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570 results for “threat”
Extinction dynamics under extreme conservation threat: The flora of St. Helena
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The flora of the island of St Helena provides an amplified system for the study of extinction by reason of the island's high endemism, small size, vulnerable biota, length of time of severe disturbance (since 1502) and severity of threats. Endemic plants have been eliminated from 96.5% of St Helena by habitat loss. There are eight recorded extinctions in the vascular flora since 1771 giving an extinction rate of 581 extinctions per million species per year (E/MSY). This is considerably higher than background extinction rates, variously estimated at 1 or 0.1 E/MSY. We have no information for plant extinctions prior to 1771 but applying the same extinction rate to the period 1502 to 1771 suggests that there may be around ten unrecorded historical extinctions. We use census data and population decline estimates to project likely extinction forward in time. The projected overall extinction rate for the next 200 years is somewhat higher at 625 E/MSY. However, our data predict an extinction crunch in the next 50 years with 4 species out of the remaining 48 likely to become extinct during this period. It is interesting that during a period when the native plant areas dropped to 3.5% of the original, the extinction rate appears to have remained shallowly linear with under 30% of the endemic flora becoming extinct.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Context-dependent defences in turtle ants: resource defensibility and threat level induce dynamic shifts in soldier deployment
1. Induced defences involve the dynamic deployment of limited and specialized defensive resources across multiple locations, to maximize organismal defensive function and fitness. They have been studied intensively in plants and solitary animals, but the induced defences of complex animal societies are poorly understood by comparison, despite the coordinated defensive actions of these taxa. 2. Here, we ask whether the level of environmental danger induces shifts in the deployment of limited and morphologically specialized soldiers across multiple nests in colonies of the turtle ant Cephalotes rohweri. Specifically, we test whether less defensible nests induce greater soldier deployment, and whether elevated enemy threat induced further increases in deployment, or reduced deployment consistent with a risk-limiting strategy. 3. We used colony-collection data to provide natural ecological context to our experiments, a field experiment to address how nest-entrance defensibility and soldier number impact defensive performance, and laboratory experiments to test whether differences in nest defensibility and threat level induce dynamic shifts in soldier deployment to new nests. 4. Less defensible nests were lost rapidly in our field experiment, irrespective of soldier number, but soldier deployment significantly increased survivorship of more defensible nests. Concordantly, less defensible nests induced the deployment of more soldiers per nest under low threat in laboratory experiments. Nevertheless, high-threat conditions revealed a risk-limiting soldier deployment strategy: with more danger, the number of soldiers per nest was significantly reduced in less defensible nests, as was the overall number of new soldier-defended nests. Total deployment to new nests was also consistently lower under high threat, dropping from 40% to 30% across colonies. 5. Induced soldier-based defences in turtle ants are therefore context-dependent, and dynamically scaled back at multiple levels when the environment is more dangerous. This dynamic, risk-limiting strategy is in strong contrast to stable patterns of soldier production in ants, and to typical task-allocation dynamics in members of the worker caste. Moreover, these findings establish that the evolution of specialized defensive agents can be coupled with sophisticated and inducible deployment strategies in complex social taxa, as we see for organisms at other levels of biological complexity.
Highways are a threat for giant armadillos (Priodontes maximus) that underpasses can mitigate
<p>We report 22 records of giant armadillo roadkill on Brazilian highways in the Cerrado, Pantanal and Amazon biomes illustrating that highways are a threat to this species. However, we also documented the species using underpasses, demonstrating that these structures could help to reduce the risk of roadkill for giant armadillos.</p>
FIG. 1 in Distribution and threat status of the liverwort Mannia triandra (Scop.) Grolle (Aytoniaceae, Marchantiophyta) in Montenegro
FIG. 1. — Mannia triandra (Scop.) Grolle in Montenegro (A), with carpocephala (B).
Figure 2 in Biology of jungle perch, Kuhlia rupestris, identification of threats and knowledge gaps to improve local and global management
Figure 2. – Diet of K. rupestris in northern Queensland (Pusey et al., 2004).
