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244 results for “trait diversity”
Complete codes for "Linking functional traits and diversity-invasibility hypothesis in submerged macrophyte communities under eutrophication", by Li
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Invasive earthworms can change understory plant community traits and reduce plant functional diversity
<p>Datasets and R script</p>
Contrasting reproductive traits affect the genetic diversity and fine-scale genetic structure of two sympatric and epiphytic tropical bromeliads.
<p>This database contains the coordinates of individuals of <em>Aechmea mariae-reginae</em> and <em>Werauhia ampla</em> in phorophytic trees and the genotypes for 8 microsatellite loci.</p>
Stoichiometric traits (N:P) of understory plants contribute to reductions in plant diversity following long-term nitrogen addition in subtropical forest
<p>Nitrogen enrichment is pervasive in forest ecosystems, but its influence on understory plant communities and their stoichiometric characteristics is poorly understood. We hypothesize that when forest is enriched with nitrogen (N), the stoichiometric characteristics of plant species explains changes in understory plant diversity. A 13 year field experiment was conducted to explore the effects of N addition on foliar carbon (C): N: phosphorus (P) stoichiometry and understory plant species richness in a subtropical Chinese fir forest. Four levels of N addition were applied: 0, 6, 12, and 24 g m<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>. Individual plant species were categorized into resistant plants, intermediate resistant plants, and sensitive plants based on their response to nitrogen addition. Results showed that N addition significantly decreased the number of species, genera and families of herbaceous plants. Foliar N:P ratios were greater in sensitive plants than resistant or intermediate resistance plants, while intrinsic water use efficiency showed an opposite trend. However, no relationship was detected between soil available N and foliar N, and soil N:P and foliar N:P ratios. Our results indicated that long-term N addition decreased the diversity of understory plants in a subtropical forest. Through regulating water use efficiency with N addition, sensitive plants change their N:P stoichiometry and have a higher risk of mortality, while resistant plants maintain a stable N:P stoichiometry, which contributes to their survival. These findings suggest that plant N:P stoichiometry plays an important role in understory plant performance in response to environmental change of N.</p>
Life history traits in two Drosophila species differently affected by microbiota diversity under lead exposure
<p><em>We investigated the influence of population origin and heavy metal exposure to the diversity of microbiota in two species, Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila subobscura grown in laboratory on lead (II) acetate (Pb(CH3COO)<sub>2</sub>) saturated substrate. The composition of microbiota in larvae and adults was determined by sequencing (NGS) of the V3-V4 variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene.</em></p>
Disentangling the roles of plant functional diversity and plaint traits in regulating plant nitrogen accumulation and denitrification in freshwaters
<p>1. There is a growing recognition that functional measures of diversity, based on quantification of functionally important species traits, are useful for explaining variation in ecosystem processes. However, the mechanisms linking functional diversity to different processes remain poorly understood, hindering development of a predictive framework for ecosystem functioning based on species traits.</p> <p>2. The current understanding of how the functional traits of aquatic plants (macrophytes) affect nitrogen (N) cycling by regulating microbial communities and their activity in freshwater habitats is particularly limited. Denitrifying bacteria are typically associated with the roots of both aquatic and terrestrial plants and denitrification is the main cause of loss of N from ecosystems. Disentangling the interplay between plants and microbial denitrifiers is key to understanding variation in rates of denitrification from local to landscape scales.</p> <p>3. In a mesocosm experiment, we varied the species richness (monocultures or two- species mixtures) and composition of macrophytes. We quantified effects of both macrophyte functional diversity, quantified as functional trait dissimilarity, and functional trait composition, quantified as community weighted mean trait values, on N removal in wetlands. We used structural equation modelling to disentangle the direct and indirect influences of traits on N accumulation in plant biomass, denitrification activity and abundance of key bacterial denitrification genes (<i>nirS</i>and <i>nirK</i>).