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FIGURE 7 in Species limits in the Tawny-crowned Pygmy-tyrant Euscarthmus meloryphus complex (Aves: Passeriformes: Tyrannidae)
FIGURE 7. Principal Component Analysis of 19 variables of the loudsongs of Euscarthmus m. meloryphus (orange circles), E. meloryphus paulus (yellow circles), and E. meloryphus fulviceps (red circles). Cumulative proportion of the total variance explained by principal component 1 (pace, overall number of notes, duration of interval between last and penultimate introductory notes) and principal component 2 (overall minimum frequency, minimum frequency of the last introductory note) are in parentheses beside axis labels.
Data from: Environmental context determines the limiting demographic processes for plant recruitment across a species' elevational range
<p>Plant recruitment is a multi-stage process determining population dynamics and species distributions. Still, we have limited understanding of how the successive demographic processes depend on the environmental context across species' distributional ranges. We conducted a large-scale transplant experiment to study recruitment of <i>Pinus cembra</i> over six years. We quantified the effects of environmental conditions on four demographic processes and identified the most limiting across and beyond the pines' elevational range over several years. Realized transition probabilities of the demographic processes varied substantially across the species' distributional range. Seed deposition decreased from the lower to the upper elevational range margin by 90 %, but this reduction was offset by increased seed germination and seedling survival. Dispersal limitation at the upper range margin potentially stems from unsuitable seed caching conditions for the animal seed disperser, whereas increased seed germination might result from enemy escape from fungal pathogens and favourable abiotic conditions at the upper range margin. Our multi-year experiment demonstrates that environmental context is decisive for the local relevance of particular demographic processes. We conclude that experimental studies identifying the limiting demographic processes controlling species distributions are key for projecting future range dynamics of plants.</p>
Data from: Modelling species distributions limited by geographic barriers: a case study with African and American primates
<p><strong>Aim:</strong> The boundaries of species distributions are often shaped by natural barriers such as mountains and rivers, but species distribution models usually fail to include these constraints. We tested several approaches that include barriers as explanatory variables in species distribution models.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> Africa and South America.</p> <p><strong>Time period:</strong> Current</p> <p><strong>Major taxa studied:</strong> Primates</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> We modelled the ranges of pairs of species separated by a river taking into account three explanatory components: the environment (ecosystems, topo-hydrography, climate, human pressure), the spatial structure shaped by history and population dynamics (using a trend-surface approach), and rivers as naturals barriers to dispersal (using a binary cis-trans variable that describes both sides of the river). To assess how the addition of a spatial structure and the barrier could improve distribution models, we used a nested approach by comparing models based on: a) the environment; b) the environment and the spatial structure; and c) the environment, the spatial structure and the river. These models were constructed using the favourability functions.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> There was a decreased occurrence of high-favourability values in the opposite side of the rivers in models that included the spatial structure of distributions, compared to models based on environment alone. This decrease was more marked when the description of the spatial structure was made more flexible. However, model performance was significantly improved by the inclusion of cis-trans variables that identified areas on the opposite side as totally unfavourable.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions:</strong> The performance of distribution models can improve by the use of approaches that describe barriers. Although adding the location of geographic units in relation to a river appears to be the most accurate way to define the presence of a barrier, defining this variable may be challenging. A suitable alternative is to analyse the spatial structure of distributions using a flexible approach.</p>
Delimitation despite discordance: Evaluating the species limits of a confounding species complex in the face of mitonuclear discordance