Kuhlia rupestris, juvenile. © E. Vigneux. Source: Keith et al., 1999. in Biology of jungle perch, Kuhlia rupestris, identification of threats and knowledge gaps to improve local and global management
Kuhlia rupestris, juvenile. © E. Vigneux. Source: Keith et al., 1999.
Leveraging interindividual variability in threat conditioning of inbred mice to model trait anxiety
<p><strong>Abstact</strong></p> <p>Trait anxiety is a major risk factor for stress-induced and anxiety disorders in humans. However, animal models accounting for the inter-individual variability in stress vulnerability are largely lacking. Moreover, the pervasive bias of using mostly male animals in preclinical studies poorly reflects the increased prevalence of psychiatric disorders in women. Using the threat imminence continuum theory, we designed and validated an auditory aversive conditioning-based pipeline in both female and male mice. We operationalized trait anxiety by harnessing the naturally occurring variability of defensive freezing responses combined with a model-based clustering strategy. While sustained freezing during prolonged retrieval sessions was identified as an anxiety-endophenotype biomarker in both sexes, females were consistently associated with an increased freezing response. RNA-sequencing of CeA, BLA, ACC and BNST revealed massive differences in phasic and sustained responders’ transcriptomes, correlating with transcriptomic signatures of psychiatric disorders, particularly PTSD. Moreover, we detected significant alterations in the excitation/inhibition balance of principal neurons in the lateral amygdala. These findings provide compelling evidence that trait anxiety in inbred mice can be leveraged to develop translationally relevant preclinical models to investigate mechanisms of stress susceptibility in a sex-specific manner.</p> <p><strong>Remarks</strong></p> <p>This submission contains the analysis code and source data to fully reproduce the behavioural, electrophysiology and RNA-seq analysis described in Kovlyagina et al. </p> <p> - Navigate to the <em>behaviour_ephys</em> directory and run the scripts to reproduce the behavioural and electrophysiology analysis</p> <p>- Navigate to the <em>RNAseq</em> directory and run the script to reproduce the RNA-seq analysis</p> <p> </p>
The Sampling Threat when Mining Generalizable Inter-Library Usage Patterns
<div> <div> <div> <p>Tool support in software engineering often relies on relationships, regularities, patterns, or rules mined from other users’ code. Examples include approaches to bug prediction, code recommendation, and code autocompletion. Mining is typically performed on samples of code rather than the entirety of available software projects. While sampling is crucial for scaling data analysis, it might influence the generalization of the mined patterns. This paper focuses on sampling software projects filtered for specific libraries and frameworks, and on mining patterns that connect different libraries. We call these inter-library patterns.</p> <p>We observe that limiting the sample to a specific library may hinder the generalization of inter-library patterns, posing a threat to their use or interpretation. Using a simulation and a real case study, we demonstrate this threat for different sampling methods. Our simulation shows that only when sampling for the disjunction of both libraries involved in the implication of a pattern, the implication generalizes well. Additionally, we demonstrate that real empirical data sampled using the GitHub search API does not behave as expected from our simulation. This identifies a potential threat relevant for many studies that use the GitHub search API for studying inter-library patterns.</p> </div> </div> </div>
50_reefs_threats
<p>These data are the raw_data and output_data files needed to recreate the analysis and results in Kuempel et al. 2021 "Identifying management opportunities to combat climate, land, and marine threats across less climate exposed coral reefs". The corresponding code can be found at https://github.com/cdkuempel/50_reefs_threats. Download these datasets and add them to the main folder of the github repository. The raw pressure and stressor data are downloaded within the scripts provided.</p>
Diurnal and nocturnal mosquitoes escape looming threats using distinct flight strategies
