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295 results for “tropical dry forest”
Data from: Ecological and phylogenetic predictors of mobbing behavior in a tropical dry forest
Mobbing represents a well-known anti-predatory behavior, where potential prey display aggressively against a predator. Despite considerable experimental and descriptive work, no models predict species participation in mobbing assemblages. Here, we aimed to understand why some bird species engage in this behavior, while others do not, and what factors can be used to predict mobbing engagement within an avian community. We investigated whether certain functional traits, such as body size, foraging guild, foraging mode, and strata, as well species abundance and evolutionary relatedness, are important mobbing predictors. To address these goals, we simulated the presence of the Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl (Glaucidium brasilianum) by broadcasting its voice in 230 experiments conducted in 115 points, systematically distributed in a dry forest of northeastern Brazil. We compared these results to 162 avian surveys (point counts) conducted in the same area. Our avian surveys detected 108 bird species (local avian community), whereas our playback experiments attracted 72 species (mobbing assemblage). In general, small, canopy insectivorous or frugivorous birds dominated the mobs. The best mobbing predictors were body mass and guild, whereas species abundance, foraging mode, and strata were not retained in the best models. We found a strong phylogenetic component in body mass and mobbing propensity (almost 90% of the species and individuals participating in the mobs were passerines). At the community level, we found significant differences in the functional and phylogenetic structure of the mobbing assemblage in relation to the avian community. Our results suggest that mobbing behavior is tightly associated to predation risk and the capacity of individual species to find and detect predators, and that functional and phylogenetic features can predict species participation in this complex animal behavior.
Predator-prey interactions in anurans of the tropical dry forests of the Colombian Caribbean: a functional approach
<p>Anuran prey selection might be mediated by traits, either by mismatches in predator and prey traits (preventing interactions) or by predator selection of prey traits (encouraging interactions). These effect traits could be summarized in two contrasting foraging strategies: "active" and "sit-and-wait" foragers. We evaluated whether anurans could be classified in groups of species sharing traits associated to their diet, and what is the relation between particular effect traits of anurans and their prey. We collected anurans and identified their stomach contents once during dry, minor and major rain seasons in six dry forest sites in the Colombian Caribbean. For each of the 19 anuran species and 436 prey items, we registered six effect traits. We applied RLQ and Fourth-corner methodologies to relate predator and prey traits through their interaction matrix. Predators were assigned to five groups according to their differences in locomotion, body shape, proportion of the jaw width, mode of tongue protrusion, and strata preferred. Regarding preys, species were assigned to four groups according to their gregariousness, body shape and hardness, defensive traits, and mobility. Body size of both, predators and prey, had a minor contribution in the group assignment. We found that predators using active search target low mobility preys, whereas species using sit-and-wait strategy target highly nutritive prey that are difficult to manipulate. By linking amphibian diet with foraging strategies, we hope to contribute to the understanding of mechanisms behind anuran-prey food web patterns and to build more realistic models of functional response to changing environments.<span> </span></p>
Data from: Re-growing a tropical dry forest: functional plant trait composition and community assembly during succession
A longstanding goal of ecology and conservation biology is to understand the environmental and biological controls of forest succession. However, the patterns and mechanisms that guide successional trajectories, especially within tropical forests, remain unclear. We collected leaf functional trait and abiotic data across a 110-year chronosequence within a tropical dry forest in Costa Rica. Focusing on six key leaf functional traits related to resource acquisition and competition, along with measures of forest stand structure, we propose a mechanistic framework to link species composition, community trait distributions, and forest structure. We quantified the community-weighted trait distributions for specific leaf area, leaf dry matter concentration, leaf phosphorus concentration, leaf carbon to nitrogen ratio, and leaf stable isotopic carbon and nitrogen. We assessed several prominent hypotheses for how these functional measures shift in response to changing environmental variables (soil water content, bulk density and pH) across the chronosequence. Increasingly, older forests differed significantly from younger forests in species composition, above ground biomass and shifted trait distributions. Early stages of succession were uniformly characterized by lower values of community-weighted mean specific leaf area, leaf stable nitrogen isotope, and leaf phosphorus concentration. Leaf dry matter concentration and leaf carbon to nitrogen ratio were lower during earlier stages of succession, and each trait reached an optimum during intermediate stages of succession. The leaf carbon isotope ratio was the only trait to decrease linearly with increasing stand age indicating reduced water use efficiency in older forests. However, in contrast to expectations, community-weighted trait variances did not generally change through succession, and when compared to null expectations were lower than expected. The observed directional shift in community-weighted mean trait values is consistent with the 'productivity filtering' hypothesis where a directional shift in water and light availability shifts physiological strategies from 'slow' to 'fast'. In contrast to expectations arising from niche based ecology, none of the community trait distributions were over-dispersed. Instead, patterns of trait dispersion are consistent with the abiotic filtering and/or competitive hierarchy hypotheses.
