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Figure 4 in Polymorphism among anterior and posterior sets of teeth in the periphallic organ of three species of Drosophila

Figure 4. Frequency of anterior, posterior, and extra teeth showing perfect bilateral symmetry in D. malerkotliana. SGP – Sangatigopp forest, YSC – Yalakki Shettar Colony, KUC – Karnatak University campus, KUN – Kundagol, LAB – laboratory populations.

Figure 3 in Polymorphism among anterior and posterior sets of teeth in the periphallic organ of three species of Drosophila

Figure 3. Frequency of anterior, posterior, and extra teeth showing perfect bilateral symmetry in D. bipectinata. SGP – Sangatigopp forest, YSC – Yalakki Shettar Colony, KUC – Karnatak University campus, KUN – Kundagol, LAB – laboratory populations.

Figure 2 in Polymorphism among anterior and posterior sets of teeth in the periphallic organ of three species of Drosophila

Figure 2. Frequency of anterior, posterior, and extra teeth showing perfect bilateral symmetry in D. ananassae. DM – Dharwad market, HM – Hubli market, KUC – Karnatak University campus, NAVN – Navanagar, LAB – laboratory populations.

Figure 1 in Polymorphism among anterior and posterior sets of teeth in the periphallic organ of three species of Drosophila

Figure 1. Arrangement of anterior and posterior sets of teeth in periphallic organs of different species of Drosophila: a) D. ananassae, bilateral symmetry; b) D. bipectinata, bilateral symmetry; c) D. malerkotliana, bilateral symmetry; d) D. ananassae, altered symmetry; e) D. bipectinata, altered symmetry; f) D. malerkotliana, altered symmetry. Arrows indicate presence of extra teeth.

Fig. 5 in Isolated theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early dental evolution of Spinosauridae

Fig. 5. Time-calibrated phylogeny of spinosaurids and related theropods. Time-calibrated cladogram elaborated after Carrano et al. (2012) and Allain (2014). The asterisks mark the place of the three basal spinosaurid forms represented only by teeth (Buffetaut et al. 2011; this article). The proposed transition from a plesiomorphic theropod tooth (node 1 and earlier) to a highly derived spinosaurid tooth (node 4) would include a transitional state (represented by MUPE HB-87). 1, Averostra; 2, Tetanurae; 3, Megalosauroidea; 4, Spinosauridae.

Fig. 4 in Isolated theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early dental evolution of Spinosauridae

Fig. 4. Dendrogram obtained from the cluster analysis of the theropod teeth. A. Database from Hendrickx and Mateus (2014) and the HB site. The characters used were those proposed by Hendrickx and Mateus (2014) for lateral teeth. HB samples are clustered with Afrovenator and Dubreuillosaurus (black dot). B. Database from Hendrickx and Mateus (2014), the specimens from the HB site, and two basal spinosaurid teeth from the Middle Jurassic TP4 site in Niger (Serrano-Martínez et al. 2015). MUPE HB-118, MUPE HB-125, and MUPE HB-142 remain clustered with Afrovenator and Dubreuillosaurus (black dot), but MUPE HB-87, MUPE TP4-2, and MUPE TP4-3 are clustered with the spinosaurids (white dot).

Fig. 1 in Isolated theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early dental evolution of Spinosauridae

Fig. 1. Theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic Tegama Group, Agadez, Niger. A. MUPE HB-142 in labial (A1), lingual (A2), distal (A3), and basal (A5) views, close-up (A4). B. MUPE HB-118 in lateral (B1, B2), distal (B3), and basal (B5) views, close-up (B4). C. MUPE HB-125 in lateral (C1, C2) and distal (C3) views. D. Spinosaurid tooth, MUPE HB-87 in distal (D1), lingual (D2), mesial (D3), and labial (D4) views; close-up view of the labial side (D5); note the deeply veined enamel surface texture and the shape and size of the distal denticles.

Fig. 3 in Isolated theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early dental evolution of Spinosauridae

Fig. 3. Morphospace occupied by theropod teeth of the database used in this paper and those of the HB site using the results of the discriminant function analyses (A). Teeth that delimit the morphospace of each taxon (B). The colour convex hulls correspond to the morphospaces delineated by different theropod clades.

Fig. 2 in Isolated theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early dental evolution of Spinosauridae

Fig. 2. Tooth measurements and dimensions used in this study. Theropod dental anatomy and variables used, in lateral and basal views (redrawn from Smith et al. 2005). AL, apical length; CA, crown angle; CBL, crown base length; CBR, crown base ratio; CBW, crown base width; CH, crown height; CHR, crown height ratio; DA, distal denticles in the apical section. DB, distal denticles in the basal section. DC, distal denticles in the central section. DSDI, denticle size difference index. MA, mesial denticles in the apical section. MB, mesial denticles in the basal section. MC, mesial denticles in the central section.

Fig. 6 in Isolated theropod teeth from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early dental evolution of Spinosauridae

Fig. 6. Generalized palaeogeographic locations of spinosaurids (white) and the specimen of HB site (black), through time from Bajocian–Bathonian (A), Tithonian (B), Barremian−Aptian (C), and Albian−Cenomanian (D). Courtesy of Ron Blakey (http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/mollglobe.html), modified and actualized after Bertin (2010).

