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Figure 14 in Phylogeny of the deep-sea cirripede family Scalpellidae (Crustacea, Thoracica) based on shell capitular plate morphology
Figure 14. Cladogram of 23 extant species of Scalpellidae, a consensus tree based on heuristic, unconstrained analysis (PAUP) of 61 shell-plate characters. Nodes numbered, bootstrap support values shown. Numbers of character changes at nodes 3, 6, 9, and 11 are shown; note the major change crownwards of Arcoscalpellum sociabile, at which 27 changes (node 6) occur. Taxa close to Diotascalpellum rubrum [Diotascalpellum angustatum (Geinitz, 1843)] appeared at about 105 Mya, and Catherinum at 75 Mya. This suggests that much of the evolutionary diversification of the family had occurred before the end of the Cretaceous. Molecular groups A and B of Lin et al. (2015: fig. 3) correspond exactly with the Scalpellinae and Amigdoscalpellinae. Abbreviations, Amigdo, Amigdoscalpellum; Arco, Arcoscalpellum; Gavi, Gaviscalpellum; Regio, Regioscalpellum; Dio, Diotascalpellum.
Figure 19. Fossil and recent Catherinum. C–K, N–Q, T, V in Phylogeny of the deep-sea cirripede family Scalpellidae (Crustacea, Thoracica) based on shell capitular plate morphology
Figure 19. Fossil and recent Catherinum. C–K, N–Q, T, V, Catherinum anglicum sp. nov., Upper Campanian, Belemnitella mucronata zone, Keswick, Norwich, UK; (O) is the holotype, the other specimens are paratypes. C, D, F, G, carinolatera in external (C, D, F) and internal (G, H) aspects (C, NHMUK IC 1203; D, 1204; F–G, 1206; H, 1208). E, transverse section of carina (NHMUK IC 1205); I, T, dorsal view of carinae (NHMUK IC 1209, 1216); P, lateral view of carina (NHMUK IC 1214); V, internal view of base of carina (NHMUK IC 1217); J, K, O, internal views of scuta, to show large pit for dwarf males (NHMUK IC 1210, 1211, 1213); N, external view of scutum (NHMUK IC 1212); Q, external view of tergum (NHMUK IC 1215). A, B, L, M, R, S, U, Catherinum hispidum (G.O. Sars, 1890). Recent, Norwegian Sea. A, B, carinolatus in external and internal views. L, M, external and internal views of scutum. R, external view of tergum. S, U, dorsal and internal views of carina. Scale bars: S, U, V, 1 mm; A–D, F, G, K–O, Q, R, T, 0.5 mm; E, H, P, 0.2 mm.
Figure 13 in Phylogeny of the deep-sea cirripede family Scalpellidae (Crustacea, Thoracica) based on shell capitular plate morphology
Figure 13. Carinolatera: A, B, Arcoscalpellum pedunculatum (Hoek, 1883); C, Arcoscalpellum regina (Pilsbry, 1907); D, E, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); F, Arcoscalpellum quadratum (Dixon, 1850), London Clay, Eocene, Minster, Sheppey, Kent, UK (original of Withers, 1953, pl. 26, fig. 13), NHMUK In. 34504; G, H, Regioscalpellum regium (Thomson, 1873); I, J, Regioscalpellum darwini (Hoek, 1883); K, L, Diotascalpellum rubrum (Hoek, 1883); M, N, Diotascalpellum gigas (Hoek, 1883); O, P, Arcuatoscalpellum arcuatum (Darwin, 1851b), Albian, Gault Clay, Paddlesworth, Kent, NHMUK In. 61368; Q, R, Cretiscalpellum striatum (Darwin, 1851b), Campanian chalk, Norwich, UK. NHMUK IC 1198. Comparative morphology of carinolatus in out-group Cretiscalpellum and Scalpellinae to illustrate morphological variation and phylogenetic trends. Note the overall progression in morphology from the out-group (Q, R), through Arcuatoscalpellum arcuatum (P, Q), to Diotascalpellum (D. rubrum, K, L), involving differentiation of the inframedian latus surface. In the more derived R. regium (G, H), R. darwini (I, J), and R. gigas (M, N) the umbo is incurved, has migrated to a more dorsal position, and a low internal shelf has developed adjacent to the upper latus. In Arcoscalpellum (Arcoscalpellum michelottianum, D, E; Arcoscalpellum quadratum, F), the umbo is more incurved, the apex subapical, and a upper latus surface has developed (see Fig. 10 for nomenclature). Scale bars: A–I, M, N, 1 mm; K, L, O–R, 0.5 mm.
