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Fig. 5 in Sexual dimorphism in the Bathonian morphoceratid ammonite Polysphinctites tenuiplicatus

Fig. 5. Morphoceratid ammonite Polysphinctites tenuiplicatus (Brauns, 1865) [M] and [m] showing successive growth stages, Lower Bathonian, Polysphinctites tenuiplicatus Zone, Polish Jura, Kawodrza Górna (A–N) and Faustianka (O). A. GIUS 8-2592, juvenile with beginning of body chamber; natural size (A1), enlargement (A2). B–H. Microconchs, males. B. GIUS 8-2590. C. GIUS 8-2594. D. GIUS 8-2611, lateral (D1) and apertural (D2) views. E. GIUS 8-2646. F. GIUS 8-2593. G. GIUS 8-2640. H. GIUS 8-2622. I–O. Macroconchs, females. I. GIUS 8-2608, lateral (I1) and apertural (I2) views. J. GIUS 8-2703. K. GIUS 8-2687. L. GIUS 8-2717. M. GIUS 8-2710. N. GIUS 8-2733. O. GIUS 8-2715. H, O, examples of complete adult specimens with peristome. The asterisks indicate the last septum. All natural size, except A2.

Fig. 3. A in Sexual dimorphism in the Bathonian morphoceratid ammonite Polysphinctites tenuiplicatus

Fig. 3. A. Dimensions considered for description of the ammonite morphology. D, diameter; H1, whorl height; H2, ventral (or apertural) whorl height; U, umbilical width; W, whorl width. B. Comparative representation of the ontogenies of the sexual dimorphs with indication of the developmental stages (K0, K1, and K2) considered for statistical comparison of the ontogenies (definitions in the text). All values representing the studied material.

Fig. 2 in Sexual dimorphism in the Bathonian morphoceratid ammonite Polysphinctites tenuiplicatus

Fig. 2. Schematic sections outcropping at Kawodrza Górna and Faustianka, with correlation of the Lower Bathonian (Polysphinctites tenuiplicatus Zone) am- monite-bearing concretion level.

Fig. 1. A in Sexual dimorphism in the Bathonian morphoceratid ammonite Polysphinctites tenuiplicatus

Fig. 1. A. Geological sketch-map of Poland with the investigated part of the Polish Jura area (PJ). B. Part of the Polish Jura area showing the sampled localities at Kawodrza Górna and Faustianka. Sketch-maps showing the localities of the sampled Lower Bathonian deposits at Faustianka (C) and Kawodrza Górna (D), modified after Zatoń (2010a, b).

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Fig. 4. Allometric relationships among bone measurements concerning four sexually dimorphic skeletal ratios. A in New information on sexual dimorphism and allometric growth in Keichousaurus hui, a pachypleurosaur from the Middle Triassic of Guizhou, South China

Fig. 4. Allometric relationships among bone measurements concerning four sexually dimorphic skeletal ratios. A. Humerus length vs. snout-vent length. B. Femur length vs. snout-vent length. C. Humerus vs. femur length. D. Maximum vs. minimum width of humerus.

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Fig. 1 in New information on sexual dimorphism and allometric growth in Keichousaurus hui, a pachypleurosaur from the Middle Triassic of Guizhou, South China

Fig. 1. General appearance of typical individuals of pachypleurosaur Keichousaurus hui Young, 1958, late Ladinian of Middle Triassic Xingyi, Guizhou Province. The sexually dimorphic features of the forelimb are marked by black ellipses. A. WS 28-R5, female. B. WS 30-R39, male.

Fig. 5 in Sexual dimorphism in perissodactyl rhinocerotid Chilotherium wimani from the late Miocene of the Linxia Basin (Gansu, China)

Fig. 5. Sexual dimorphic scatter plots of Chilotherium wimani. A. Occipital surface. B. Occipital surface area. C. Mandible. D. Length of upper molar teeth.

Fig. 3 in Sexual dimorphism in perissodactyl rhinocerotid Chilotherium wimani from the late Miocene of the Linxia Basin (Gansu, China)

Fig. 3. Tusks (i2) and symphyses of perissodactyl rhinocerotid Chilotherium wimani Ringström, 1924 (Liushu Formation, late Miocene, Linxia Basin, Gansu, China). A. Female (HMV 1450). B. Male (HMV 0746).