Fig. 5 in New teeth of nodosaurid ankylosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous of Southern England

Fig. 5. Teeth of ankylosaurid dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of North America (A, B) and Asia (C, D). A. Euoplocephalus tutus Lambe, 1910, TMP 87.36.99 in?lingual view (drawn after Vickaryous and Russell 2003). B.Ankylosaurus magniventris Brown, 1908, AMNH 5214 in?lingual view (drawn after Coombs 1990). C. Saichania chulsanensis Maryańska, 1977, GI SPS 100/151 in lingual view (drawn after Maryańska 1977). D. Pinacosauru grangeri Gilmore, 11933, IVPP V16283 in lingual view (drawn after Burns et al. 2011). Scale bar: A, B, 4 mm; C, 5 mm; D, 2 mm.

Fig. 4 in New teeth of nodosaurid ankylosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous of Southern England

Fig. 4. Teeth of nodosaurid dinosaurs. A–C. Three teeth of the holotype (CEUM 1307) of Gastonia burgei Kirkland, 1998 from Lower Cretaceous of Utah, USA (photographs courtesy of James Kirkland). A. First tooth in?lingual view. B. Second tooth in?lingual view. C. Third tooth in?buccal view. D. Gargoyleosaurus parkpinorum Carpenter, Miles, and Cloward, 1998 from the Upper Jurassic of Wyoming, USA (photograph courtesy of K. Carpenter), DMNH 27726, holotype in?lingual view. E. Unnamed nodosaurid from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain, MPZ 2002/926 in labial view (drawn after Canudo et al. 2004). F. Acanthopholis horridus Huxley, 1867 from the Upper Cretaceous of England, BGS GSM 109045 in?lingual view (drawn after Pereda-Suberbiola and Barrett 1999). G. Struthiosaurus languedocensis Garcia and Pereda-Suberbiola, 2003 from the Upper Cretaceous of Southern France, UM2 OLV-D18 CV in?lingual view (drawn after Garcia and Pereda-Suberbiola 2003). H. Edmontonia rugosidens (Gilmore, 1930) from the Upper Cretaceous of USA, NMC 8531 in lingual view (drawn after Barrett 2001). Scale bar: A, B, D, F–H, 3 mm; C, 2 mm; E 1.5 mm.

Fig. 3. Thyreophoran dinosaur teeth. A in New teeth of nodosaurid ankylosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous of Southern England

Fig. 3. Thyreophoran dinosaur teeth. A. Maxillary tooth of the basal thyreophoran dinosaur Scelidosaurus harrisoni Owen, 1861 from the Lower Jurassic of Dorset, UK, NHMUK R1111 in lingual view (drawn after Barrett 2001). B. Stegosaurid tooth from Middle Jurassic of Russia, ZIN PH2/117 in?buccal view (drawn from Averianov and Krasnolutskii 2009). C. Nodosaurid tooth from the?Lower Cretaceous of Dorset,UK, NHMUK R2940 in?labial (C 1) and?lingual (C 2) views. D. Tooth of the nodosaurid dinosaur Sarcolestes leedsi Lydekker, 1893 from the Middle Jurassic of Fletton, Cambridgeshire, UK, NHMUK R2682, holotype in medial view. Scale bar: A–C, 10 mm; D, 3 mm.

Fig. 1 in New teeth of nodosaurid ankylosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous of Southern England

Fig. 1. Three views of a nodosaurid (possibly Polacanthus) tooth, IWCMS 5390, from the Barremian (Lower Cretaceous) Wessex Formation, Isle of Wight, UK. In?labial (A), distal (B), and?lingual (C) views.

Fig. 2 in New teeth of nodosaurid ankylosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous of Southern England

Fig. 2. Nodosaurid teeth from the Valanginian (Lower Cretaceous) Wadhurst Clay Formation, Sussex, UK. A. BEXHM 2008.16, complete tooth in?lingual (A 1) and?labial (A 2) views. B. BEXHM 2008.16.1, crown of tooth shown in opposite sides (B 1 and B 2). C. BEXHM 2008.16.2, complete tooth in?lingual (C ), distal (C ), and?labial (C ) views.

Fig. 5 in Velociraptorine dromaeosaurid teeth from the Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) of Germany

Fig. 5. Digital (A) and scanning electron microscope (B–E) photographies of the five larger specimens from the Langenberg quarry (Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic): DFMMh/ FV658 (A), DFMMh/ FV707.1 (B), DFMMh/ FV383 (C), DFMMh/ FV 530 (D), and DFMMh/ FV 382 (E).

Fig. 4 in Velociraptorine dromaeosaurid teeth from the Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) of Germany

Fig. 4. Photographs of the five larger specimens from the Langenberg quarry (Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic). A. DFMMh/FV 530 in lingual view. B. DFMMh/FV 383 in lingual view. C. DFMMh/FV707.1 in labial view. D. DFMMh/FV 382 in lingual view. E. DFMMh/FV658 in lingual view.

Fig. 1 in Velociraptorine dromaeosaurid teeth from the Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) of Germany

Fig. 1. Geographic location of Langenberg quarry ("Rohstoffbetriebe Oker") east of Oker (Goslar), Harz Mountains, Germany (from Mudroch and Thies 1996).

Fig. 2 in Velociraptorine dromaeosaurid teeth from the Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) of Germany

Fig. 2. The lithostratigraphic log of the Kimmeridgian of the Langenberg quarry near Oker, Harz Mountains, Germany. The examined theropod teeth were found in bed 83 together with skeletal remains of Europasaurus holgeri (modified after Thies et al. 2007).