</p> <p>4. Both functional diversity and functional trait composition regulated N removal, explaining 70 – 94% variation in the underlying ecosystem processes. Increased macrophyte functional diversity increased plant N accumulation, and indirectly enhanced denitrification by increasing denitrification gene abundance. Among traits, greater plant relative growth rates, specific leaf area and aboveground biomass increased plant N accumulation. Denitrification activity increased with increasing belowground biomass but decreased with increasing root diameter.</p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>5. These findings improve our understanding of N removal in freshwater wetlands dominated by macrophytes, and have broad ecological implications for wetland management targeting enhanced ecosystem services. Our results highlight the potential for optimising denitrification and plant N accumulation in wetlands and thereby improving water purification by increasing macrophyte functional diversity and ensuring the presence of key traits in macrophyte assemblages.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Environment regimes play an important role in structuring trait- and taxonomy-based temporal beta diversity of riverine diatoms
<p>This dataset is from the manuscript '<span>Environment regimes play an important role </span><span>in structuring trait-and taxonomy-based temporal beta diversity of riverine </span><span>diatoms</span>' whereby daily riverine diatom data, flow, nutrients and metal ions data were used to examine <span>i) the relative roles of turnover and nestedness components to trait- and taxonomy-based temporal beta diversity of riverine diatoms; ii) whether trait-based temporal beta diversity provides complementary information to taxonomy-based temporal beta diversity; iii) the relative roles of hydrology (e.g., discharge, </span><span>antecedent precipitation index</span><span>), metal ions (e.g., </span><span>Mg2+, Si2+), and nutrients (e.g., nitrogen, orthophosphate) to the both facets of temporal beta diversity and their components (i.e., total beta diversity, turnover, and nestedness); and iv) whether inclusion of environment regimes increase their explained variations. Therefore, t</span>his dataset contains three different data: 1) daily species composition (date*species); 2) species trait (species * traits); 3) environmental variables (date*environmental variables). </p>
Megafruit and megafauna diversity are positively associated, while megafruit traits are related to abiotic factors, in Tropical Asia
<p class="Body"><b>Aim</b></p> <p class="Body">For tens of millions of years, herbivorous megafauna were abundant across the globe, fulfilling important ecological roles including seed dispersal. Megafruits are very large fruits that are dispersed most effectively by megafauna. However, megafruits also occur in ecosystems where megafauna are extinct or were never present, emphasizing our incomplete understanding of megafauna-megafruit relationships. Here we use the complex biogeography of tropical Asia to investigate how megafruit diversity and traits are associated with the diversity of megafauna, smaller animals, and abiotic factors.</p> <p class="Body"><b>Location</b></p> <p class="Body">Tropical Asia, from the Indian subcontinent in the west to tropical China in the north to the Maluku archipelago (Indonesia) in the east.</p> <p class="Body"><b>Time period</b></p> <p class="Body">Late Pleistocene to the present day.</p> <p class="Body"><b>Major taxa studied</b></p> <p class="Body">Megafauna (body weight >500 kg) that consume fruits, including stegodons, elephants, rhinoceroses, giant tapirs, and large bovids. Fleshy-fruited plant species across the region with a fruit width >40 mm (i.e., megafruits).</p> <p class="Body"><b>Methods</b></p> <p class="Body">We compiled a list of all megafruits along with selected plant, fruit, and seed traits in 16 subregions across tropical Asia. We explored biogeographic patterns in megafruit diversity and traits in relation to the diversities of past and present megafauna, large- and medium-sized animals and abiotic factors (mean temperature, mean precipitation, precipitation seasonality, insularity).