Figure 9 in Phylogeny of the deep-sea cirripede family Scalpellidae (Crustacea, Thoracica) based on shell capitular plate morphology
Figure 9. Receptacles for dwarf males on the interior of scuta. A, Scalpellum scalpellum (Linnaeus, 1767), note deep oval depression adjacent to umbo. B, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876), in which receptacle is long and shallow; compare with Buhl-Mortensen & Høeg 2006). C, Amigdaloscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898), with a shallow V-shaped depression. Catherinum novaezelandiae (Hoek, 1883) has a deep, sharply defined receptacle in an apical position. Position of dwarf male receptacles/attachment sites indicated. See Table 1 for localities for extant taxa. Scale bars: B, 5 mm; A, 1 mm; and C, D, 0.5 mm.
Figure 8 in Phylogeny of the deep-sea cirripede family Scalpellidae (Crustacea, Thoracica) based on shell capitular plate morphology
Figure 8. Scalpellid scuta and terga. Scuta: A, E, Arcoscalpellum sociabile (Annandale, 1905); B, F, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898); C, G, Catherinum hispidum (G.O. Sars, 1890); D, H, Weltnerium stroemii M. Sars, 1859). Terga: I, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); J, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum; K, Catherinum hispidum; L, Weltnerium stroemii. See Table 1 for details of localities. Note the overall progression of morphological change from left to right in the shape of the scutum, with the basal–occludent angle becoming more acute, and the basal–upper latus angle more obtuse, leading to a more trapezoidal outline. Additionally, a small tergal surface develops, and the umbo becomes incurved, and the dwarf male receptacles become larger and better defined. The terga change from an oval– rhombic outline (I) to a right triangular one (J–L), the ventral margin has developed a narrow supracarinal surface (scs), with an inflexion where the tip of the carina rests against the carinal margin. See Table 1 for details of localities. Scale bars: K, 2 mm; A, E, F, J, M, N, 1 mm; B–I, L, 0.5 mm.
Figure 11 in Phylogeny of the deep-sea cirripede family Scalpellidae (Crustacea, Thoracica) based on shell capitular plate morphology
Figure 11. Evolution of rostra and rostrolateral plate morphology, ventral side: A–D, Amigdoscalpellum truncatum (Hoek, 1883); H, Arcoscalpellum sociabile (Annandale, 1905); I–L, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); M–P, Regioscalpellum regium (Thomson, 1873); Q–T, Diotascalpellum rubrum (Hoek, 1883). Rostrum in ventral (rostral) aspect (A, E, I, M, Q); rostrolatus in external (C, G, K, O, S) and internal (B, F, J, N, R) views. Basal capitulum in ventral (rostral) aspect (D, H, L, P, T). Note similarity of plesiomorphic taxa (E–T), in which the rostrolatus is broad and low, and the rostrum is trapezoidal to triangular and chunky. The rostrolatera do not contact over the midline in these taxa. Note striking morphological differences in the more derived Amigdoscalpellum truncatum (A–D), in which the rostrolatus is narrower and taller, the plates meet over the midline, and the rostrum is tiny, tall, rhomboidal, and almost completely covered by the rostrolatera. The rostral articulation only extends over half of the rostrolatus (see also Fig. 10C, H, I). Scale bars: L, P, 2 mm; B–D, F–H, J, K, N, O, T, 1 mm; A, I, M, R, S, 0.5 mm; and E, Q, 0.2 mm.