Data from: Impact of a hurricane on the herpetofaunal assemblages of a successional chronosequence in a tropical dry forest
Land‐use change is the main cause of deforestation and degradation of tropical forest in Mexico. Frequently, these lands are abandoned leading to a mosaic of natural vegetation in secondary succession. Further degradation of the natural vegetation in these lands could be exacerbated by stochastic catastrophic events such as hurricanes. Information on the impact of human disturbance parallel to natural disturbance has not yet been evaluated for faunal assemblages in tropical dry forests. To evaluate the response of herpetofaunal assemblages to the interaction of human and natural disturbances, we used information of pre‐ and post‐hurricane herpetofaunal assemblages inhabiting different successional stages (pasture, early forest, young forest, intermediate forest, and old growth forest) of dry forest. Herpetofaunal assemblages were surveyed in all successional stages two years before and two years after the hurricane Jova that hit the Pacific Coast of Mexico on October 2011. We registered 4093 individuals of 61 species. Overall, there were only slight effects of successional stage, hurricane Jova or the interaction between them on abundance, observed species richness and diversity of the herpetofauna. However, we found marked changes in estimated richness and composition of frogs, lizards, and snakes among successional stages in response to hurricane Jova. Modifications in vegetation structure as result of hurricane pass promoted particular changes in each successional stage and taxonomic group (anurans, lizards, and snakes). Secondary forests at different stages of succession may attenuate the negative effects of an intense, short‐duration, and low‐frequency natural disturbance such as hurricane Jova on successional herpetofaunal trajectories and species turnover.
Data from: Comparing forest structure and biodiversity on private and public land: secondary tropical dry forests in Costa Rica
Secondary forests constitute a substantial proportion of tropical forestlands. These forests occur on both public and private lands and different underlying environmental variables and management regimes may affect post‐abandonment successional processes and resultant forest structure and biodiversity. We examined whether differences in ownership led to differences in forest structure, tree diversity, and tree species composition across a gradient of soil fertility and forest age. We collected soil samples and surveyed all trees in 82 public and 66 private 0.1‐ha forest plots arrayed across forest age and soil gradients in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. We found that soil fertility appeared to drive the spatial structure of public vs. private ownership; public conservation lands appeared to be non‐randomly located on areas of lower soil fertility. On private lands, areas of crops/pasture appeared to be non‐randomly located on higher soil fertility areas while forests occupied areas of lower soil fertility. We found that forest structure and tree species diversity did not differ significantly between public and private ownership. However, public and private forests differed in tree species composition: 11 percent were more prevalent in public forest and 7 percent were more prevalent in private forest. Swietenia macrophylla, Cedrela odorata, and Astronium graveolens were more prevalent in public forests likely because public forests provide stronger protection for these highly prized timber species. Guazuma ulmifolia was the most abundant tree in private forests likely because this species is widely consumed and dispersed by cattle. Furthermore, some compositional differences appear to result from soil fertility differences due to non‐random placement of public and private land holdings with respect to soil fertility. Land ownership creates a distinctive species composition signature that is likely the result of differences in soil fertility and management between the ownership types. Both biophysical and social variables should be considered to advance understanding of tropical secondary forest structure and biodiversity.