</p> <p class="Body"><b>Results</b></p> <p class="Body">We identified 496 megafruits in tropical Asia. Megafruit diversity was highest in subregions with high megafaunal diversity, particularly extant species. Megafruit traits were influenced most strongly by abiotic factors (mainly temperature and land area), and weakly by megafauna and smaller dispersers.</p> <p class="Body"><b>Main conclusions</b></p> <p class="Body">Our results are consistent with megafauna maintaining or responding to megafruit diversity, but variation in megafruit traits is primarily associated with abiotic factors. Given the massive megafaunal losses in tropical Asia since the Late Pleistocene, it is important to identify fruit traits that can increase megafauna-dependence and thus vulnerability to these losses.</p>
Niche differentiation along multiple functional-trait dimensions contributes to high local diversity of Euphorbiaceae in a tropical tree assemblage
<p><span>Understanding the mechanisms that drive community assembly in species-rich tropical forest remains a fundamental challenge in ecology. Here, we integrated multivariate functional trait dimensions, phylogeny, and metabolomics to test fundamental predictions concerning the role of differentiation with respect to abiotic and biotic niche axes in the maintenance of high local diversity of woody plants in the Euphorbiaceae.</span></p> <p><span>We measured 40 functional traits related to resource acquisition, photosynthetic capacity, hydraulic efficiency, and secondary-metabolite profiles generated using untargeted metabolomics in all 26 Euphorbiaceae species in a 20-ha forest dynamics plot in tropical southwestern China. We examined the correlation structure of 40 traits using a trait networking approach. We coupled these traits with variation in soil nutrients, light environment, soil water content and herbivore pressure within the plot to assess niche differentiation in space. We compared phylogenetic signal among </span><span>multivariate trait dimensions and secondary metabolites to assess niche differentiation in evolutionary time.</span></p> <p><span>Network analysis revealed that a small number of traits with high network centrality reflected variation in ecological strategy among the Euphorbiaceae. Using these high-centrality traits, we observed significant functional turnover along environmental gradients defined by light, soil moisture, soil nutrients and leaf herbivory, respectively. Most resource utilization traits showed significant phylogenetic signal, whereas almost all defensive traits lacked phylogenetic signal, including species similarity with respect to plant secondary metabolites.</span></p> <p><span>Synthesis</span><span>.</span><span> </span><span>Our results suggest that resource-utilization traits and the habitat associations play a significant role in the </span><span>niche segregation</span><span> of co-occurring woody plants in the Euphorbiaceae. Secondary metabolites, however, may enhance diversity at a finer spatial scale by allowing closely related species with similar functional traits to partition biotic niche space within shared habitats in tropical</span><span> rainforest.</span></p>
How long is 3 kilometres for a butterfly? Ecological constraints and functional traits explain high mitochondrial genetic diversity between Sicily and the Italian Peninsula
<p>1. Populations inhabiting Mediterranean islands often show contrasting genetic lineages, even on islands that were connected to the mainland during glacial maxima. This pattern is generated by forces acting in historical and contemporary times. Understanding these phenomena requires comparative studies relating genetic structure, functional traits and dispersal constraints.</p> <p>2. Using as a model the butterfly species living across the Messina strait separating Sicily from the Italian Peninsula (3 km wide), we aimed to unravel the mechanisms limiting the dispersal of matrilines across a narrow sea strait and producing genetic differentiation. </p> <p>3. We analysed the mitochondrial COI gene of 84 butterfly species out of 90 documented in Sicily and compared them with populations from the neighbouring southern Italian Peninsula (1398 sequences) and from the entire Palearctic region (8093 sequences). For each species, we regressed 13 functional traits and two ecological constraints to dispersal (winds experienced at the strait and climatic suitability) against genetic differentiation between Sicily and Italian Peninsula to understand the factors limiting dispersal.