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549 results for “species extinction”
Codes for simulation and data for: The relationship between local and regional extinction rates depends on species distribution patterns
<p>The rapid loss of biodiversity poses a great threat to ecosystem functions and services. Credible estimation of species extinction rates is essential for understanding the magnitude of biodiversity loss and for informing conservation, but this has been a challenge because estimated extinctions are unverifiable due to the lack of data. In this study, we investigated the relationship between local and regional extinctions and assessed the effects of range size, spatial segregation, and patchiness of species distribution on this local-regional extinction relationship. We found that regional extinction rates had a convex relationship with local extinction rates, that is, the regional extinction rate was most likely to be lower than the average local rate. The regional rates deviated from local rates as the sampling area decreased. The difference between local and regional extinction rates (local-regional extinction difference) became larger if a higher number of species had larger range sizes and patchiness. We also detected that there were interactive effects among these factors. Species segregation had a weak positive relationship with the local-regional extinction difference if more species had relatively large range sizes. As the sampling areas increased, the range size showed smaller positive effects on local-regional differences, but patchiness showed larger positive effects. The local-regional extinction relationship of this study provides insights into the spatial scaling of biodiversity loss and offers some important cues for estimating regional extinctions from local data in future studies.</p>
Figure 33 in Extinct or extant? A new species of Termitodius Wasmann, 1894, (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Rhyparini) with a short review of the genus
Figure 33. Distribution of Termitodius species.
Figure 26. Large copal piece with about 100 T in Extinct or extant? A new species of Termitodius Wasmann, 1894, (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Rhyparini) with a short review of the genus
Figure 26. Large copal piece with about 100 T. woodruffi paratypes (FSCA).
Fig. 1 in A New Species Of The Extinct Ant Genus Electromyrmex (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)
Fig. 1. Electromyrmex wheeleri sp. n., holotype male, body in lateral view (photo by E. Martynova).
Fig. 3 in A New Species Of The Extinct Ant Genus Electromyrmex (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)
Fig. 3. Electromyrmex wheeleri sp. n., paratype male, body in lateral view.
Data for: Reliable biogeography requires fossils: Insights from a new species-level phylogeny of extinct and living carnivores
<p>A central objective of historical biogeography is to understand where clades originated and how they moved across space and over time. However, given the dynamic history of ecosystem changes in response to climate change and geologic events, the manifold long-distance dispersals over evolutionary timescales, and regional and global extinctions, it remains uncertain how reliable inferences based solely on extant taxa can be achieved. Using a novel species-level phylogeny of all known extant and extinct species of the mammalian order Carnivora and related extinct groups, we show that far more precise and accurate ancestral areas can be estimated by fully integrating extinct species into the analyses, rather than solely relying on extant species or identifying ancestral areas only based on the geography of the oldest fossils. Through a series of simulations, we further show that this conclusion is robust under realistic scenarios in which the unknown extinct taxa represent a biased subset of all extinct species. Our results highlight the importance of integrating fossil taxa into a phylogenetic framework to further improve our understanding of historical biogeography and reveal the dynamic dispersal and diversification history of carnivores.</p>
The counteracting effects of human-driven speciation and extinction on mammal species richness and phylogenetic diversity
<p><span>Human activities are causing massive increases in extinction rates, but may also lead to drastic increases in speciation rates – for example following the human-mediated spread of species to otherwise unreachable landmasses. The long-term net anthropogenic effects on biodiversity, therefore, remain uncertain. The aim of this paper is to assess the combined anthropogenic effects of extinctions and speciations on biodiversity over geological time scales. </span><span>We estimate known anthropogenic and predicted future extinctions based on Red List categories from the International Union for Conservation of Nature. We infer potential anthropogenic speciations assuming that all introductions to isolated landmasses will over time evolve into distinct species. We then estimate changes in regional and global species richness and phylogenetic diversity due to these extinctions and speciations. </span><span>We show that if all species introduced into new landmasses develop into new species, the number of anthropogenic speciation and extinctions eventually become similar</span><span>. However, even after accounting for an anthropogenic increase in speciation, our estimates suggest recovery times for phylogenetic diversity of several million years</span><span>. </span><span>Our results highlight that while humans are causing drastic biodiversity losses, human-driven speciation could eventually counterbalance these losses in species numbers, while phylogenetic diversity at least within our simulation scenarios would remain permanently reduced. This conclusion, however, requires our pressures on biodiversity to cease soon and requires us to consider geological timescales rather than changes over this century.</span></p>
A global map of species at risk of extinction due to natural hazards
<p>An often-overlooked question of the biodiversity crisis is how natural hazards contribute to species extinction risk. To address this issue, we explored how four natural hazards: earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis, and volcanoes, overlapped with the distribution ranges of amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles that have either narrow distributions or populations with few mature individuals. To assess which species are at risk from these natural hazards, we combined the frequency and magnitude of each natural hazard to estimate a probability of impact. We considered species at risk if they overlapped with regions where any of the four natural hazards historically occurred (n = 3,722). Those species with at least a quarter of their range subjected to a high probability of impact were considered at high risk (n = 2,001) of extinction due to natural hazards. In total, 834 reptiles, 617 amphibians, 302 birds, and 248 mammals were at high risk and they were mainly distributed on islands and in the tropics. Hurricanes (n = 983) and earthquakes (n = 868) affected the most species, while tsunamis (n = 272), and volcanoes (n = 171) affected considerably fewer. The region with the highest number of species at high risk was the Pacific Ring of Fire, especially due to volcanoes, earthquakes and tsunamis, while hurricane-related high-risk species were concentrated in the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and northwestern Pacific Ocean. Our study provides important information regarding the species at risk due to natural hazards and can help guide conservation attention and efforts to safeguard their survival.</p>
Data from: Incorporating explicit geospatial data shows more species at risk of extinction than the current Red List
The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Red List classifies species according to their risk of extinction, informing global to local conservation decisions. Unfortunately, important geospatial data do not explicitly or efficiently enter this process. Rapid growth in the availability of remotely sensed observations provides fine-scale data on elevation and increasingly sophisticated characterizations of land cover and its changes. These data readily show that species are likely not present within many areas within the overall envelopes of their distributions. Additionally, global databases on protected areas inform how extensively ranges are protected. We selected 586 endemic and threatened forest bird species from six of the world's most biodiverse and threatened places (Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Central America, Western Andes of Colombia, Madagascar, Sumatra, and Southeast Asia). The Red List deems 18% of these species to be threatened (15 critically endangered, 29 endangered, and 64 vulnerable). Inevitably, after refining ranges by elevation and forest cover, ranges shrink. Do they do so consistently? For example, refined ranges of critically endangered species might reduce by (say) 50% but so might the ranges of endangered, vulnerable, and nonthreatened species. Critically, this is not the case. We find that 43% of species fall below the range threshold where comparable species are deemed threatened. Some 210 bird species belong in a higher-threat category than the current Red List placement, including 189 species that are currently deemed nonthreatened. Incorporating readily available spatial data substantially increases the numbers of species that should be considered at risk and alters priority areas for conservation.