Fig. 2 in Sexual dimorphism in perissodactyl rhinocerotid Chilotherium wimani from the late Miocene of the Linxia Basin (Gansu, China)

Fig. 2. Skulls of perissodactyl rhinocerotid Chilotherium wimani Ringström, 1924 (Liushu Formation, late Miocene, Linxia Basin, Gansu, China) with articulated mandibles. A. Female (HMV 1426). B. Male (HMV 1451).

Fig. 4 in Sexual dimorphism in perissodactyl rhinocerotid Chilotherium wimani from the late Miocene of the Linxia Basin (Gansu, China)

Fig. 4 Sexual dimorphism in tusks (i2s) and symphyses of Chilotherium wimani. A. Tusks. B. Symphyses.

Fig. 1 in Sexual dimorphism in perissodactyl rhinocerotid Chilotherium wimani from the late Miocene of the Linxia Basin (Gansu, China)

Fig. 1. Map of the Linxia Basin showing the fossil localities (triangles) where Chilotherium wimani were found.

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Fig. 2. Oepikellid ostracods from Palaeozoic erratic boulders. A in Sexual dimorphism and pore systems in Ordovician ostracodes

Fig. 2. Oepikellid ostracods from Palaeozoic erratic boulders. A. Holotype of the type species of the oepikellid ostracod Levisulculus, Levisulculus lineatus Jaanusson, 1957 (UM T89), female left valve, length (L) 0.89 mm. B. Holotype of Primitia extraria Öpik, 1937 (TUG 1120−1; Kukruse Stage, Estonia), tecnomorphic right valve, L 0.88 mm. C. Holotype of Primitia troedssoni Thorslund, 1940 (UM T10), tecnomorphic right valve, L 0.79 mm. D. Holotype of Primitia granulosa Thorslund, 1940 (UM T11), tecnomorphic right valve, L 0.86 mm (Jaanusson 1957: pl. 8: 12, Öpik 1937: pl. 10: 19, Thorslund 1940: pl. 1: 16, 13). E–H. Primitia elongata obliqua Steusloff, 1895: type series, all tecnomorphic valves embedded in rock. Geschiebe (glacial erratic boulder) from Neubrandenburg. E. Lectotype GG 114−27, left valve, L 1.16 mm (without velum). F. GG 114−26, right valve, L 1.07 mm. G. GG 114−28, right valve, L 0.99 mm (without velum). H. GG 114−29, right valve, L 0.82 mm. I. Primitia canaliculata Steusloff, 1895, holotype GG 114−25, steinkern of a juvenile right valve embedded in rock, L 0.70 mm, same erratic boulder.

FIGURE 10 in The taxonomic status of the genus Hubertoceras Spath: A new light on sexual dimorphism from the Callovian ammonites of Kutch, India

FIGURE 10. Parallel evolution of the species level for the genus Sivajiceras is plotted. Note that both M and m within the lineage show parallel evolutionary trends. Sources are: Waagen, 1875; Spath, 1931; Collignon, 1958; Callomon, 1993; Dutta and Bardhan, 2016.

FIGURE 11 in The taxonomic status of the genus Hubertoceras Spath: A new light on sexual dimorphism from the Callovian ammonites of Kutch, India

FIGURE 11. Parallel evolution of the species level for the genus Obtusicostites is plotted. Note that both M and m within the lineage show parallel evolutionary trends. Sources are: same as in Figure 10.

FIGURE 9 in The taxonomic status of the genus Hubertoceras Spath: A new light on sexual dimorphism from the Callovian ammonites of Kutch, India

FIGURE 9. Parallel evolution of median values of different morphological characters for three successive genera (including M and m) within Sivajiceratinae is plotted. Note that both M and m within the lineage show parallel evolutionary trends. D, U, W, and H are the same as in Figure 4. P= Primary rib (per half whorl) and S= Secondary rib (per half whorl). The dark horizontal line in the middle of the each box represents the median values, top frame of the box represents 75th percentile, bottom frame of the box represents 25th percentile and the bars at the end of vertical lines represent the minimum and the maximum data values without outliers (open circles). Sources are: Waagen, 1875; Spath, 1931; Collignon, 1958; Dutta and Bardhan, 2016.

