the most eggs (IT82E-18) also conferred low survival. However, one cultivar (IT93K-503-1) was a relatively poor host for all traits. Given the magnitude of variation among parental cultivars, future assays of genotyped recombinant progeny can identify genomic regions and candidate genes associated with resistance to seed beetles.
Data from: Sex-specific selection under environmental stress in seed beetles
Sexual selection can increase rates of adaptation by imposing stronger selection in males, thereby allowing efficient purging of the mutation load on population fitness at a low demographic cost. Indeed, sexual selection tends to be male-biased throughout the animal kingdom, but little empirical work has explored the ecological sensitivity of this sex difference. In this study, we generated theoretical predictions of sex-specific strengths of selection, environmental sensitivities and genotype-by-environment interactions, and tested them in seed beetles by manipulating either larval host plant or rearing temperature. Using fourteen isofemale lines, we measured sex-specific reductions in fitness components, genotype-by-environment interactions, and strength of selection (variance in fitness) in the juvenile and adult stage. As predicted, variance in fitness increased with stress, was consistently greater in males than females for adult reproductive success (implying strong sexual selection), but was similar in the sexes in terms of juvenile survival across all stress-levels. While genetic variance in fitness increased in magnitude under severe stress, heritability decreased, and particularly so in males. Moreover, genotype-by-environment interactions for fitness were common but specific to the type of stress and each sex and life stage, suggesting that new environments may change the relative alignment and strength of selection in males and females. Our study thus exemplifies how environmental stress can influence the relative forces of natural and sexual selection, as well as concomitant changes in genetic variance in fitness, which are predicted to have consequences for rates of adaptation in sexual populations.
Data from: The effect of plant identity and mixed feeding on the detection of seed DNA in regurgitates of carabid beetles
Carabids are abundant in temperate agroecosystems and play a pivotal role as biocontrol agents for weed seed and pest regulation. While there is good knowledge regarding their effects on invertebrate pests, direct evidence for seed predation in the field is missing. Molecular approaches are ideally suited to investigate these feeding interactions; however, the effects of an omnivorous diet, which is characteristic for many carabid species, and seed identity on the detection success of seed DNA has not yet been investigated. In a series of feeding experiments, seeds of six different Central European weed species were fed to beetles of the species Pseudoophonus rufipes, to determine post-feeding seed DNA detection rates and how these are affected by plant identity, meal size and chemical seed composition. Moreover, we investigated the effect of a mixed diet of seed and mealworm on prey DNA detection. Four out of six seed species were detectable for up to five days after consumption and seed species identity significantly affected post-feeding detection rates. Detectability was negatively influenced by protein content and seed mass, whereas oil content and meal size had a positive effect. The mixed diet led to both increased detection rates and post-feeding detection intervals of seed DNA. This suggests that mixed feeding leads to an enhancement of food detection intervals in carabid beetles and that seed identity, their chemical composition and meal size can affect DNA detection of consumed seeds. These aspects and potential implications of this non-invasive approach are discussed as they can become highly relevant for interpreting field derived data.
Data from: Sexual dimorphism in epicuticular compounds despite similar sexual selection in sex role-reversed seed beetles
Sexual selection imposed by mating preferences is often implicated in the evolution of both sexual dimorphism and divergence between species in signalling traits. Epicuticular compounds (ECs) are important signalling traits in insects and show extensive variability among and within taxa. Here, we investigate whether variation in the multivariate EC profiles of two sex role-reversed beetle species, Megabruchidius dorsalis and Megabruchidius tonkineus, predicts mate attractiveness and mating success in males and females. The two species had highly distinct EC profiles and both showed significant sexual dimorphism in ECs. Age and mating status in both species were also distinguishable by EC profile. Males and females of both species showed significant association between their EC profile and attractiveness, measured both as latency to mating and as success in mate-choice trials. Remarkably, the major multivariate vector describing attractiveness was correlated in both species, both sexes, and in both choice and no-choice experiments such that increased attractiveness was in all cases associated with a similar multivariate modification of EC composition. Furthermore, in both sexes this vector of attractiveness was associated with more male-like EC profiles, as well as those characterizing younger and nonvirgin individuals, which might reflect a general preference for individuals of high condition in both sexes. Despite significant sexual selection on EC composition, however, we found no support for the proposition that sexual selection is responsible for divergence in ECs between these species.