Figure 8 in Six new feather mite species (Acari: Astigmata) from the carolina parakeet Conuropsis carolinensis (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae), an extinct parrot of North America
Figure 8. Protonyssus proctorae sp. n., female. (A) Dorsal view; (B) ventral view.
Figure 2 in Six new feather mite species (Acari: Astigmata) from the carolina parakeet Conuropsis carolinensis (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae), an extinct parrot of North America
Figure 2. Lopharalichus beckeri sp. n., female. (A) Dorsal view; (B) ventral view.
Figure 9 in Six new feather mite species (Acari: Astigmata) from the carolina parakeet Conuropsis carolinensis (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae), an extinct parrot of North America
Figure 9. Fainalges gracilitarsus sp. n., male. (A) Dorsal view; (B) ventral view.
Figure 6 in Six new feather mite species (Acari: Astigmata) from the carolina parakeet Conuropsis carolinensis (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae), an extinct parrot of North America
Figure 6. Chiasmalges carolinensis sp. n., male. (A) Dorsal view; (B) ventral view; (C) tarsus IV.
Fig. 1 in Pacific Flying Foxes (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Two New Species of Pteropus from Samoa, Probably Extinct
Fig. 1. Map of the southwest Pacific region. Adapted from Steadman (2006b).
Fig. 12 in Pacific Flying Foxes (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Two New Species of Pteropus from Samoa, Probably Extinct
Fig. 12. Skull of USNM 8597/37860, lectotype of Pteropus samoensis Peale, 1848. Scale bar 5 10 mm.
Fig. 3 in Pacific Flying Foxes (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Two New Species of Pteropus from Samoa, Probably Extinct
Fig. 3. The fragmentary holotype skin of Pteropus allenorum (ANSP 1234, preserved in alcohol).
Productivity, niche availability, species richness and extinction risk: Untangling relationships using individual-based simulations
It has been widely hypothesised that the productivity of an ecosystem affects the number of species that it can support. Despite decades of study, the nature, extent, and underlying mechanisms of this relationship are unclear. One suggested mechanism is the "more individuals" hypothesis (MIH). This proposes that productivity controls the number of individuals in the ecosystem, and that more individuals can be divided into a greater number of species before their population size is sufficiently small for each to be at substantial risk of extinction. Here, we test this hypothesis using REvoSim: an individual-based eco-evolutionary system that simulates the evolution and speciation of populations over geological time, allowing phenomena occurring over timescales that cannot be easily observed in the real world to be evaluated. The individual-based nature of this system allows us to remove assumptions about the nature of speciation and extinction that previous models have had to make. Many of the predictions of the MIH are supported in our simulations: rare species are more likely to undergo extinction than common species, and species richness scales with productivity. However, we also find support for relationships that contradict the predictions of the strict MIH: species population size scales with productivity, and species extinction risk is better predicted by relative than absolute species size. Furthermore, we show that the scaling of species richness with productivity depends upon the ability of species to partition niche space. Consequently, we suggest that the MIH is applicable only to ecosystems where niches are not already saturated with species, and where partitioning is therefore still possible. Some hypotheses regarding patterns of biodiversity implicitly or explicitly overlook niche theory in favour of neutral explanations, as has historically been the case with the MIH. Our simulations demonstrate that niche theory exerts a control on the applicability of the MIH. --
Figure 2. Dental measurements taken from the left M and the right M1 in A New Species of Extinct False Vampire Bat (Megadermatidae: Macroderma) from the Kimberley Region of Western Australia
Figure 2. Dental measurements taken from the left M and the right M1, based on Hand (1985).
Figure 1 in A New Species of Extinct False Vampire Bat (Megadermatidae: Macroderma) from the Kimberley Region of Western Australia
Figure 1. Location of Dingo Gap (star) in the Kimberley region of Western Australia,
Bushmeat yields, species extinction rates and ecosystem-level impacts of bushmeat harvesting as predicted by the Madingley General Ecosystem Model
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