Figure 6 in Phylogeny of the deep-sea cirripede family Scalpellidae (Crustacea, Thoracica) based on shell capitular plate morphology
Figure 6. Evolution of lateral plate morphology, dorsal side: A–E, Amigdoscalpellum truncatum (Hoek, 1883); F–J, Arcoscalpellum sociabile (Annandale, 1905); K–O, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); P–T, Regioscalpellum regium (Thomson, 1873); U–Y, Diotascalpellum rubrum (Hoek, 1883). External aspect of carinolatus (A, F, K, P, U); interior of carinolatus (B, G, L, Q, V); external view of inframedian latus (C, H, M, R, W), interior of inframedian latus (D, I, N, S, X); dorsal (carinal) view of capitulum (E, J, O, T, Y). See Table 1 for details of localities. Note the migration of the position of the carinolatus umbo from apical to nearly basal, the progressive incurvature of the umbo, and the development of an upper latus surface. The lower four species are assigned to the Scalpellinae, the uppermost one to the Amigdaloscalpellinae. Scale bars: A–E, J, K–T, Y, 1 mm; F–I, U–X, 0.5 mm.
Figure 4 in Phylogeny of the deep-sea cirripede family Scalpellidae (Crustacea, Thoracica) based on shell capitular plate morphology
Figure 4. Comparative morphology of out-group and basal scalpellid. A, B, Cretiscalpellum aptiensis Withers, 1935, capitulum, in lateral and carinal aspects. Bargate Stone, upper Aptian, Shackleford, Surrey, UK. Holotype, BGS 49533 (original of Withers, 1935, pl. 13, fig. 1). C–L, Cretiscalpellum striatum (Darwin, 1851b): C, carina (NHMUK IC 1191); D, F, rostrum NHMUK IC 1192); E, subcarina (NHMUK IC 1193); G, scutum NHMUK IC 1194); H, tergum (NHMUK IC 1195); I, carinolatus (NHMUK IC 1196); J, subcarinolatus (NHMUK IC 1197); K, inframedian latus (NHMUK IC 1199); L, upper latus (NHMUK IC 1200). Upper Campanian, Upper Chalk, Keswick, Norwich, UK. M–S, Arcuatoscalpellum arcuatum (Darwin, 1851b). M, exterior of rostrolatus (NHMUK IC 1221). N, exterior of scutum (NHMUK IC 12222). O, P, carinolatus (original of Collins, 1974, pl. 11, fig. 10, NHMUK In. 61368). Q, tergum (original of Collins, 1965, pl. 90, fig. 12, NHMUK In. 64259). R, S, carina in carinal and lateral aspect (NHMUK In. 1754). M, N, Upper Albian, Gault Clay. M, cristatum subzone (Bed 8i), Folkestone, Kent. O–Q, orbignyi subzone, Paddlesworth, Kent. R, S, Dunton Green, Kent. Note similarities in sculpture and overall valve morphology; the taxa differ importantly in the presence of a subcarina and subcarinolatus in Cretiscalpellum; these are absent from Arcuatoscalpellum gen. nov. Scale bars: A–B, 10 mm; N, Q, 5 mm; R, S, 2 mm; C, G, H, O, P, 1 mm; D–F, I–M, 0.5 mm.
Figure 7 in Phylogeny of the deep-sea cirripede family Scalpellidae (Crustacea, Thoracica) based on shell capitular plate morphology
Figure 7. Evolution of lateral plate morphology, dorsal side: A–E, Weltnerium stroemii (M. Sars, 1859); F–J, Weltnerium nymphocola (Hoek, 1883); K–O, Catherinum novazelandiae (Hoek, 1883); P–T, Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877); U–Y, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898). External aspect of carinolatus (A, F, K, P, U); interior of carinolatus (B, G, L, Q, V); external view of inframedian latus (C, H, M, R, W); dorsal (carinal) view of basal capitulum (D, I, N, S, X); enlarged lateral view of basal capitulum (E, J, O, T, Y). Note the changes in the nature of the articulation between the carinolatera of a pair (interpenetrant, X; opposed double articulation, D, I, N, S) and those in the shape of the inframedian latus (triangular, W; waisted hourglass, M, R; pentagonal, C, H). See Table 1 for details of localities. Scale bars: A–C, F–H, M, P-R, U–V, 0.5 mm; D, E, I, J, N, O, S, T, X, Y, 1 mm.