<p>The delimitation of species is an essential pursuit of biology, and proper taxonomies are crucial for the assessment and conservation management of organismal diversity. However, delimiting species can be hindered by a number of factors including highly conserved morphologies (e.g. cryptic species), differences in criteria of species concepts, and discordance between gene topologies (e.g. mitonuclear discordance). Here we use a taxonomically confounded species complex of toads in Central America that exhibits extensive mitonuclear discordance to test delimitation hypotheses. Our investigation integrates mitochondrial sequences, nuclear SNPs, morphology, and macroecological data to determine which taxonomy best explains the divergence and evolutionary relationships among these toads. We found that a three species taxonomy following the distributions of the nuclear SNP haplotypes offer the best explanation of the species in this complex based off of the integrated data types. Due to the taxonomic instability of this group we also discuss conservation concerns in the face of improper taxonomic delimitation. Our study provides an empirical hypothesis testing framework to assess species delimitation hypotheses in the face of cryptic morphology and mitonuclear discordance and highlights the importance that proper taxonomy has over conservation related actions.</p>
Data from: Combining climate, land use change and dispersal to predict the distribution of endangered species with limited vagility
<p><b>Aim: </b>Many rare species are dispersal-limited and minimal land use and climate changes can impact their colonization capacity. Most ecological niche models predict the distribution of species under future climate and land use change scenarios without incorporating specie-specific dispersal abilities. Here we investigated the effect of climate and land use change on low vagile species accounting for their dispersal capacity and defined accessible areas in the future.</p> <p><b>Location:</b> Europe.</p> <p><b>Taxon:</b> Saproxylic beetles.</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> We used the current (2007-2012) occurrences of six endangered saproxylics to develop ecological niche models using current climate and land use conditions. We projected species distributions under four future climate and land use change scenarios to estimate their potential occurrences. Finally, accounting for species-specific dispersal, we limited their distributions to accessible areas in 2040-50.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> Without accounting for dispersal abilities we found a strong and positive impact of climate change on the distribution of <i>Cerambix cerdo, Cucujus cinnaberinus, Morimus funereus</i> and <i>Rosalia alpina</i> and a positive effect of land use change on the distribution of <i>Lucanus cervus</i> and <i>Osmoderma eremita.</i> When species-specific dispersal was included, we found a strong and positive impact of land use change on the distribution of all the species. In this case climate change had a lower but positive effect on the distribution of <i>C. cerdo, C. cinnaberinus, L. cervus</i> and <i>R. alpina,</i> and a negative effect on the distribution of O.<i> eremita</i>.</p> <p><b>Main conclusion:</b> We found that climate change would promote the expansion of saproxylic beetles only in the unrealistic case of unlimited dispersal. Accounting for dispersal abilities, the expansion of our species would be mainly conditioned by the effect of land use change. Thus, we encourage researchers to combine climate and land use change with dispersal when projecting species distribution under future scenarios to accurately identify areas with fundamental species-specific resources.</p>
Data from: Disentangling species limits in the Vauquelinia corymbosa complex (Pyreae, Rosaceae)
Vauquelinia corymbosa (Pyreae, Rosaceae) is a shrubby sclerophyllous species largely restricted to the Chihuahuan Desert, distributed from Texas, Coahuila, and along the Sierra Madre Oriental to Hidalgo. According to a previous taxonomic revision, it comprises six subspecies. Vauquelinia corymbosa has noteworthy morphological variation, mostly in leaf characters, and the majority of its subspecies are restricted to certain areas of the desert. In this study, based on 16 morphometric characters and four anatomical characters collected from 201 specimens of the six subspecies throughout their distribution range,we ran a number of uni-, multivariate, and phylogenetic analyses to determine how many species can be recognized in this species complex. We also analyzed the gaps in morphology across geography to identify whether gaps in morphometric characters are indeed useful to separate species or if they are the result of variation related to geography. The results of the analyses coincided in recognizing that subsp. angustifolia should be considered a separate species and that the remaining subspecies are part of Vauquelinia corymbosa with remarkable morphological variation. Vauquelinia angustifolia has diagnostic characters such as very narrow leaves (0.4–0.6 cm at the middle and 0.2–0.4 cm at the base) and short petioles (1–1.5 cm) and it is restricted to the northeastern region of the Chihuahuan Desert.
