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233 results for “sex determination”
Sex-specific splicing of Z- and W-borne nr5a1 alleles suggests sex determination is controlled by chromosome conformation
<p><i>Pogona vitticeps</i> has female heterogamety (ZZ/ZW) but the master sex determining gene is unknown, as is the case for all reptiles. We show that <i>nr5a1</i>, a gene that is essential in mammalian sex determination, has alleles on the Z and W chromosomes (Z-<i>nr5a1</i> and W-<i>nr5a1</i>), which are both expressed and can recombine. Three transcript isoforms of Z-<i>nr5a1</i> were detected in gonads of adult ZZ males, two of which encode a functional protein. However, ZW females produced sixteen isoforms, most of which contained premature stop codons. The array of transcripts produced by the W-borne allele (W-<i>nr5a1</i>) is likely to produce truncated polypeptides that could act as a competitive inhibitor to the full-length intact protein. We hypothesize that an altered configuration of the W chromosomes affects the conformation of the primary transcript generating inhibitory W-borne isoforms that suppress testis determination. Under this hypothesis, the GSD system of <i>P. vitticeps</i> is a W-borne dominant female-determiner that may be controlled epigenetically.</p>
A role for sex determination genes in life history evolution? Doublesex mediates sexual size dimorphism in the gazelle dung beetle
<p>An organism's fitness depends strongly on its age and size at maturation. Although the evolutionary forces acting on these critical life history traits have been heavily scrutinized, the developmental mechanisms underpinning intraspecific variation in adult size and development time remain much less well understood. Using RNA interference, I here show that the highly conserved sex determination gene <i>doublesex </i>(<i>dsx</i>) mediates sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in the gazelle dung beetle <i>Digitonthophagus gazella</i>. Because <i>doublesex</i> undergoes sex-specific splicing and sex-limited isoforms regulate different target genes, this suggests <i>dsx</i> contributes to the resolution of intralocus sexual conflict in body size. However, these results contrast with previous studies demonstrating that <i>dsx </i>does not affect body size or SSD in <i>Drosophila</i>. This indicates that intraspecific body size variation is underlain by different developmental mechanisms in different insect lineages. Furthermore, although male <i>D. gazella</i> have a longer development time than females, sexual bimaturism was not affected by <i>dsx</i> expression knockdown. In addition, and in contrast to secondary sexual morphology, <i>dsx</i> did not significantly affect nutritional plasticity in life history. Taken together, these findings indicate that <i>dsx</i> signaling contributes to intraspecific life history variation but that <i>dsx</i>'s function in sexual dimorphism in life history differs among traits and species. More generally, these findings suggest that genes ancestrally tasked with sex determination have been coopted into the developmental regulation of life history traits and may represent an underappreciated mechanism of life history evolution.</p>
Fig. 1. A in Intersexual Size And Plumage Differences In Tree Sparrows (Passer Montanus) - A Morphological Study Based On Molecular Sex Determination
Fig. 1. A photography of the badge used for measurements; hatched area shows the badge area as measured with the image analyzing software (see text)
Linked collectors and determiners for: Five new species and novel descriptions of opposed sexes of four species of the spider genus Attacobius (Araneae: Corinnidae).
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Five new species and novel descriptions of opposed sexes of four species of the spider genus Attacobius (Araneae: Corinnidae)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/b3b39f39-c823-429d-9354-81c3df099513">https://bionomia.net/dataset/b3b39f39-c823-429d-9354-81c3df099513</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/b3b39f39-c823-429d-9354-81c3df099513">https://gbif.org/dataset/b3b39f39-c823-429d-9354-81c3df099513</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Data from: The genomics of incompatibility factors and sex determination in hybridizing species of Cottus (Pisces)
Cottus rhenanus and Cottus perifretum have formed hybrid lineages and narrow hybrid zones that can be best explained through the action of natural selection. However, the underlying selective forces as well as their genomic targets are not well understood. This study identifies genomic regions in the parental species that cause hybrid incompatibilities and tests whether these manifest in a sex-specific manner to learn about processes that affect natural hybridization in Cottus. Interspecific F2 crosses were analyzed for 255 markers for genetic mapping and to detect transmission distortion as a sign for genetic incompatibilities. The Cottus map consists of 24 linkage groups with a total length of 1575.4 cM. A male heterogametic (XY) sex determination region was found on different linkage groups in the two parental species. Genetic incompatibilities were incomplete, varied among individuals and populations and were not associated with the heterogametic sex. The variance between populations and individuals makes it unlikely that there are species-specific incompatibility loci that could affect the gene pool of natural hybrids in a simple and predictable way. Conserved synteny with sequenced fish genomes permits to genetically study the Cottus genome through the transfer of genomic information from the model fish species. Homology relationships of candidate genomic regions in Cottus indicate that sex determination is not based on the same genomic regions found in other fish species. This suggests a fast evolutionary turnover of the genetic basis of sex determination that, together with the small size of the heterogametic regions, may contribute to the absence of fitness effects related to the Haldane's rule.
