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Fig. 4 in A revision of the Asian tree toad complex Rentapia hosii (Anura: Bufonidae) with the description of a new species from Peninsular Malaysia
Fig. 4. Dorsal and ventral representations of preserved adult female Rentapia hosii from Sarawak. A–C, FMNH 156354, 156344–45 respectively, from Bintulu; D, FMNH 119897 from Niah.
Fig. 1 in A revision of the Asian tree toad complex Rentapia hosii (Anura: Bufonidae) with the description of a new species from Peninsular Malaysia
Fig. 1. Distribution of samples used in this study. Inset photographs depict the distinct phenotypes present within the Rentapia hosii complex [Photo credit: Alexander Haas (Sarawak); Robert F. Inger (Sabah) ©Field Museum of Natural History]. FMNH 248199. Created by Field Museum of Natural History, Amphibian and Reptile Collection and licensed under CC-BY-SA 4.0.
FIG. 15 in Evolution In The Genus Rhinella: A Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Of Neotropical True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae)
FIG. 15. Main character systems scored for each included species of Rhinella. References: Filled squares, most characters of the considered character system scored (> 50%); half-filled squares, most characters not scored (<40%); empty squares, no character scored. Abbreviations: Ad. ext. morphol., Adult external morphology; Ad. musc., Adult musculature; Ad. osteol., Adult osteology; Emb. morphol., Embryonic morphology; Larv. chondrocr., Larval chondrocranium; Larv. morphol., Larval external morphology; Nat. hist., Natural history.
FIG. 10 in Evolution In The Genus Rhinella: A Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Of Neotropical True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae)
FIG. 10. Phylogenetic relationships of Rhinella and outgroups recovered in one of the most parsimonious trees from the total evidence analysis with TNT considering gaps as a fifth state (length 25,399 steps). Values around nodes are parsimony jackknife frequencies (frequency differences value [above]/absolute [below]). An asterisk (*) indicates 100% jackknife support. Clades lacking references have <25% frequency difference values or <50% jackknife absolute frequencies. Lower left inset shows the entire cladogram with present view marked in white.
FIG. 11 in Evolution In The Genus Rhinella: A Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Of Neotropical True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae)
FIG. 11. Phylogenetic relationships of Rhinella recovered in one of the most parsimonious trees from the total evidence analysis with TNT considering gaps as a fifth state (length 25,399 steps). The clades and species groups shown are those recognized in this study. Part 1 of 4. The R . marina Clade (1): the R . arunco, R . spinulosa, and R . granulosa Groups. Black circles indicate nodes that collapse in the strict consensus. Values around nodes are parsimony jackknife frequencies (frequency differences value [above]/absolute [below]). An asterisk (*) indicates 100% jackknife support. Clades lacking references have <25% frequency difference values or <50% jackknife absolute frequencies. Lower left inset shows the entire cladogram with present view marked in white. Abbreviations: MtG, mitochondrial genome; NuG, nuclear genome.
FIG. 6 in Evolution In The Genus Rhinella: A Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Of Neotropical True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae)
FIG. 6. Hyoid plate: A, Rhinella cristinae ICN 26233 (char. 25.0), B, R . manu MHNC 4404 (char. 25.1). Arrowheads indicate the occurrence of posterior lobes of the anterolateral processes in B. Panels redrawn from Vélez-R. and Ruiz-C., 2002 (A); Chaparro et al., 2007 (B).
FIG. 2 in Evolution In The Genus Rhinella: A Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Of Neotropical True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae)
FIG. 2. Skulls (dorsal view) showing the different level of contact between nasals and frontoparietals (both bones in gray): A, Nannophryne cophotis KU 218525 (char. 8.0; species not included in this study); B, Rhinella yanachaga MUSM 24509 (char. 8.1); C, R . crucifer KU 93112 (char. 8.2); D, R . marina KU 152914 (char. 8.3). Panels A, C, D redrawn from Pramuk (2006), B redrawn from Lehr et al. (2007).
FIG. 13 in Evolution In The Genus Rhinella: A Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Of Neotropical True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae)
FIG. 13. Phylogenetic relationships of Rhinella recovered in one of the most parsimonious trees from the total evidence analysis with TNT considering gaps as a fifth state (length 25,399 steps). The clades and species groups shown are those recognized in this study. Part 3 of 4. The R . margaritifera Clade (1): R . sternosignata and the R . veraguensis and R . festae Groups. Black circles indicate nodes that collapse in the strict consensus. Values around nodes are parsimony jackknife frequencies (frequency differences value [above]/absolute [below]). An asterisk (*) indicates 100% jackknife support. Clades lacking references have <25% frequency difference values or <50% jackknife absolute frequencies. Lower left inset shows the entire cladogram with present view marked in white.