Ecological limits as the driver of bird species richness patterns along the east Himalayan elevational gradient
<p>Variation in species richness across environmental gradients results from a combination of historical non-equilibrium processes (time, speciation, extinction) and present-day differences in environmental carrying capacities (i.e., ecological limits, affected by species interactions and the abundance and diversity of resources). In a study of bird richness along the sub-tropical east Himalayan elevational gradient, we test the prediction that species richness patterns are consistent with ecological limits using data on morphology, phylogeny, elevational distribution, and arthropod resources. Species richness peaks at mid-elevations. Occupied morphological volume is roughly constant from low to mid-elevations, implying more species are packed into the same space at mid-elevations compared with low elevations. However, variance in beak length, and differences in beak length between close relatives decline with elevation, a consequence of the addition of many small insectivores at mid-elevations. These patterns are predicted from resource distributions: arthropod size diversity declines from low to mid elevations, largely because many more small insects are present at mid-elevations. Weak correlations of species mean morphological traits with elevation also match predictions based on resources and habitats. Elevational transects in the tropical Andes, New Guinea and Tanzania similarly show declines in mean arthropod size and mean beak length, and in these cases likely contribute to declining numbers of insectivorous bird species richness along these gradients. The results imply conditions for ecological limits are met, although historical non-equilibrium processes are likely to also contribute to the pattern of species richness.</p>
Data from: Phosphorus amendment mitigates nitrogen addition-induced phosphorus limitation in two plant species in a desert steppe, China
Background and aims: The increasing deposition of atmospheric nitrogen (N) due to anthropogenic activities has significantly enhanced N inputs to ecosystems, resulting in an imbalance in the N: phosphorus (P) ratios in plants and soils. This study aimed to determine whether, and to what extent, P addition alleviates N-induced P limitation in a desert steppe ecosystem. Methods: We conducted a multi-level N:P supply experiment (i.e., constant N with varied P-addition levels) for a grass species, Pennisetum centrasiaticum, and a N-fixing species, Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Results: With increasing amounts of P addition (thereby decreasing the N:P ratio), green-leaf P concentrations of the two species studied tended to increase, while P-resorption proficiency and efficiency tended to decrease. There were no consistent trends in green-leaf N concentrations in response to P addition. However, both species exhibited high N-resorption proficiency, especially in G. uralensis, with high P addition. Generally, the carbon (C):P and N:P ratios both in soils and in green leaves had positive relationships with green-leaf N concentration and P-resorption proficiency of P. centrasiaticum as well as P-resorption traits of G. uralensis, but negative relationships with green-leaf P concentrations in both species. Conclusions: Our study indicates that P addition can alter P-conservation strategy and thereby releasing plant species from the N-induced imbalance of N:P ratios. However, large amounts of P addition could overcompensate and pose a risk of N limitation in desert steppe ecosystems.
Data from: Limitation of seedling growth by potassium and magnesium supply for two ectomycorrhizal tree species of a Central African rain forest and its implication for their recruitment
In the ectomycorrhizal caesalpiniaceous groves of southern Korup National Park, the dominant tree species, Microberlinia bisulcata, displays very poor in situ recruitment compared with its codominant, Tetraberlinia bifoliolata. The reported ex situ experiment tested whether availabilities of soil potassium and magnesium play a role. Seedlings of the two species received applications of K and Mg fertilizer in potted native soil in a local shade house, and their responses in terms of growth and nutrient concentrations were recorded over 2 years. Amended soil concentrations were also determined. Microberlinia responded strongly and positively in its growth to Mg, but less to K; Tetraberlinia responded weakly to both. Added Mg led to strongly increased Mg concentration for Microberlinia while added K changed that concentration only slightly; Tetraberlinia strongly increased its concentration of K with added K, but only somewhat its Mg concentration with added Mg. Additions of Mg and K had small but important antagonistic effects. Microberlinia is Mg-demanding and apparently Mg-limited in Korup soil; Tetraberlinia, whilst K-demanding, appeared not to be K-limited (for growth). Added K enhanced plant P concentrations of both species. Extra applied Mg may also be alleviating soil aluminum toxicity, and hence improving growth indirectly and especially to the benefit of Microberlinia. Mg appears to be essential for Microberlinia seedling growth and its low soil availability in grove soils at Korup may be an important contributing factor to its poor recruitment. Microberlinia is highly shade-intolerant and strongly light-responding, whilst Tetraberlinia is more shade-tolerant and moderately light-responding, which affords an interesting contrast with respect to their differing responses to Mg supply. The study revealed novel aspects of functional traits and likely niche-partitioning among ectomycorrhizal caesalps in African rain forests. Identifying the direct and interacting indirect effects of essential elements on tropical tree seedling growth presents a considerable challenge due the complex nexus of causes involved.