<p><span>Flying insects have evolved the ability to evade looming objects such as predators and swatting hands. This is particularly relevant for blood-feeding insects like mosquitoes that routinely need to evade defensive actions of their blood-hosts. To minimize the chance of being swatted, a mosquito can use two distinct strategies: continuously exhibit an unpredictable flight path or maximize its escape manoeuvrability. We studied how baseline flight unpredictability and escape manoeuvrability affects the escape performance of day-active and night-active mosquitoes (<i>Aedes aegypti</i> and <i>Anopheles coluzzii</i>, respectively). We used a multi-camera high-speed videography system to track how freely flying mosquitoes respond to an event-triggered rapidly approaching mechanical swatter, in four light conditions ranging from pitch darkness to overcast daylight. Results show that both species exhibit enhanced escape performance in their respective natural light condition (daylight for <i>Aedes</i> and dark for <i>Anopheles</i>). To achieve this, they show strikingly different behaviours. The enhanced escape performance of <i>Anopheles</i> at night is explained by their baseline unpredictable erratic flight behaviour, whereas the increased escape performance of <i>Aedes</i> in overcast daylight is due to their enhanced escape manoeuvres. This shows that both day and night active mosquitoes modify their flight behaviour in function of light intensity such that their escape performance is maximum in their natural blood-feeding light conditions, when these defensive actions by their blood-hosts occur most. Because <i>Aedes</i> and <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes are major vectors of several deadly human diseases, this knowledge can be used to optimize vector control methods for these specific species.</span></p>
Relationship-Based Threat Modeling: Evaluation Data
<p>The full data sets used for the evaluation of our Relationship-Based Threat Modeling approach, as described in our recent submission to EnCyCriS 2022.<br> Stef Verreydt, Laurens Sion, Koen Yskout, and Wouter Joosen. 2022. Relationship-Based Threat Modeling. In The 3rd International Workshop on Engineering and Cybersecurity of Critical Systems (EnCyCriS’22 ), May 16, 2022, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 8 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/ 3524489.3527303</p>
Ontogeny of risk assessment and escape-hatching performance by red-eyed treefrog embryos in two threat contexts
<p><span>Arboreal embryos of red-eyed treefrogs,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em>Agalychnis callidryas</em><span>, hatch prematurely in response to hypoxia when flooded and mechanosensory cues (MC) in snake attacks, but hatching later improves tadpole survival. We studied ontogenetic changes in risk assessment and hatching performance of embryos in response to flooding and physical disturbance. We hypothesized that risk assessment decreases as hatchling survival improves and hatching performance increases as embryos develop. Because snakes eat faster than embryos asphyxiate, we hypothesized that embryos decide to hatch sooner and hatch faster in response to MC. We video-recorded individual embryos hatching in response to each cue type, then compared the incidence and timing of a series of events and behaviors from cue onset to complete hatching across ages and stimuli. Latency from cue to hatching decreased developmentally in both contexts and was shorter with MC, but the elements contributing to those changes differed.</span><em> </em><span>Hypoxia-assessment involved position changes, which decreased developmentally along with assessment time. MC-assessment<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span>occurred more rapidly, without movement, and decreased</span><span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>with age. The first stages of hatching, membrane rupture and head emergence, were surprisingly age-independent but faster with MC, congruent with greater effort under more immediate risk. In contrast, body emergence and compression showed ontogenetic improvement consistent with morphological constraints but no cue effect. Both appropriate timing and effective performance of hatching are necessary for continued development. Different stages of the process vary with development and environmental context, suggesting combinations of adaptive context- and stage-dependent behavior, cue-related constraints on information acquisition, and ontogenetic constraints on elements of performance. </span></p>
A cerebellar-prepontine circuit for tonic immobility triggered by inescapable threat
<p>Data from Bhandiwad et al. "A cerebellar-prepontine circuit for tonic immobility triggered by inescapable threat" https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.09.02.458709</p>
Figure 5 in Agricultural activities and threat to fauna in Brazil: an analysis of the Red Book of Endangered Brazilian Fauna
Figure 5. Number of species affected by isolation, in each group, compared to the number of species affected by habitat reduction and habitat fragmentation.