Data from: Experimental evolution of the Caenorhabditis elegans sex determination pathway
Sex determination is a critical developmental decision with major ecological and evolutionary consequences, yet a large variety of sex determination mechanisms exist and we have a poor understanding of how they evolve. Theoretical and empirical work suggest that compensatory adaptations to mutations in genes involved in sex determination may play a role in the evolution of these pathways. Here, we directly address this problem using experimental evolution in Caenorhabditis elegans lines fixed for a pair of mutations in two key sex-determining genes that jointly render sex determination temperature-sensitive and cause intersexual (but still weakly to moderately fertile) phenotypes at intermediate temperatures. After fifty generations, evolved lines clearly recovered towards wild-type phenotypes. However, changes in transcript levels of key sex-determining genes in evolved lines cannot explain their partially (or in some cases, nearly completely) rescued phenotypes, implying that wild-type phenotypes can be restored independently of the transcriptional effects of these mutations. Our findings highlight the microevolutionary flexibility of sex determination pathways, and suggest that compensatory adaptation to mutations can elicit novel and unpredictable evolutionary trajectories in these pathways, mirroring the phylogenetic diversity and macroevolutionary dynamics of sex determination mechanisms.
Genome-wide SNP analysis of male and female rice field frogs, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus, supports a non-genetic sex determination system
<p>Sex determination systems (SDSs) in anurans are diverse and have undergone independent evolutionary transitions among species. The mode of sexual reproduction of the rice field frog (<i>Hoplobatrachus rugulosus</i>), an economically viable edible amphibian species, is not well known. Previous studies have proposed that threshold temperature conditions may determine sex in these frogs. To elucidate the SDS in <i>H. rugulosus</i>, we karyotyped 10 male and 12 female frogs, and performed fluorescence <i>in situ</i> hybridization combined with<b> </b>sequencing analyses using DArTseq™. Our results revealed a highly conserved karyotype with no sex chromosome heteromorphism, and the sequencing analyses did not identify any consistent sex-linked loci, supporting the hypothesis of temperature-dependent sex determination. The results of this study, and others, on SDSs in the rice field frog and related species also provides support for the theory that heteromorphic sex chromosomes may lead to an evolutionary trap that prevents variable SDSs. These findings add important information to the body of knowledge on <i>H. rugulosus</i> and are likely to have a significant impact on the productivity and economic success of rice field frog farming.</p>
Figs 40–47. Scatter plots generated through PCA using puparium morphometric characters and differentiating sexes. 40, 41 in Determination of sexual dimorphism in the puparia of four whitefly pest species from India (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Figs 40–47. Scatter plots generated through PCA using puparium morphometric characters and differentiating sexes. 40, 41 – Aleyrodes sp.; 42, 43 – Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889); 44, 45 – Dialeurodes delhiensis Dialeurodes delhiensis David & Sundararaj, 1992; 46, 47 – Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, 1856.
Insularity determines nestling sex ratio variation in Egyptian vulture populations
<p>Excel dataset</p>
Data from: Evolution of sex determination loci in Atlantic salmon
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Data from: Introgression maintains the genetic integrity of the sex-determining chromosome of the fungus Neurospora tetrasperma
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Data from: Single locus sex determination and female heterogamety in the basket willow (Salix viminalis L.)
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Data from: Effects of inbreeding on a gregarious parasitoid wasp with complementary sex determination
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Data from: The evolution of sex determination associated with a chromosomal inversion
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Data from: Population structure leads to male-biased population sex ratios under environmental sex determination
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Data from: Trans-species variation in Dmrt1 is associated with sex determination in four European tree-frog species
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Data from: A dense linkage map of Lake Victoria cichlids improved the Pundamilia genome assembly and revealed a major QTL for sex-determination
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Data from: Host sex and age typically explain variation in parasitism of Rock Ptarmigan: implications for identifying determinants of exposure and susceptibility
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Data from: Intrinsic differences between males and females determine sex-specific consequences of inbreeding
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Data from: Sex matters in massive parallel sequencing: Evidence for biases in genetic parameter estimation and investigation of sex determination systems
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OpenNeuro
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