Data from: Unusually limited pollen dispersal and connectivity of Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) refugial populations at the species' southern range margin
Low-latitudinal range margins of temperate and boreal plant species typically consist of scattered populations that persist locally in microrefugia. It remains poorly understood how their refugial habitats affect patterns of gene flow and connectivity, key components for their long-term viability and evolution. We examine landscape-scale patterns of historical and contemporary gene flow in refugial populations of the widespread European forest tree Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) at the species' southwestern range margin. We sampled all adult trees (n = 135) growing in a 20 km long valley and genotyped 724 acorns from 72 mother trees at 17 microsatellite loci. The ten oak stands that we identified were highly differentiated and formed four distinct genetic clusters, despite sporadic historical dispersal being detectable. By far most contemporary pollination occurred within stands, either between local mates (85.6%) or through selfing (6.8%). Pollen exchange between stands (2.6%) was remarkably rare given their relative proximity and was complemented by long-distance pollen immigration (4.4%) and hybridization with the locally abundant Quercus pyrenaica (0.6%). The frequency of between-stand mating events decreased with increasing size and spatial isolation of stands. Overall, our results reveal outstandingly little long-distance gene flow for a wind-pollinated tree species. We argue that the distinct landscape characteristics of oaks' refugial habitats, with a combination of a rugged topography, dense vegetation and humid microclimate, are likely to increase plant survival but to hamper effective long-distance pollen dispersal. Moreover, local mating might be favoured by high tree compatibility resulting from genetic purging in these long-term relict populations.
Data from: Evidence for inbreeding depression in a species with limited opportunity for maternal effects
It is often assumed that mating with close relatives reduces offspring fitness. In such cases, reduced offspring fitness may arise from inbreeding depression (i.e., genetic effects of elevated homozygosity) or from post-mating maternal investment. This can be due to a reduction in female investment after mating with genetically incompatible males ("differential allocation") or compensation for incompatibility ("reproductive compensation"). Here, we looked at the effects of mating with relatives on offspring fitness in mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki. In this species, females are assumed to be nonplacental and to allocate resources to eggs before fertilization, limiting differential allocation. We looked at the effects of mating with a brother or with an unrelated male on brood size, offspring size, gestation period, and early offspring growth. Mating with a relative reduced the number of offspring at birth, but there was no difference in the likelihood of breeding, gestation time, nor in the size or growth of these offspring. We suggest that due to limited potential for maternal effects to influence these traits that any reduction in offspring fitness, or lack thereof, can be explained by inbreeding depression rather than by maternal effects. We highlight the importance of considering the potential role of maternal effects when studying inbreeding depression and encourage further studies in other Poeciliid species with different degrees of placentation to test whether maternal effects mask or amplify any genetic effects of mating with relatives.
Data from: Variation in life-history traits among Daphnia and its relationship to species-level responses to phosphorus limitation
Currently organisms are experiencing changes in their environment at an unprecedented rate. Therefore the study of the contributions to and responses in traits linked to fitness is crucial, as they have direct consequences on a population's success in persisting under such change. Daphnia is used as a model organism as the genus contains keystone primary consumers in aquatic food webs. A life-history table experiment (LHTE) using four species of Daphnia was conducted to compare variation in life-history traits among species across two different environmental conditions (high and low phosphorous availability). Results indicate that the food quality environment had the most impact on life-history traits, while genetic contributions to traits were higher at the species-level than clonal-level. Higher trait variation and species-level responses to P-limitation was more evident in reproductive traits, while growth traits were found to be less affected by food quality and had less variation. Exploring trait variation and potential plasticity in organisms is increasingly important to consider as a potential mechanism for population persistence given the fluctuations in environmental stressors we are currently experiencing.
Data from: Habitat filtering not dispersal limitation shapes oceanic island floras: species assembly of the Galápagos archipelago
Remote locations, such as oceanic islands, typically harbour relatively few species, some of which go on to generate endemic radiations. Species colonising these locations tend to be a non-random subset from source communities, which is thought to reflect dispersal limitation. However, non-random colonisation could also result from habitat filtering, whereby only a few continental species can become established. We evaluate the imprints of these processes on the Galápagos flora by analysing a comprehensive regional phylogeny for ~ 39 000 species alongside information on dispersal strategies and climatic suitability. We found that habitat filtering was more important than dispersal limitation in determining species composition. This finding may help explain why adaptive radiation is common on oceanic archipelagoes – because colonising species can be relatively poor dispersers with specific niche requirements. We suggest that the standard assumption that plant communities in remote locations are primarily shaped by dispersal limitation deserves reconsideration.