Leadership Styles in International Conflict Management. Action by the European Union Against Radicalization, Terrorism and Violent Extremism – Risks and Threats
<p>The article focuses on the antecedents of the emergence and management of international conflicts related to radicalization and terrorism in a European context and the interaction between leader and team. The objective of the desk research is to examine the correlation between the leadership style and the team, the leadership competencies, and to develop strategies for conflict resolution and management. It is achieved by analysing the European approach to the prevention of radicalization, terrorism and violent extremism, and exploring their positive and negative effects on a specific individual or group. The focus is on the role of leadership styles and competences at different hierarchical levels in order to achieve results and find solutions to problems. This paper presents the desk research conducted on countering radicalization and extremism.</p>
Where is the heat threat in a city? Different perspectives on people-oriented and remote sensing methods: the case of Prague
<p>This is supplementary data for a paper called ‘Where is the heat threat in a city? Different perspectives of people-oriented and remote sensing methods, the case of Prague’ to be submitted to the journal Heliyon. Dataset contains three folders:</p> <ol> <li><strong>LST</strong> <br>– Layer Landsat_ecostress_data = vector polygon layer containing fishnet which includes values from 15 sattelite images from 3 different sources - ECOSTRESS, Landsat 8 and Landsat 9<br>Attribute percent_av contains mean percentile from all 15 images</li> <li><strong>Participatory mapping</strong><br>Raw data from participatory mapping campaign held on August 2022 in Prague-Holešovice</li> <li><strong>Thermal walk</strong><br>Layer Data_app = Raw data from thermal walk held on August 3rd 2022 (Declared time in the attribute table is UTC)<br>Layer DataApp_corr = Corrected coordinates from thermal walk (For these corrections, precisely prepared routes were used. Data were post-processed using an algorithm for a minimization of the distance between the measured and expected point location. The measured point was moved using its normal on-route position and his distance was compared with the previous point. If the distance was larger than 115% of expected, the point was moved closer, and when the distance was smaller than 85% of expected, the point was moved forward.)</li> </ol> <p> </p> <p><em>Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc internal grant IGA_PrF_2024_022 – Novel approaches to studying the human thermal environment in urban areas. This work was also supported by Strategy AV21 project ‘City as Lab of changes’, financed by the Czech Academy of Sciences.</em></p>
Evolution of threat response-related polymorphisms at the SLC6A4 locus in callitrichid primates
<p>Variation in an upstream repetitive region at the <em>SLC6A4</em> locus, which encodes the serotonin transporter, is associated with anxiety-related behaviour in a few primate species, including humans and rhesus macaques, and has been suggested to be related to ecological adaptability among macaques. In this study we investigate evolution of <em>SLC6A4</em> polymorphisms associated with anxiety-related behaviour in common marmosets (<em>Callithrix jacchus</em>). Assaying variation in the <em>SLC6A4</em> repeat region across 14 species in 8 genera of callitrichid primates (marmosets and tamarins) we find large interspecific variation in the number of repeats present (24-43). The black tufted-ear marmoset (<em>C. penicillata</em>) has sequence polymorphisms similar to those found in the common marmoset, which is its sister species, and no other species has intraspecific variation at these sites. We conclude that, similar to humans and macaques, the functional polymorphism at <em>SLC6A4</em> in common marmosets has a recent evolutionary origin, and that the anxiety-related allele is evolutionarily derived. Common/black tufted-ear marmosets and rhesus/bonnet macaques share high ecological adaptability and behavioural flexibility that we propose may be related to the maintenance of the polymorphism.</p>
The Interconnected Nature of Multiple Threats are Impacting Freshwater Biodiversity
<p><span>Freshwater biodiversity is in crisis across the globe: the significant extraction, modification, and pollution of freshwater resources puts these communities and systems at great risk. Here, using probabilistic network analysis, we show that globally and across all taxonomic groups and geographic regions, threats to freshwater species are interconnected and do not occur in isolation. However, we also find that species in higher risk categories are more acutely threatened by single, dominant threats as compared to species at lower risk of global extinction. Determining when and which species are threatened by isolated threats or a suite of co-occurring threats provides important information for designing effective freshwater conservation strategies.</span></p>
Fig. 4 in Current State, Anthropogenic Threats And Conservation Of The European Pond Turtle (Emys Orbiclularis) In Belarus
Fig. 4. Nesting habitat of Emys orbicularis in the country.
Fig. 5 in Current State, Anthropogenic Threats And Conservation Of The European Pond Turtle (Emys Orbiclularis) In Belarus
Fig. 5. Cadaver of the female turtle on the country road.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.