FIGURE 1 in A checklist of seed-beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) from Iran
FIGURE 1. Map of Iran with boundaries of provinces.
FIGURE 3 in A checklist of seed-beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) from Iran
FIGURE 3. Number of reported species of Iranian Bruchinae by province.
FIGURE 2 in A checklist of seed-beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) from Iran
FIGURE 2. Species diversity of the Iranian Bruchinae genera.
FIGURE 4 in A checklist of seed-beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) from Iran
FIGURE 4. Comparison of species diversity of Bruchinae in Iran to those of adjacent countries.
Fig. 9. Acanthoscelides pavoniestes, male genitalia. a in Seed Beetles (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) Associated with Seeds ofPavoniaCav. (Malvaceae), with Description of a New Species and Notes on Three Others
Fig. 9. Acanthoscelides pavoniestes, male genitalia. a) Median lobe, b) Lateral lobes.
Fig. 7. Acanthoscelides machiques, male genitalia. a in Seed Beetles (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) Associated with Seeds ofPavoniaCav. (Malvaceae), with Description of a New Species and Notes on Three Others
Fig. 7. Acanthoscelides machiques, male genitalia. a) Median lobe, b) Lateral lobes.
Fig. 3. Acanthoscelides bellamyi, male genitalia. a in Seed Beetles (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) Associated with Seeds ofPavoniaCav. (Malvaceae), with Description of a New Species and Notes on Three Others
Fig. 3. Acanthoscelides bellamyi, male genitalia. a) Median lobe, b) Lateral lobes.
Fig. 6 in Seed Beetles (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) Associated with Seeds ofPavoniaCav. (Malvaceae), with Description of a New Species and Notes on Three Others
Fig. 6. Acanthoscelides machiques, male, habitus. a) Dorsal view, b) Lateral view.
Fig. 5. Acanthoscelides elevatus, male genitalia. a in Seed Beetles (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) Associated with Seeds ofPavoniaCav. (Malvaceae), with Description of a New Species and Notes on Three Others
Fig. 5. Acanthoscelides elevatus, male genitalia. a) Median lobe, b) Lateral lobes.
Fig. 1 in Seed Beetles (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) Associated with Seeds ofPavoniaCav. (Malvaceae), with Description of a New Species and Notes on Three Others
Fig. 1. Acanthoscelides bellamyi, male, habitus. a) Dorsal view, b) Lateral view, c) Head.
Fig. 2. A in The Extent of Seed Predation by Bruchine Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) in a Heterogeneous Landscape in Southeastern Brazil
Fig. 2. A dead Gibbobruchus individual (arrow) enclosed within a Bauhinia forficata seed.
Data from: Male seminal fluid substances affect sperm competition success and female reproductive behavior in a seed beetle
Male seminal fluid proteins are known to affect female reproductive behavior and physiology by reducing mating receptivity and by increasing egg production rates. Such substances are also though to increase the competitive fertilization success of males, but the empirical foundation for this tenet is restricted. Here, we examined the effects of injections of size-fractioned protein extracts from male reproductive organs on both male competitive fertilization success (i.e., P2 in double mating experiments) and female reproduction in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. We found that extracts of male seminal vesicles and ejaculatory ducts increased competitive fertilization success when males mated with females 1 day after the females' initial mating, while extracts from accessory glands and testes increased competitive fertilization success when males mated with females 2 days after the females' initial mating. Moreover, different size fractions of seminal fluid proteins had distinct and partly antagonistic effects on male competitive fertilization success. Collectively, our experiments show that several different seminal fluid proteins, deriving from different parts in the male reproductive tract and of different molecular weight, affect male competitive fertilization success in C. maculatus. Our results highlight the diverse effects of seminal fluid proteins and show that the function of such proteins can be contingent upon female mating status. We also document effects of different size fractions on female mating receptivity and egg laying rates, which can serve as a basis for future efforts to identify the molecular identity of seminal fluid proteins and their function in this model species.
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