FIGURE 8 in The taxonomic status of the genus Hubertoceras Spath: A new light on sexual dimorphism from the Callovian ammonites of Kutch, India

FIGURE 8. Transverse sections (body chamber hatched) of adult shells. 1. Obtusicostites obtusicosta (M). 2. Hubertoceras omphalodes (m). Note, for 1 and 2, overall similarity of whorl sections and depressed inner whorls with rounded umbilical edge. Septal sutural patterns. 3. Obtusicostites obtusicosta (M) at diameter 150 mm, redrawn from Waagen (1875, plate 38, figure 2). 4. Hubertoceras omphalodes (m) at diameter 48 mm, redrawn from Waagen (1875, plate 38, figure 4c). Scale bar equals 20 mm.

FIGURE 7 in The taxonomic status of the genus Hubertoceras Spath: A new light on sexual dimorphism from the Callovian ammonites of Kutch, India

FIGURE 7. Bivariate growth graphs between Hubertoceras omphalodes and macroconchs of the subfamily Sivajiceratinae. Maximum homogeneity of points is shown between Obtusicostites obtusicosta and Hubertoceras omphalodes. D=Diameter of the shell, U=Umbilical diameter, W=Width of the whorl and H=Height of the whorl. Measurements are taken at different ontogenetic stages of the specimens to accommodate intraspecific range of variability of each species. Photos are not to scale.

FIGURE 6 in The taxonomic status of the genus Hubertoceras Spath: A new light on sexual dimorphism from the Callovian ammonites of Kutch, India

FIGURE 6. Bivariate growth graphs between Hubertoceras omphalodes and macroconchs of all contemporary (middle Callovian) species of different genera i.e., Reineckia anceps, Choffatia cobra, Idiocycloceras perisphinctoides and Indosphinctes sp. Cluster of morphological characters of Hubertoceras are separated from those of other genera. D=Diameter of the shell, U=Umbilical diameter, W=Width of the whorl and H=Height of the whorl. Measurements are taken at different ontogenetic stages of the specimens to accommodate intraspecific range of variability of each species. Photos are not to scale.

FIGURE 5. Supposed antidimorphic pairs within the subfamily Sivajiceratinae. 1-2 in The taxonomic status of the genus Hubertoceras Spath: A new light on sexual dimorphism from the Callovian ammonites of Kutch, India

FIGURE 5. Supposed antidimorphic pairs within the subfamily Sivajiceratinae. 1-2. Sivajiceras paramorphum (M, JUM /SP/2, bed 7, lower Callovian of Jumara and m, JUM/SP/22, bed 2, lower Callovian of Keera). 3-4. Kinkeliniceras angygaster (M. JUM/KA/1, locality/stratigraphy unknown; m. JUM/KA/5, Medisar, Jura). 5-6. Obtusicostites obtusicosta (M, JUM/OO/1, bed 11, middle Callovian of Jumara and m, JUM/OO/14, locality/stratigraphy unknown). 'x' indicates the end of phragmocone. Small arrow indicates the presence of lappets. Scale bars=20 mm. The sources are: Jana et al. (2000, 2005) for stratigraphic information and Dutta and Bardhan (2016) for taxonomy.

FIGURE 4 in The taxonomic status of the genus Hubertoceras Spath: A new light on sexual dimorphism from the Callovian ammonites of Kutch, India

FIGURE 4. Different sexual dimorphic ammonites (non-Sivajiceratinae) contemporary to Hubertoceras during the middle Callovian in Kutch. Sexual Dimorphism among these species is well established and the pairs have been shown to be connected by large arrows. 1-2. Reineckia anceps (M, JUM/R/90, bed 6, middle Callovian of Keera and m, JUM/R/44, bed 9, middle Callovian of Jumara, respectively). 3-4. Choffatia cobra (M, JUM 33, bed 7, lower Callovian of Jumara and m, JUM 38, bed 7, lower Callovian of Jumara respectively). 5-6. Idiocycloceras perisphinctoides (M, JUM 450, bed 8, middle Callovian of Jura and m, JUM 270, bed 6, middle Callovian of Keera respectively). 7. J Indosphinctes sp. (M, JUM/IS/01, bed 11, middle Callovian of Jumara). Beds are following Jana et al. (2000, 2005). Note that microconch of Indosphinctes is still unknown. 'x' indicates the end of phragmocone. Small arrow indicates presence of lappets. Scale bar equals 20 mm. The sources are: Jana et al., 2005; Kayal, 2009; Bardhan et al., 2012, Dutta and Bardhan, 2016.