Figure 4 in Two new species of Passalus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Passalidae) from the western Brazilian Amazon with comments on the taxonomic limits of the subgenera
Figure 4. Passalus (Passalus) cleidecostae sp. nov., habitus. (A) dorsal; (B) ventral; (C) lateral.
Figure 1 in Two new species of Passalus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Passalidae) from the western Brazilian Amazon with comments on the taxonomic limits of the subgenera
Figure 1. Passalus (Pertinax) deuterocerus sp. nov., habitus. (A) dorsal; (B) ventral; (C) lateral.
Data from: Limitations of climate data for inferring species boundaries: insights from speckled rattlesnakes
Phenotypes, DNA, and measures of ecological differences are widely used in species delimitation. Although rarely defined in such studies, ecological divergence is almost always approximated using multivariate climatic data associated with sets of specimens (i.e., the "climatic niche"); the justification for this approach is that species-specific climatic envelopes act as surrogates for physiological tolerances. Using identical statistical procedures, we evaluated the usefulness and validity of the climate-as-proxy assumption by comparing performance of genetic (nDNA SNPs and mitochondrial DNA), phenotypic, and climatic data for objective species delimitation in the speckled rattlesnake (Crotalus mitchellii) complex. Ordination and clustering patterns were largely congruent among intrinsic (heritable) traits (nDNA, mtDNA, phenotype), and discordance is explained by biological processes (e.g., ontogeny, hybridization). In contrast, climatic data did not produce biologically meaningful clusters that were congruent with any intrinsic dataset, but rather corresponded to regional differences in atmospheric circulation and climate, indicating an absence of inherent taxonomic signal in these data. Surrogating climate for physiological tolerances adds artificial weight to evidence of species boundaries, as these data are irrelevant for that purpose. Based on the evidence from congruent clustering of intrinsic datasets, we recommend that three subspecies of C. mitchellii be recognized as species: C. angelensis, C. mitchellii, and C. Pyrrhus.
Data from: Simulated caribou browsing limits the effect of nutrient addition on the growth of Betula glandulosa, an expanding shrub species in Eastern Canada
1.Warmer summer temperatures and enhanced soil fertility increase shrub growth in tundra ecosystems, and these factors have likely contributed to shrub expansion at the circumpolar scale over the last decades. Conversely, large herbivores have the potential to counteract the positive impacts of climate change on shrub growth. Indeed, by stripping the leaves, herbivores have the potential to control the growth of shrub species and, consequently, limit their expansion. 2.To disentangle the impacts of climate change and herbivory on Betula glandulosa Michx., we conducted a 5-yr factorial experiment near Deception Bay, Nunavik, Canada, in which we simulated warmer temperatures, increased nitrogen availability and three caribou browsing intensities during the growing season. At the end of the experiment, we harvested the aboveground biomass of B. glandulosa and conducted dendrochronological analyses on stems. 3.Fertilized plots under ambient temperature had 34% greater shrub biomass than plots assigned to the combined treatment of nitrogen addition and warmer temperatures. Browsing intensity had no effect on final biomass. Nitrogen addition increased radial growth (18-33%; 3 years out of 5). Overall, browsing had a cumulative negative impact on B. glandulosa radial growth during the 5-yr experiment. While browsing had no effect in the first year of the experiment, moderate browsing (leaves stripped on 25% of available shoots) decreased radial growth by 27% at year 2, 32% at year 4 and 27% at year 5. Heavy browsing (leaves stripped on 75% of available shoots annually) decreased radial growth by approximately 27% at year 2, 37% at year 3, 50% at year 4 and 48% at year 5. We did not observe significant interactions between browsing, temperature and nitrogen availability. 4.Synthesis. Our results clearly showed that caribou browsing may limit the growth of B. glandulosa, and thus can potentially limit its expansion. Herbivory should thus be considered when predicting tundra vegetation changes in the Arctic, at least in areas with high herbivore densities.