FIG. 14 in Evolution In The Genus Rhinella: A Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Of Neotropical True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae)
FIG. 14. Phylogenetic relationships of Rhinella recovered in one of the most parsimonious trees from the total evidence analysis with TNT considering gaps as a fifth state (length 25,399 steps). The clades and species groups shown are those recognized in this study. Part 4 of 4. The R . margaritifera Clade (2): the R . margaritifera Group. Black circles indicate nodes that collapse in the strict consensus. Values around nodes are parsimony jackknife frequencies (frequency differences value [above]/ absolute [below]). An asterisk (*) indicates 100% jackknife support. Clades lacking references have <25% frequency difference values or <50% jackknife absolute frequencies. Lower left inset shows the entire cladogram with present view marked in white.
FIG. 9 in Evolution In The Genus Rhinella: A Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Of Neotropical True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae)
FIG. 9. Comparison between the strict consensuses resulting from the analyses of the restricted nuclear dataset (rND) and restricted mitochondrial dataset (rMD), showing the alternative positions of Rhinella horribilis in both analyses. Circles on nodes indicate parsimony jackknife frequencies (frequency differences value [above]/absolute [below]). Nodes lacking circles have <25% frequency difference values or <50% jackknife absolute frequencies.
FIG. 1 in Evolution In The Genus Rhinella: A Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Of Neotropical True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae)
FIG. 1. Summarized relationships of Rhinella according to the main published phylogenetic hypotheses of the group. Only the topological sections corresponding to Rhinella, and putative most related outgroups (i.e., Anaxyrus and Incilius) are shown. The number of species sampled within each clade is reported in parentheses. (A) Pauly et al. (2004: fig. 2). (B) Frost et al. (2006: fig. 50). (C) Pramuk (2006: fig. 4). (D) Chaparro et al. (2007: fig. 9). (E) van Bocxlaer et al. (2010: fig. S1). (F) Pyron and Wiens (2011: fig. 2). (G) Pyron (2014: suppl. information "amph_shl.tre"). (H) Pereyra et al. (2016a: fig. 3 and appendix S12). (I) Jetz and Pyron (2018: suppl. information "amph_shl_new.tre").
FIG. 8 in Evolution In The Genus Rhinella: A Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Of Neotropical True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae)
FIG. 8. Head (lateral and dorsal views) showing the shape of the parotoid gland (in gray): A, Rhinella aff. cerradensis (char. 56.0); B, R . acutirostris (char. 56.1); C, R . arunco (char. 56.2); D, R . marina (char. 56.3).
FIG. 12 in Evolution In The Genus Rhinella: A Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Of Neotropical True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae)
FIG. 12. Phylogenetic relationships of Rhinella recovered in one of the most parsimonious trees from the total evidence analysis with TNT considering gaps as a fifth state (length 25,399 steps). The clades and species groups shown are those recognized in this study. Part 2 of 4. The R . marina Clade (2): the ghost introgressed mitochondrion and the R . crucifer and R . marina Groups. Black circles indicate nodes that collapse in the strict consensus. Values around nodes are parsimony jackknife frequencies (frequency differences value [above]/ absolute [below]). An asterisk (*) indicates 100% jackknife support. Clades lacking references have <25% frequency difference values or <50% jackknife absolute frequencies. Lower left inset shows the entire cladogram with present view marked in white. Abbreviations: MtG, mitochondrial genome; NuG, nuclear genome.
FIG. 7 in Evolution In The Genus Rhinella: A Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Of Neotropical True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae)
FIG. 7. Musculature of the dorsal surface of the hand and forearm: A, B. Rhinella paraguas CD 870. C, D. R . dorbignyi MACN 39350. A. First muscular layer: m. extensor digitorum; the m. extensor carpi ulnaris is also shown. Elements figured: 1, m. extensor digitorum and the m. extensor carpi ulnaris (head from humerus): common tendon of origin; 2, m. extensor digitorum; 3, m. extensor digitorum: slip to the dorsal surface of the m. extensor brevis superficialis digiti IV (both muscles attaches to the metacarpophalangeal joint of digit IV via a common tendon); 4, m. extensor digitorum: slip to metacarpal V; 5, m. extensor carpi ulnaris: head from humerus; 6, m. extensor carpi ulnaris (head from humerus): tendon of insertion. B. Second muscular layer: m. abductor pollicis longus and mm. extensores breves superficiales; the head from radioulna of the m. extensor carpi ulnaris is also shown (the head from humerus was removed). Elements figured: 1, m. extensor carpi ulnaris (head from radioulna): fleshy origin; 2, m. extensor carpi ulnaris: head from radioula; 3, m. extensor carpi ulnaris (heads from humerus and radioulna): common tendon of insertion on distal carpal 3-4-5; 4, m. abductor pollicis longus; 5, m. extensor indicis brevis superficialis: slip from radiale; 6, m. extensor indicis brevis superficialis: slip from ulnare; 7, m. extensor brevis superficialis digiti III; 8, m. extensor brevis superficialis digiti IV: slips from ulnare and