Figure 3 in Phylogeny of the deep-sea cirripede family Scalpellidae (Crustacea, Thoracica) based on shell capitular plate morphology
Figure 3. Lateral aspects of Amigdoscalpellinae: A, Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877); B, Catherinum recurvitergum (Gruvel, 1900); C, Catherinum novaezelandiae (Hoek, 1883). D, Weltnerium nymphocola (Hoek, 1883); E, Amigdaloscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898); F, Amigdaloscalpellum truncatum (Hoek, 1883); G, Amigdaloscalpellum sculptum (Hoek, 1907) H, Weltnerium stroemii (M. Sars, 1859). See Table 1 for localities. Scale bars: 5 mm.
Figure 12 in Phylogeny of the deep-sea cirripede family Scalpellidae (Crustacea, Thoracica) based on shell capitular plate morphology
Figure 12. Evolution of rostra and rostrolatera plate morphology, ventral side: A–D, Weltnerium stroemii (G.O. Sars, 1859); E–H, Weltnerium nymphocola (Hoek, 1883); I–L, Catherinum novazelandiae (Hoek, 1883); M–P, Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877); Q–T, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898), rostrum in ventral rostral aspect (A, E, I, M, Q); rostrolatus in external (B, F, J, N, R) and internal (C, G, K, O, S) views. Basal capitulum in ventral (rostral) aspect (D, H, L, P, T). The rostrum is tiny, with only a small external face (I, M, Q) in more basal taxa. In the most derived taxa, the central ridge has an external surface over the height of the plate (A, B). Scale bars: A–D, F–H, J–L, N–P, R–T, 0.5 mm; E, I, M, Q, 0.2 mm.
Figure 5 in Phylogeny of the deep-sea cirripede family Scalpellidae (Crustacea, Thoracica) based on shell capitular plate morphology
Figure 5. Scalpellidae to show polymetric development of valves. A–G, ontogenetic sequence of Scalpellum stearnsi Pilsbry, 1890, with progressive development of polymetric outgrowths on the carina (ip, intraparietes), upper latus, inframedian latus, and finally the scutum (G), shown in green. This growth pattern has the effect of moving the umbones to a subapical position (e.g. su, scutal umbo; cu, carinal umbo in G). A–F are modified after Withers (1953: figs 13–19). B, Arcoscalpellum quadratum (Dixon, 1850), inframedian latus, Eocene, Ypresian, London Clay, Sheppey, Kent, UK, showing subepidermal polymetric outgrowth, forming a contact with the scutum and upper latus (NHMUK In. 3440). Note the difference in surface sculpture between the external surface and the outgrowth. C, inframedian latus, Weltnerium nymphocola (Hoek, 1883), in which the polymetric portion of the plate (green) is flush with the rest of the plate, and has an identical sculpture. D, E, carina of Virgiscalpellum sp. nov., upper Campanian, Keswick Pit, Norwich, Norfolk, UK (Wood, 1988), to show polymetric intraparietes (green), which differs in sculpture from the parietal and tectal surface. F, G, carina of Virgiscalpellum beisseli (Bosquet and Müller, in Bosquet, 1857), in which the tectum, parietes, and intraparietes all have an identical sculpture of coarse radial ribs. Same locality. Scale bars: A, 5 mm; B–G, 1 mm.
Figure 15. A, E, L–P in Phylogeny of the deep-sea cirripede family Scalpellidae (Crustacea, Thoracica) based on shell capitular plate morphology
Figure 15. A, E, L–P, Scalpellum stearnsi (Pilsbry, 1890): A, capitulum, in lateral aspect; E, rostrum, in ventral aspect; J, K, exterior and interior of carinolatus; L, M, exterior and interior of rostrolatus; N, interior of scutum. B–D, F–K, Scalpellum scalpellum (Linnaeus, 1776): B, capitulum, in lateral aspect; C, ventral (rostral) view of base of capitulum; D, dorsal (carinal) view of base of capitulum; F, rostrum in ventral aspect; G, H, rostrolatus, exterior and interior views; I, interior of scutum; O, P, carinolatus, external and internal views. See Table 1 for localities and details. Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B, N, 5 mm; C, D, 2 mm; G–M, O, P, 1 mm; E, 0.5 mm; F, 0.2 mm.