</p> <p>4. More than a third of the species showed different haplogroups across the strait and most of them also represented endemic haplogroups for this island. One fifth of Sicilian populations (and 32.3% of endemic lineages) had their closest relatives in distant areas, instead of the neighbouring Italian Peninsula, which suggests high relictuality. Haplotype diversity was significantly explained by length of the flight period, an intrinsic phenology trait, while genetic differentiation was explained by both intrinsic traits (wingspan and degree of generalism) and contemporary local constraints (winds experienced at the strait and climatic suitability).</p> <p>5. A relatively narrow sea strait can produce considerable differentiation among butterfly matrilines and this phenomenon showed a largely deterministic fingerprint. Because of unfavourable winds, populations of the less dispersive Sicilian butterflies tended to differentiate into endemic variants or to maintain relict populations. Understanding these phenomena required the integration of DNA sequences, species traits and physical constraints for a large taxon at continental scale. Future studies may reveal if the patterns here shown for mitochondrial DNA are also reflected in the nuclear genome or, alternatively, are the product of limited female dispersal.</p>
Deficits in functional trait diversity following recovery on coral reefs
<p>The disturbance regimes of ecosystems are changing, and prospects for continued recovery remain unclear. New assemblages with altered species composition may be functionally deficient. Alternatively, key functional traits may be sustained by species that replace those in decline (response diversity). Here, we quantify the recovery and response diversity of coral assemblages using case studies of disturbance in three locations. Despite return trajectories of coral cover, the original assemblages with diverse functional attributes failed to recover at each location. Response diversity and the reassembly of trait space was limited, and varied according to biogeographical differences in the attributes of dominant, rapidly recovering species. The deficits in recovering assemblages identified here suggest that the return of coral cover cannot assure the reassembly of reef trait diversity, and that shortening intervals between disturbances can limit recovery among functionally important species.</p>
Data from: BIOVERA-Tree: tree diversity, community composition, forest structure and functional traits along gradients of forest-use intensity and elevation in Veracruz, Mexico
<p>Here, we describe BIOVERA-Tree, a database on tree diversity, community composition, forest structure, and functional traits collected in 120 forest plots distributed along an extensive elevational gradient in Veracruz State, Mexico. BIOVERA-Tree includes information on forest structure from three levels of forest-use intensity, namely old-growth, degraded, and secondary forest, replicated across eight elevations from sea-level to near the tree line at 3500 m and on size and location of 4549 tree individuals with a diameter at breast height ≥ 5 cm belonging to 216 species, 154 genera, and 80 families. We also report measurements of eight functional traits, namely wood density for 143 species, maximum height for 216 species and leaf traits including: specific leaf area, lamina density, leaf thickness, chlorophyll content, and leaf area for 148 species and leaf dry matter content for 145 species.</p>
Data from: Changes in beta diversity and species functional traits differ between saplings and mature trees in an old growth forest
<p class="MsoCommentText">1. Invasion by generalist tree species can cause biotic homogenization and such community impoverishment is likely more important in rare forest types. We quantified changes in tree diversity within Carolinian (range in Central Hardwoods), northern (range reached Northern hardwood-conifer/Boreal-spruce-fir) and central species (range in Central Hardwood region and Northern hardwood-conifer) in an old forest in southern Canada at points surveyed 24 years apart.</p> <p class="MsoCommentText">2. We asked: How did mature tree and sapling composition and abundance change for the 3 species' groups? Did those changes lead to biotic homogenization? Can species' changes be explained by community traits? We tested for differences in temporal and spatial tree <span>β</span>-diversity, as well as forest composition and structure, using univariate/multivariate analyses and a community trait-based approach to identify drivers-of-change.