Data from: Species limits and phylogenomic relationships of Darwin's finches remain unresolved: potential consequences of a volatile ecological setting
Island biotas have become paradigms for illustrating many evolutionary processes. The fauna of the Galapagos Islands includes several taxa that have been focal points for evolutionary studies. Perhaps their most famous inhabitants, Darwin's finches, represent a go-to icon when thinking about how species originate and adapt to the environment. However, unlike other adaptive radiations, past morphological and molecular studies of Darwin's finches have yielded inconsistent hypotheses of species limits and phylogenetic relationships. Expecting that idiosyncrasies of prior data and analytic methods explained different proposed classifications, we were surprised to observe that three new phylogenetic hypotheses derived mostly from the same genomics data were topologically inconsistent. We found that the differences between some of these genomics trees were as great as one would expect between two random trees with the same number of taxa. Thus, the phylogeny of Darwin's finches remains unresolved, as it has for more than a century. A component of phylogenetic uncertainty comes from unclear species limits, under any species concept, in the ground finches (Geospiza) and tree finches (Camarhynchus). We suggest that past authors should have tested the species limits of Lack, rather than uncritically accepting them. In fact, the impressive amount of genomics data do not provide unambiguous hypotheses of the number of species of Geospiza or Camarhynchus, although they imply greater species diversity than Lack's taxonomy. We suggest that insufficient sampling of species populations across islands (35.6% for morphometrics and 20.4% for genomics) prevents accurate diagnoses of species limits. However, it is unknown whether samples from a greater number of islands might result in bridging differences between species, or reveal many new ones. We conclude that attempts to interpret patterns of variation among the finches under standard evolutionary paradigms have obscured some major messages, most specifically the ongoing reciprocal interactions between geographic isolation and lineage divergence, and dispersal and gene flow caused by the volatile ecological conditions in the islands. Although the finches provide textbook examples of natural selection, better understanding of species limits and a robust phylogenetic hypothesis are required to corroborate past hypotheses of speciation and adaptive radiation in the finches of the Galapagos.
Data from: Historical species distribution models predict species limits in western Plethodon salamanders
Allopatry is commonly used to predict boundaries in species delimitation investigations under the assumption that currently allopatric distributions are indicative of reproductive isolation; however, species ranges are known to change over time. Incorporating a temporal perspective of geographic distributions should improve species delimitation; to explore this, we investigate three species of western Plethodon salamanders that have shifted their ranges since the end of the Pleistocene. We generate species distribution models (SDM) of the current range, hindcast these models onto a climatic model 21 Ka, and use three molecular approaches to delimit species in an integrated fashion. In contrast to expectations based on the current distribution, we detect no independent lineages in species with allopatric and patchy distributions (Plethodon vandykei and Plethodon larselli). The SDMs indicate that probable habitat is more expansive than their current range, especially during the last glacial maximum (LGM) (21 Ka). However, with a contiguous distribution, two independent lineages were detected in Plethodon idahoensis, possibly due to isolation in multiple glacial refugia. Results indicate that historical SDMs are a better predictor of species boundaries than current distributions, and strongly imply that researchers should incorporate SDM and hindcasting into their investigations and the development of species hypotheses.
Data from: Separating sources of density-dependent and density-independent establishment limitation in invading species
Successful colonization by invasive species depends on both the ability to disperse seeds to a site and an ability to establish once seeds have arrived. While seed and establishment limitation are known to jointly influence colonization, decomposing establishment limitation into density-dependent and density-independent components has remained challenging. Here, we couple theoretical models of recruitment with a multispecies invasion experiment conducted within a natural gradient of soil moisture and productivity to assess how variation in establishment limitation shapes outcomes for invasion. Recruitment was affected by both density-dependent and density-independent sources of establishment limitation in three of four species. Soil moisture stress and productivity both increased density-independent mortality in one species, whereas density-dependent mortality increased in locations with favourable soil moisture. Synthesis. Successful establishment of invading species can be limited by both density-dependent and density-independent mechanisms. In particular, the strength of density-independent limitation may depend on natural gradients in abiotic factors. The varying strengths of establishment limitation suggest that patterns of invasion are likely to be uneven both in space and in time. Understanding how intraspecific competitive constraints and density-independent limitation vary with abiotic gradients can assist with predicting when invasions are likely to occur, information that can be harnessed in the development of better methods for control.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.