Figure 2. A–E, H in Phylogeny of the deep-sea cirripede family Scalpellidae (Crustacea, Thoracica) based on shell capitular plate morphology
Figure 2. A–E, H, Scalpellinae in lateral aspect: A, Diotascalpellum rubrum (Hoek, 1883); B, Regioscalpellum regium (Thomson, 1873); C, Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876); D, Arcoscalpellum sociabile (Annandale, 1905); E, Arcoscalpellum regina (Pilsbry, 1907); F–H, Graviscalpellum pedunculatum (Hoek, 1883); F, ventral (rostral) aspect; G, dorsal (carinal) view; H, lateral view. See Table 1 for details of localities etc. Scale bars: 5 mm.
Figure 1 in Phylogeny of the deep-sea cirripede family Scalpellidae (Crustacea, Thoracica) based on shell capitular plate morphology
Figure 1. Morphology and nomenclature of the scalpellid capitulum, and constituent carina, tergum, and scutum. A–C, I, Amigdoscalpellum truncatum (Hoek, 1883): A, dorsal (carinal) view; B, lateral view; and C, ventral (rostral) view. D, E, carina of Catherinum striolatum (G.O. Sars, 1877) in dorsal and lateral aspect. F, G, scutum of Weltnerium stroemii (M. Sars, 1859) in internal and external views, respectively. H, Amigdoscalpellum rigidum (Aurivillius, 1898), tergum in external aspect. For abbreviations, see Table 2. For details of localities etc., see Table 1. Scale bars: A–C, 5 mm; D–I, 1 mm.
Figure 3 in Morphological convergence of shell shape in distantly related scallop species (Mollusca: Pectinidae)
Figure 3. Principal component plot of shell shape variation for specimens used in this study. The first three principal component (PC) axes explain 75.8% of the total variation in shell shape (PC1 = 57.3%; PC2 = 11.6%; PC3 = 6.9%). (A) Shape variation along PC1 and PC2 with photographs of representative individuals for each species. Scale bars = 1 cm. (B) Shape variation along PC1 and PC3. Species are designated as: Amusium pleuronectes (blue squares), 'Amusium' balloti (blue circles), Argopecten irradians (red squares), Argopecten purpuratus (red circles), Chlamys behringiana (green triangles), Caribachlamys sentis (green diamonds), Pseudamussium septemradiatus (white inverted triangles).
Figure 2 in Morphological convergence of shell shape in distantly related scallop species (Mollusca: Pectinidae)
Figure 2. Maximum likelihood estimation of ancestral behaviours using a symmetrical likelihood model (Mk1) on an independently derived multigene Bayesian majority-rule consensus tree. Pie diagrams show character states and their proportion at each node. Taxa highlighted in blue represent long-distance swimming species; taxa in bold represent the seven species examined in our quantitative morphometric analyses of shell shape.
Figure 1 in Morphological convergence of shell shape in distantly related scallop species (Mollusca: Pectinidae)
Figure 1. Three-dimensional surface scan of the left valve of a representative scallop, with the positions of 506 landmarks and semilandmarks indicated. Fixed landmarks are shown as numbered, open circles (Landmark 1: ventroposterior auricle, 2: dorsoposterior auricle, 3: umbo, 4: dorsoanterior auricle, 5: ventroanterior auricle), semilandmarks along the ventral edge of the valve are shown as closed circles, and surface semilandmarks on the scallop valve are shown as grey circles. Dorso-ventral and antero-posterior axes are provided.
Figure 8 in Tracking parallel adaptation of shell morphology through geological times in the land snail genus Pupilla (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Pupillidae)
Figure 8. Phylogenetic tree based on COI. 50% majority rule consensus tree from Bayesian analysis with posterior probabilities/bootstrap support values (from maximum likelihood analysis). Sample abbreviations and groups of samples are given in Tables 1 and 3.
Figure 11 in Tracking parallel adaptation of shell morphology through geological times in the land snail genus Pupilla (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Pupillidae)
Figure 11. Pupa muscorum var. pratensis. Series of four shells from type locality Dinkelscherben near Augsburg (Germany) in frontal and lateral view. A, neotype SMNS-ZI0138339. B–D, SMNS-ZI0138341.
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