</p> <p class="MsoCommentText">3. Major increases occurred in abundance for mature <i>Acer rubrum</i> (northern), while others decreased (<i>Fraxinus americana</i>, <i>Populus grandidentata</i>); declines were found in <i>A. saccharinum </i>(central) and <i>Cornus florida</i> (Carolinian). Species composition of saplings, but not mature trees, changed due to replacement; no evidence for biotic homogenization existed in either cohort. As a group, northern mature tree species increased significantly, while central species declined; saplings of Carolinian species declined. </p> <p class="MsoCommentText">4. Shade-tolerance in mature trees increased, reflecting successional changes, while drought-tolerance decreased perhaps due to changing temperatures, altered precipitation or ground water levels. Saplings showed declines in all traits, probably because of compositional change. </p> <p class="MsoCommentText">5. Our results demonstrated that saplings can more closely reflect change in forest dynamics than mature trees, especially over short time periods. Based on sapling trends, this remnant could ultimately transition to a mesophytic hardwood stand dominated by <i>A. rubrum</i> and other shade-tolerant species, creating a more homogeneous forest. </p> <p class="MsoCommentText">6. While encouraging regeneration for Carolinian and central tree species could ensure high levels of diversity are conserved in the future, it is important that this is balanced with the primary management goal of maintaining the older-growth characteristics of the forest.</p>
Data from: Observed and dark diversity dynamics over millennial time scales: Fast-life history traits linked to expansion lags of plants in northern Europe
<p>Global change drivers (e.g. climate and land use) affect the species and functional traits observed in a local site but also its dark diversity—the set of species and traits locally suitable but absent. Dark diversity links regional and local scales and, over time, reveals taxa under expansion lags by depicting the potential biodiversity that remains suitable but is absent locally. Since global change effects on biodiversity are both spatially and temporally scale dependent, examining long-term temporal dynamics in observed and dark diversity would be relevant to assessing and foreseeing biodiversity change. Here, we used sedimentary pollen data to examine how both taxonomic and functional observed and dark diversity changed over the past 14500 years in northern Europe. We found that taxonomic and functional observed and dark diversity increased over time, especially after the Late Glacial and during the Late Holocene. However, dark diversity dynamics revealed expansion lags related to species' functional characteristics (dispersal limitation and stress intolerance) and an extensive functional redundancy when compared to taxa in observed diversity. We highlight that assessing observed and dark diversity dynamics is a promising tool to examine biodiversity change across spatial scales, its possible causes, and functional consequences.</p>
Fig. 2 in Beyond guilds: the promise of continuous traits for mammalian functional diversity
Fig. 2.—Morphospace derived from phylogenetic discriminant function analysis (DFA) based on eight craniodental measurements for 32 small mammal species. The first two discriminant functions (DF) account for 93.8% of the morphological variation. The percentage explained by each DF is included in the axis labels. Points are labeled with species abbreviations corresponding to Appendix I. Shape and color of points correspond to the diet group predicted for each species based on size-corrected morphology (see key in upper right-hand corner). Polygons are convex hulls showing the distribution of the predicted diet groups in morphospace. Species whose diets were misclassified (predicted diet group did not match a priori diet category; n = 8) are indicated with an asterisk.
Fig. 1 in Beyond guilds: the promise of continuous traits for mammalian functional diversity
Fig. 1.—Boxplots showing variation within and among habitat guilds for the relative medullary thickness (RMT) of the kidney (A) and hair density (B) as well as hair density among geographic affinity groups (C). Plotted values are the log-transformed values for 32 species of small mammals. Asterisks indicate significantly different means among groups from tests accounting for phylogenetic relatedness and covariation in body size. Letters identify groups that differed in nonphylogenetic tests. The RMT mesichabitat guild contains two outliers: Neotoma cinerea (bushy-tailed woodrat) above the group average and Sorex navigator (western water shrew) below the group average. For hair density, the mesichabitat outlier is N. cinerea.
Fig. 3 in Beyond guilds: the promise of continuous traits for mammalian functional diversity
Fig. 3.—Digital microscope photographs of mid-sagittal sections of kidneys used to measure relative medullary thickness (RMT). For each panel, the black scale bar denotes 2 mm. A) and B) represent the extremes of kidney morphology among the 32 small mammal species in this Great Basin assemblage: (A) Sorex navigator, a mesic habitat specialist with the lowest RMT (mean = 5.1), (B) Perognathus longimembris, a xeric habitat specialist with the highest RMT (mean = 13.6). Note the difference in the length of the renal papillae, which extend far outside the body of the kidney in the xeric species, enabling greater urine concentration. C)–E) show this same trend in morphology and mean RMT among congeners (three chipmunk species, Tamias) that differ in habitat guild: (C) T. umbrinus (mean RMT = 7.0) is found in high-elevation montane and subalpine forests, (D) T. dorsalis (mean RMT = 8.3) is found predominantly at mid-elevations among dryer, warmer pinyon-juniper woodlands, and
Functional traits of both specific alien species and receptive community but not community diversity determined the invasion success under biotic and abiotic conditions
<p><span>Biodiversity can provide some resistance to alien species in some cases, but not in others. The observed paradoxical results may be related to several reasons, including variations in abiotic and/or biotic conditions, alien species characteristics, and the fact that the species number cannot adequately reflect native community diversity. A comprehensive study that incorporates these elements is lacking.</span></p> <p><span>We constructed invasion systems using nine alien plant species and 12 native communities, composed of two diversity levels (three vs. six species), under different nitrogen (N) and arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) </span><span>inoculation</span><span> conditions. We used this fully crossed factorial experiment, i.e. N</span><span> (low vs. high) × native community diversity (three vs. six species) × AMF (with vs. without), to systematically explore the invasion success in native communities. </span></p> <p><span>We found that the species number of </span><span>native communities</span><span> didn't affect </span><span>invasion success under any of the N or AMF conditions. The effects of N enrichment and AMF inoculation on invasion were not consistent between alien species and native communities based on their phenotypic plasticity of functional traits in response to N enrichment and AMF inoculation. Specifically, the changing of invasion in response to N enrichment and AMF inoculation was associated with the plasticity of plant height and </span><span>root mass fraction</span><span> (RMF) that reflects the competitiveness for the acquisition of light and soil resources.</span></p> <p><span>Our results that species number did not capture well the resistance of the native community suggested that the </span><span>simple expression of species richness is not realistic to describe the invasion resistance of the community. Additionally, the association between functional traits of both alien species and native communities and </span><span>invasion success suggested that changes in competitive advantage and resource acquisition strategy are more important in explaining changes in invasive success in different N and AMF conditions.</span></p> <p><span>Future studies are needed to explore invasion success by systematically considering the characteristics of invasive species and the native community, and the specific abiotic and biotic conditions. Using functional traits may help advance our understanding of plant invasion in broad circumstances and shed light on a generalized framework of biological invasion.</span></p>
Data from: Environmental filtering of life-history trait diversity in urban populations of Arabidopsis thaliana
<p>The challenges to which plants are exposed in urban environments represent, in miniature, the challenges plants face as a result of global environmental change. Hence, urban habitats provide a unique opportunity to assess whether processes of local adaptation are taking place despite the short temporal and geographical scales that characterize the Anthropocene. We quantified the ecological diversity of urban habitats hosting A. thaliana populations. Using plant community indicators, we show that these patches differ in their levels of soil nutrient content and disturbance. Accordingly, plants in each patch displayed a range of flowering time, size and fitness. Using a deep sampling approach coupled with reduced genome-sequencing, we demonstrate that most individuals can be assigned to a limited set of clonal lineages; the genetic diversity of these lineages is a sample of the diversity observed in western European populations of the species, indicating that established urban populations originate from a broad regional pool of lineages. We assessed the genetic and phenotypic diversity of these lineages in a set of common garden experiments. We report marked genetic differences in life-history traits, including time of primary and secondary dormancy as well as of flowering. These genetic differences in life-history traits are not randomly distributed but sorted out by ecological differences among sites of origin.</p> <p>Synthesis: Our study shows that the genetically diverse phenology of a regional A. thaliana gene pool is not randomly distributed but filtered by heterogeneity in the urban environment. To out knowledge, this report is the first to show a pattern indicative of environmental filtering enhancing local genetic adaptation within urban environments. We conclude that environmental filtering helps maintain functional diversity within species.</p>
Data from: Changes in beta diversity and species functional traits differ between saplings and mature trees in an old growth forest
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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