Data from: Mapping tropical dry forest succession using multiple criteria spectral mixture analysis
Tropical dry forests (TDFs) in the Americas are considered the first frontier of economic development with less than 1% of their total original coverage under protection. Accordingly, accurate estimates of their spatial extent, fragmentation, and degree of regeneration are critical in evaluating the success of current conservation policies. This study focused on a well-protected secondary TDF in Santa Rosa National Park (SRNP) Environmental Monitoring Super Site, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. We used spectral signature analysis of TDF ecosystem succession (early, intermediate, and late successional stages), and its intrinsic variability, to propose a new multiple criteria spectral mixture analysis (MCSMA) method on the shortwave infrared (SWIR) of HyMap image. Unlike most existing iterative mixture analysis (IMA) techniques, MCSMA tries to extract and make use of representative endmembers with spectral and spatial information. MCSMA then considers three criteria that influence the comparative importance of different endmember combinations (endmember models): root mean square error (RMSE); spatial distance (SD); and fraction consistency (FC), to create an evaluation framework to select a best-fit model. The spectral analysis demonstrated that TDFs have a high spectral variability as a result of biomass variability. By adopting two search strategies, the unmixing results showed that our new MCSMA approach had a better performance in root mean square error (early: 0.160/0.159; intermediate: 0.322/0.321; and late: 0.239/0.235); mean absolute error (early: 0.132/0.128; intermediate: 0.254/0.251; and late: 0.191/0.188); and systematic error (early: 0.045/0.055; intermediate: −0.211/−0.214; and late: 0.161/0.160), compared to the multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA). This study highlights the importance of SWIR in differentiating successional stages in TDFs. The proposed MCSMA provides a more flexible and generalized means for the best-fit model determination than common IMA methods.
FIGURE 2 in Three new species of Neoscirula (Prostigmata: Cunaxidae) from a Tropical dry forest in Jalisco, Mexico
FIGURE 2. Neoscirula aliciae sp. nov. female. A, hypostoma ventral view; B, hypostoma dorsal view; C, chelicera; D, genua, tibia and tarsus of left leg I; E, genua, tibia and tarsus of left leg II, dorsal view; F, tibia of leg III, dorsal view.
FIGURE 1. A–T & a–i in Three new species of Neoscirula (Prostigmata: Cunaxidae) from a Tropical dry forest in Jalisco, Mexico
FIGURE 1. A–T & a–i Types of setae and tegument ornamentations A, attenuate solenidion (ats); B, blunt rod-like solenidion (bsl); C, small blunt rod-like solenidion (sbsl); D, candle-flame solenidion (cfsl); E, long blunt rod-like solenidion (lbsl); F, thick solenidion; G, thin tubercle; H, simple tactile setae (sts); I, simple tactile bent setae; J, spinelike setae; K. blunt spinelike setae; L, blunt setae; M, spinelike setae with bent appearance; N, setae duplex; O, setae duplex [microsetae (mst), and attenuate solenidium (ats)]; P, simple tactile setae on sclerotized plates with granulate tegument; Q, hollow dorsoterminal duplex setae (dt); R. tibiotarsal claw with two teeth on mesal margin, with bifid appearance; S, depression on tarsus I (dep); T, setose sensillae in cup-shaped pseudostigma. a-g, types of ornamentations: a, stout papillae; b, papillae; c, granulations and fine papillae; d, stout papillae; e, granulate and verrucate; f, small granulations in circular form and stout granulation central; g, finely papillate and granulate; h, papillae-bearing striations; i, subcuticular cells.
FIGURE 7. A–H in Three new species of Neoscirula (Prostigmata: Cunaxidae) from a Tropical dry forest in Jalisco, Mexico
FIGURE 7. A–H. Neoscirula hoffmannae sp. nov. male. A, hypostoma dorsal view; B, hypostoma ventral view; C, chelicera; D, genua, tibia and tarsus of left leg I, dorsal view; E, genua, tibia and tarsus of left leg II, dorsal view; F, tibia of left leg III, dorsal view.
FIGURE 4 in Three new species of Neoscirula (Prostigmata: Cunaxidae) from a Tropical dry forest in Jalisco, Mexico
FIGURE 4. Neoscirula baloghi sp. nov. female. A, hypostoma ventral view; B, hypostoma dorsal view; C, chelicera; D, genua, tibia and tarsus of left leg I, dorsal view; E, genua, tibia and tarsus of left leg II, dorsal view; F, tibia of left leg III, dorsal view.
FIGURE 6 in Three new species of Neoscirula (Prostigmata: Cunaxidae) from a Tropical dry forest in Jalisco, Mexico
FIGURE 6. Neoscirula baloghi sp. nov. male. I, body dorsal view; J, body ventral view; K, genua, tibia and tarsus of left leg I, dorsal view; L, genua, tibia and tarsus of left leg II, dorsal view; M, tibia of left leg III, dorsal view.
FIGURE 14 in Cytotaxonomy and DNA taxonomy of lizards (Squamata, Sauria) from a tropical dry forest in the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve on the coast of Jalisco, Mexico
FIGURE 14. Neighbour-Joining tree of 16S rDNA haplotypes (462 bp) of Aspidoscelis species. Bootstrap values (%) obtained by the NJ, ML and MP are shown. The substitution model selected for ML was the GTR model with rate variation among sites (+G), a proportion of invariable sites I = 0.4604 and a gamma distribution shape parameter of 0.4453. Asterisks indicate taxon with paraphyletic haplotypes.
FIGURE 9 in Cytotaxonomy and DNA taxonomy of lizards (Squamata, Sauria) from a tropical dry forest in the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve on the coast of Jalisco, Mexico
FIGURE 9. Karyotype of Norops nebulosus, male (2n=30). Note the three pairs of heteromorphic chromosomes (pairs 5, 6 and 7).
FIGURE 4 in Cytotaxonomy and DNA taxonomy of lizards (Squamata, Sauria) from a tropical dry forest in the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve on the coast of Jalisco, Mexico
FIGURE 4. Karyotype of Coleonyx elegans, female (2n = 31 and FN = 32). Note the single large metacentric (no. 1) that it is tentatively paired with two medium sized acrocentric chromosomes.
FIGURE 8 in Cytotaxonomy and DNA taxonomy of lizards (Squamata, Sauria) from a tropical dry forest in the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve on the coast of Jalisco, Mexico
FIGURE 8. Neighbour-Joining tree of 16S rDNA haplotypes (455 bp) of Urosaurus species. Bootstrap values (%) obtained by the NJ, ML and MP are shown. The substitution model selected for ML was Tamura-Nei model (Tamura & Nei 1993) with rate variation among sites (+G), and a gamma distribution shape parameter of 0.0855.
FIGURE 3 in Cytotaxonomy and DNA taxonomy of lizards (Squamata, Sauria) from a tropical dry forest in the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve on the coast of Jalisco, Mexico
FIGURE 3. Neighbour-Joining tree of 16S rDNA haplotypes (511 bp) of Gerrhonotus species. Bootstrap values (%) obtained by the NJ, ML and MP are shown. The substitution model selected for ML was the Hasegawa, Kishino, Yano (HKY) model (Hasegawa et al. 1985) with rate variation among sites (+G), and a gamma distribution shape parameter of 0.2997.
FIGURE 11 in Cytotaxonomy and DNA taxonomy of lizards (Squamata, Sauria) from a tropical dry forest in the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve on the coast of Jalisco, