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492 results for “trapdoor spiders”
FIGURES 4–12 in The open-holed trapdoor spiders (Mygalomorphae: Anamidae: Namea) of Australia's D'Aguilar Range: revealing an unexpected subtropical hotspot of rainforest diversity
FIGURES 4–12. Live habitus images and burrows of Namea from the D'Aguilar Range (south-eastern Queensland). 4–8, Live habitus images: 4, female N. brisbanensis Raven, 1984 from Gold Creek Reserve (note left leg IV missing); 5, paratype female N. gowardae sp. nov. from Mount Glorious; 6, female N. salanitri Raven, 1984 from Mount Mee; 7, female N. dahmsi Raven, 1984 from Clear Mountain; 8, subadult juvenile N. nigritarsus sp. nov. from Mount Glorious. 9–12, Burrow images: 9, burrow of unidentified Namea (N. nigritarsus sp. nov. or N. nebo sp. nov.; not collected) from Mount Nebo, with spider at entrance; 10, burrow of N. gowardae sp. nov. from Mount Glorious, with spider at entrance; 11, burrow of N. dahmsi from Clear Mountain; 12, burrow of N. nigritarsus sp. nov. from Mount Mee. Images 4–8, 10, 11 by M. Rix; 9, 12 by J. Wilson.
FIGURES 48–54 in The open-holed trapdoor spiders (Mygalomorphae: Anamidae: Namea) of Australia's D'Aguilar Range: revealing an unexpected subtropical hotspot of rainforest diversity
FIGURES 48–54. Namea gowardae sp. nov., female paratype (QMB S111377) from Maiala, Mount Glorious (south-eastern Queensland), somatic morphology: 48–49, carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; 50, cephalothorax, lateral view; 51, eyes, dorsal view; 52, mouthparts, ventral view; 53–54, cephalothorax and abdomen, ventral view (note that genitalia have been dissected from ventral abdominal epigastric region). Scale bars = 3.0 mm.
FIGURES 1–3. The D in The open-holed trapdoor spiders (Mygalomorphae: Anamidae: Namea) of Australia's D'Aguilar Range: revealing an unexpected subtropical hotspot of rainforest diversity
FIGURES 1–3. The D'Aguilar Range of south-eastern Queensland: 1, elevational heat map showing upland areas surrounding Brisbane, and the relative position of the D'Aguilar Range; 2, topographic map of the D'Aguilar Range (in shaded relief), with major localities highlighted; 3, typical habitat for Namea on rainforest bank at Mount Glorious (Maiala section). Image 3 copyright Queensland Museum (used with permission).
FIGURES 68–77 in The open-holed trapdoor spiders (Mygalomorphae: Anamidae: Namea) of Australia's D'Aguilar Range: revealing an unexpected subtropical hotspot of rainforest diversity
FIGURES 68–77. Namea nebo sp. nov., male holotype (QMB S65274) from Boombana, Mount Nebo (south-eastern Queensland), somatic morphology: 68–69, carapace and abdomen, dorsal view; 70, cephalothorax, lateral view; 71, eyes, dorsal view; 72, mouthparts, ventral view; 73–74, cephalothorax and abdomen, ventral view; 75, leg I, prolateral view; 76, leg I tibia, retrolateral view; 77, leg I tibia, profile in standardised prolateral view, showing relative position of macrosetae (pd, prodorsal; pv, proventral; v, ventral). Scale bars = 3.0 mm.
Phylogenomic analysis of ultraconserved elements resolves the evolutionary and biogeographic history of Segmented Trapdoor Spiders
<p>The segmented trapdoor spiders (Liphistiidae) are the sole surviving family of the suborder Mesothelae, which forms the sister lineage to all other living spiders. Liphistiids have retained a number of plesiomorphic traits and their present-day distribution is limited to East and Southeast Asia. Studying this group has the potential to shed light on the deep evolutionary history of spiders, but the phylogeny and divergence times of the family have not been resolved with confidence. We performed phylogenomic and molecular dating analyses of 2,765 ultraconserved element loci from 185 liphistiid taxa. Our analyses show that the crown group of Liphistiidae appeared in the mid-Cretaceous at 102 Ma (95% credibility interval 92–113 Ma), but it was not until the Neogene that much of the diversification within the family occurred in mainland Southeast and East Asia. This diversification was coincident with tectonic events such as the extension of the East Asian continental margin, as well as geological upheavals in Indochina induced by the collision between India and Asia. Our study highlights the important role of major tectonic events in shaping the evolutionary history, present-day diversity, and geographical distribution of mesothele and liphistiid spiders.</p>
Data from: Phylogenetic reconsideration of Myrmekiaphila systematics with a description of the new trapdoor spider species Myrmekiaphila tigris (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Cyrtaucheniidae, Euctenizinae)
The trapdoor spider genus Myrmekiaphila currently comprises 11 nominal species. A recent molecular phylogenetic evaluation of the group identified a number of problems with respect to how species and species groups were delineated by Bond and Platnick in their 2007 taxonomic revision of the genus. We report herein the discovery of a new species, Myrmekiaphila tigris sp. n. The phylogenetic position of the species is evaluated using a molecular phylogenetic approach based on a set of mtDNA markers. Our preferred phylogenetic hypothesis supports the recognition of a new species and further highlights the need to more carefully investigate species boundaries within the genus. These results further indicate that palpal bulb morphology is rapidly evolving and has likely been a contributing factor in rendering a number of species paraphyletic with respect to the molecular data.
Data from: Multilocus species delimitation in a complex of morphologically conserved trapdoor spiders (Mygalomorphae, Antrodiaetidae, Aliatypus)
Species are a fundamental unit for biological studies, yet no uniform guidelines exist for determining species limits in an objective manner. Given the large number of species concepts available, defining species can be both highly subjective and biased. Although morphology has been commonly used to determine species boundaries, the availability and prevalence of genetic data has allowed researchers to use such data to make inferences regarding species limits. Genetic data also have been used in the detection of cryptic species, where other lines of evidence (morphology in particular) may underestimate species diversity. In this study, we investigate species limits in a complex of morphologically conserved trapdoor spiders (Mygalomorphae, Antrodiaetidae, Aliatypus) from California. Multiple approaches were used to determine species boundaries in this highly genetically fragmented group, including both multilocus discovery and validation approaches (plus a chimeric approach). Additionally, we introduce a novel tree-based discovery approach using species trees. Results suggest that this complex includes multiple cryptic species, with two groupings consistently recovered across analyses. Due to incongruence across analyses for the remaining samples, we take a conservative approach and recognize a three species complex, and formally describe two new species (Aliatypus roxxiae, sp. nov. and Aliatypus starretti, sp. nov.). This study helps to clarify species limits in a genetically fragmented group and provides a framework for identifying and defining the cryptic lineage diversity that prevails in many organismal groups.
Data from: Deep phylogeographic structuring of populations of the trapdoor spider Moggridgea tingle (Migidae) from southwestern Australia: evidence for long-term refugia within refugia
Southwestern Australia has been recognized as a biodiversity hotspot of global significance, and it is particularly well known for its considerable diversity of flowering plant species. Questions of interest are how this region became so diverse and whether its fauna show similarly diverse patterns of speciation. Here we have carried out a phylogeographic study of trapdoor spiders (Migidae: Moggridgea), a presumed Gondwanan lineage found in wet forest localities across southwestern Australia. Phylogenetic, molecular clock and population genetic analyses of mitochondrial (mtDNA) COI gene and ITS rRNA (internal transcribed spacer) data revealed considerable phylogeographic structuring of Moggridgea populations, with evidence for long-term (> 3 million years) isolation of at least nine populations in different geographic locations, including upland regions of the Stirling and Porongurup Ranges. High levels of mtDNA divergence and no evidence of recent mitochondrial gene flow among valley populations of the Stirling Range suggest that individual valleys have acted as refugia for the spiders throughout the Pleistocene. Our findings support the hypothesis that climate change, particularly the aridification of Australia after the late Miocene, and the topography of the landscape, which allowed persistence of moist habitats, have been major drivers of speciation in southwestern Australia.
Data from: Phylogeny of a cosmopolitan family of morphologically conserved trapdoor spiders (Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae) using Anchored Hybrid Enrichment, with a description of the family, Halonoproctidae Pocock 1901
The mygalomorph family Ctenizidae has a world-wide distribution and currently contains nine genera and 135 species. However, the monophyly of this group has long been questioned on both morphological and molecular grounds. Here, we use Anchored Hybrid Enrichment (AHE) to gather hundreds of loci from across the genome for reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships among the nine genera and test the monophyly of the family. We also reconstruct the possible ancestral ranges of the most inclusive clade recovered. Using AHE, we generate a supermatrix of 565 loci and 115,209 bp for 27 individuals. For the first time, analyses using all nine genera produce results definitively establishing the non-monophyly of Ctenizidae. A lineage formed exclusively by representatives of South African Stasimopus was placed as the sister group to the remaining taxa in the tree, and the Mediterranean Cteniza and Cyrtocarenum were recovered with high support as sister to exemplars of Euctenizidae, Migidae, and Idiopidae. All the remaining genera—Bothriocyrtum, Conothele, Cyclocosmia, Hebestatis, Latouchia, and Ummidia—share a common ancestor. Based on these results, we formally elevate this clade to the level of family. Our results definitively establish both the non-monophyly of the Ctenizidae and non-validity of the subfamilies Ummidiinae and Ctenizinae. In order to establish the placement of the remaining three ctenizid genera, Cteniza, Cyrtocarenum, and Stasimopus, thorough analyses within the context of a complete mygalomorph phylogenetic framework are needed. We formally describe the family Halonoproctidae Pocock 1901 and infer that the family's most recent common ancestor was likely distributed in western North America and Asia.
Data from: Taxonomic revision of the trapdoor spider genus Eucteniza ausserer (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Euctenizidae)
The mygalomorph spider genus Eucteniza Ausserer, 1875 comprises 15 nominal species known only from the southwestern United States (Texas) and Mexico (Northern, Central, and the Baja Peninsula). Eucteniza atoyacensis Bond and Opell, 2002 is considered a nomen dubium; E. rex (Chamberlin, 1940) and E. stolida (Gertsch and Mulaik, 1940) are both considered junior synonyms of E. relata (O.P.-Cambridge, 1895). Twelve new species are described: E. caprica, E. coylei, E. diablo, E. cabowabo, E. huasteca, E. zapatista, E. chichimeca, E. ronnewtoni, E. hidalgo, E. golondrina, E. panchovillai, and E. rosalia.
Data from: Phylogenetic treatment and taxonomic revision of the trapdoor spider genus Aptostichus Simon (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Euctenizidae)
This systematic study documents the taxonomy, diversity, and distribution of 40 species of the predominately Californian trapdoor spider genus Aptostichus Simon, 1891. Thirty-three of these species are newly described: Aptostichus dantrippi, Aptostichus cabrillo, Aptostichus pennjillettei, Aptostichus asmodaeus, Aptostichus nateevansi, Aptostichus chiricahua, Aptostichus icenoglei, Aptostichus isabella, Aptostichus muiri, Aptostichus barackobamai, Aptostichus sinnombre, Aptostichus hedinorum, Aptostichus aguacaliente, Aptostichus chemehuevi, Aptostichus sarlacc, Aptostichus derhamgiulianii, Aptostichus anzaborrego, Aptostichus serrano, Aptostichus mikeradtkei, Aptostichus edwardabbeyi, Aptostichus killerdana, Aptostichus cahuilla, Aptostichus satleri, Aptostichus elisabethae, Aptostichus fornax, Aptostichus lucerne, Aptostichus fisheri, Aptostichus bonoi, Aptostichus cajalco, Aptostichus sierra, Aptostichus huntington, Aptostichus dorothealangeae, and Aptostichus chavezi. Most of these species are restricted to the California Floristic Province, a known biodiversity hotspot. Of the 40 recognized species, over half are considered to be imperiled or vulnerable and two have likely gone extinct over the past half-century; the conservation status of only 11 species is considered to be secure. Using 73 quantitative and qualitative morphological characters I propose a preliminary phylogeny for the genus that recognizes four major lineages: the Atomarius, Simus, Hesperus, and Sierra species groups. Additionally, the phylogenetic analysis indicates that adaptations favoring the invasion of the arid desert habitats of southern California have evolved multiple times across the group. The existence of both desert and non - desert species in three of the four species groups makes this genus an ideal candidate for the study of the evolutionary ecology of desert arthropods. A set of molecular characters based on the contiguous mitochondrial DNA genes 16S-tRNA valine-12S is used in an independent analysis to assist in placement of specimens into species. The taxonomy section explicitly identifies the concept employed in species delimitation. Niche based distribution models are constructed to predict the ranges of species for which an adequate number of sampling sites were known.
Data from: Post-Eocene climate change across continental Australia and the diversification of Australasian spiny trapdoor spiders (Idiopidae: Arbanitinae)
The formation and spread of the Australian arid zone during the Neogene was a profoundly transformative event in the biogeographic history of Australia, resulting in extinction or range contraction in lineages adapted to mesic habitats, as well as diversification and range expansion in arid-adapted taxa (most of which evolved from mesic ancestors). However, the geographic origins of the arid zone biota are still relatively poorly understood, especially among highly diverse invertebrate lineages, many of which are themselves poorly documented at the species level. Spiny trapdoor spiders (Idiopidae: Arbanitinae) are one such lineage, having mesic 'on-the-continent' Gondwanan origins, while also having experienced major arid zone radiations in select clades. In this study, we present new orthologous nuclear markers for the phylogenetic inference of mygalomorph spiders, and use them to infer the phylogeny of Australasian Idiopidae with a 12-gene parallel tagged amplicon next-generation sequencing approach. We use these data to test the mode and timing of diversification of arid-adapted idiopid lineages across mainland Australia, and employ a continent-wide sampling of the fauna's phylogenetic and geographic diversity to facilitate ancestral area inference. We further explore the evolution of phenotypic and behavioural characters associated with both arid and mesic environments, and test an 'out of south-western Australia' hypothesis for the origin of arid zone clades. Three lineages of Idiopidae are shown to have diversified in the arid zone during the Miocene, one (genus Euoplos) exclusively in Western Australia. Arid zone Blakistonia likely had their origins in South Australia, whereas in the most widespread genus Aganippe, a more complex scenario is evident, with likely range expansion from southern Western Australia to southern South Australia, from where the bulk of the arid zone fauna then originated. In Aganippe, remarkable adaptations to phragmotic burrow-plugging in transitional arid zone taxa have evolved twice independently in Western Australia, while in Misgolas and Cataxia, burrow door-building behaviours have likely been independently lost at least three times in the eastern Australian mesic zone. We also show that the presence of idiopids in New Zealand (Cantuaria) is likely to be the result of recent dispersal from Australia, rather than ancient continental vicariance. By providing the first comprehensive, continental synopsis of arid zone biogeography in an Australian arachnid lineage, we show that the diversification of arbanitine Idiopidae was intimately associated with climate shifts during the Neogene, resulting in multiple Mio-Pliocene radiations.
FIGURE 7 in A taxonomic review of the trapdoor spider genus Promyrmekiaphila Schenkel (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Cyrtaucheniidae, Euctenizinae)
FIGURE 7. Inferred mtDNA phylogeny for Promyrmekiaphila using Bayesian inference (redrawn from Stockman & Bond, 2007), demarcating the two morphologically distinct species: P. clathrata and P. winnemem sp. nov. Shaded boxes represent six ecologically non-interchangeable clades which may potentially be considered for species status sometime in the near future (see Stockman & Bond, 2007).
FIGURES 14–25 in A taxonomic review of the trapdoor spider genus Promyrmekiaphila Schenkel (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Cyrtaucheniidae, Euctenizinae)
FIGURES 14–25. Promyrmekiaphila winnemem sp. nov. female (MY3053) from Swasey Dr., Shasta Co., CA (14– 24): Right palpal endite (14); right chelicerae (15); trichobothrium base, leg I (16); leg I tarsal organ (17); left pedipalp tarsal claw (18); left leg I superior tarsal claw (19); left leg IV superior tarsal claw (20); spinnerets (21); terminal segment of left posterior lateral spinneret (22); spigots on tip of left posterior lateral spinneret (23); left posterior median spinneret (24). Right palpal bulb, prolateral aspect, from a P. clathrata male (PR067) from Hopland Field Station, Mendocino Co., CA (25).
FIGURES 4–6 in A taxonomic review of the trapdoor spider genus Promyrmekiaphila Schenkel (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Cyrtaucheniidae, Euctenizinae)
FIGURES 4–6. Distribution of Promyrmekiaphila in northern California. Circles represent known localities of P. c l a t h - rata, triangles represent P. winnemem sp. nov. Niche-based distribution models (redrawn from Stockman & Bond, 2007), indicating potentially suitable habitat for each species: P. winnemem (5); P. clathrata (6).
FIGURE 1–3 in A taxonomic review of the trapdoor spider genus Promyrmekiaphila Schenkel (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Cyrtaucheniidae, Euctenizinae)
FIGURE 1–3. Promyrmekiaphila clathrata: live specimen in situ (1), burrow closed (2), burrow open (3).
FIGURES 8–13 in A taxonomic review of the trapdoor spider genus Promyrmekiaphila Schenkel (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Cyrtaucheniidae, Euctenizinae)
FIGURES 8–13. Promyrmekiaphila winnemem sp. nov. female (MY3053) from Swasey Dr., Shasta Co., CA (8–11). Cephalothorax (8, 9, 10); leg I, prolateral aspect (11). Cephalothorax P. clathrata male (PR067) from Hopland Field Station, Mendocino Co., CA (12, 13).
FIGURE 3 in A new trapdoor spider species from the southern Coast Ranges of California (Mygalomorphae, Antrodiaetidae, Aliatypus coylei, sp. nov,), including consideration of mitochondrial phylogeographic structuring
FIGURE 3. Female spermathecae, viewed ventrally: A) MY1013 (CASENT9039431) paratype female, Carmel Valley Road (site 18), B) MY1326, Laureles Grade Road (site 13), C) MY374, Jack's Peak County Park (site 12), D) MY955, W of Pinnacles NM (site 8), E) MY3059, Palo Colorado Road (site 15), F) MY4194, Harlan Mtn Road (site 5), G) MY4362, Hidden Valley Road (site 1), H) MY1645, Coalinga Road (site 10), I) MY1642, Lonoak Road (site 11), J) MY829, E of Santa Margarita (site 22), K) MY1010, S of Gorda (site 20), L) MY2671, Kanan Dume Road (site 24). Colored dots correspond to genetic groups of Fig. 5. Site numbers correspond to Table 1 and Fig. 1C. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 2 in A new trapdoor spider species from the southern Coast Ranges of California (Mygalomorphae, Antrodiaetidae, Aliatypus coylei, sp. nov,), including consideration of mitochondrial phylogeographic structuring
FIGURE 2. Male holotype, MY999 (CASENT9039430), W of Arroyo Center (site 19): A) carapace and abdomen, viewed dorsally, B) left pedipalp, viewed retrolaterally, C) left leg I, viewed retrolaterally, D) sternum and chelicerae, viewed ventrally, E) palpal bulb, viewed ventrally. Scale bar A–D = 1 mm, E = 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 1. A in A new trapdoor spider species from the southern Coast Ranges of California (Mygalomorphae, Antrodiaetidae, Aliatypus coylei, sp. nov,), including consideration of mitochondrial phylogeographic structuring
FIGURE 1. A) Adult female Aliatypus coylei (MY4194), Harlan Mountain Road, Gabilan Range, San Benito County; B) Aliatypus trapdoor, Harlan Mountain Road, Gabilan Range, San Benito County; C) Known distribution of Aliatypus coylei. Site numbers correspond to Table 1; some geographically adjacent sites are represented by a single white circle. Regional records of other Aliatypus species as follows: red dots = A. janus, blue dots = A. torridus (records from Coyle 1974, Coye & Icenogle 1994; Satler et al. in review; personal observations). San Luc = Santa Lucia Range, Gab = Gabilan Range, Diablo = Diablo Range.
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