distal carpal 3-4-5; 9, m. extensor brevis superficialis digiti V. C. First muscular layer: m. extensor digitorum; the m. extensor carpi ulnaris is also shown. Elements figured: 1, m. extensor digitorum and m. extensor carpi ulnaris (head from humerus): common tendon of origin; 2, m. extensor digitorum; 3, m. extensor digitorum: slip to the dorsal surface of the m. extensor brevis superficialis digiti IV (both muscles attaches to the metacarpophalangeal joint of digit IV via a common tendon); 4, m. extensor digitorum: slip to metacarpal V; 5, m. extensor carpi ulnaris: head from humerus; 6, m. extensor carpi ulnaris: tendon of insertion. D. Second muscular layer: m. abductor pollicis longus and mm. extensores breves superficiales; the head from radioulna of the m. extensor carpi ulnaris is also shown (the head from humerus was removed). Elements figured: 1, m. extensor carpi ulnaris (head from radioulna): tendon of origin; 2, m. extensor carpi ulnaris: head from radioulna; 3, m. extensor carpi ulnaris (heads from humerus and radioulna): common tendon of insertion on distal carpal 3-4-5; 4, m. abductor pollicis longus; 5, m. extensor indicis brevis superficialis: slip from ulnare inserting on metacarpal II (in common with the m. abductor pollicis longus); 6, m. extensor indicis brevis superficialis: slip from ulnare inserting on metacarpophalangeal joint; 7, m. extensor brevis superficialis digiti III: slips from ulnare and distal carpal 3-4-5; 8, m. extensor brevis superficialis digiti IV: slip from distal carpal 3-4-5; 9, m. extensor brevis superficialis digiti V. Characters figured: char. 46.1, presence of the head from radioulna of the m. extensor carpi ulnaris; char. 47.0, fleshy origin of the head from radioulna of the m. extensor carpi ulnaris; char. 47.1, origin via a flat tendon of the head from radioulna of the m. extensor carpi ulnaris. Scale bars = 1 mm.
FIG. 4 in Evolution In The Genus Rhinella: A Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Of Neotropical True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae)
FIG. 4. Skulls (lateral view of the anterior region) showing the orientation of alary process of the premaxilla in relation to the anterior margin of the premaxilla (premaxilla in gray): A, Nannophryne cophotis KU 218525 (char. 13.0; species not included in this study; B, R . crucifer KU 93112 (char. 13.1); C, R . sp. margaritifera Group (char. 13.2). All the figures redrawn and slightly modified from Pramuk (2006). The voucher number provided for the specimen of the R . sp. margaritifera Group was erroneously stated in Pramuk's (2006) figures according to the information provided in appendix 1 of that publication and in VertNet database (http://portal.vertnet.org/).
FIG. 3 in Evolution In The Genus Rhinella: A Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Of Neotropical True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae)
FIG. 3. Skulls (lateral view of the anterior region) showing the relation between the anterior margin of the nasal (black arrow) and the dorsal margin of the alary process of the premaxilla (gray arrow): A, Rhinella yanachaga MSM 24509 (char. 12.0), B, R . amabilis KU 124587 (char. 12.1), C, Schismaderma carens USNM 153380 (char. 12.2). Panels A and B redrawn from Lehr et al. (2007) and Pramuk (2006), respectively. Black arrows indicate the anterior margin of the nasal, gray arrows indicate the dorsal margin of the alary process.
Fig. 2 in Native species Maxvachonia chabaudi Mawson, 1972 (Nematoda: Cosmocercoidea) found in the invasive marine toad Rhinella marina (Linnaeus) (Anura: Bufonidae) in Australia
Fig. 2. Scanning electron micrographs of Maxvachonia chabaudi Mawson, 1972 from the marine toad Rhinella marina (Linnaeus) (Anura: Bufonidae) in Australia, male. A – anterior part of body (lateral ala arrowed), lateral view; B – cephalic end (amphid arrowed), apical view; C, G – posterior end of different individuals (white arrows showing precloacal papillae, black arrow showing lateral ala), lateral view; D – magnified image of precloacal papilla; E – magnified image of postcloacal papilla; F – magnified image of cloacal region (white arrow showing precloacal medio-ventral papilla, black arrows showing paracloacal papillae); H – tail (white arrows showing postcloacal papillae, black arrow showing phasmid), lateral view; I – magnified image of phasmid. Abbreviations: d – dorsal lip; g – tip of gubernaculum; i – inner flange of lips; v – ventrolateral lip.
Fig. 3 in Native species Maxvachonia chabaudi Mawson, 1972 (Nematoda: Cosmocercoidea) found in the invasive marine toad Rhinella marina (Linnaeus) (Anura: Bufonidae) in Australia
Fig. 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Maxvachonia chabaudi Mawson, 1972 from the marine toad Rhinella marina (Linnaeus) (Anura: Bufonidae) in Australia, female. A – anterior part of body (excretory pore and vulva arrowed), ventral view; B – magnified im- age of excretory pore; C – magnified image of vulva; D – cephalic end (amphids arrowed), apical view; E – egg (small nipple arrowed); F – tail, lateral view; G – magnified image of tail tip. Abbreviations: d – dorsal lip; v – ventrolateral lip.
Phylogenomics, introgression, and demographic history of South American true toads (Rhinella)
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Size of brain, heart, liver, alimentary tract, and kidneys along altitudinal gradients in Asiatic toad
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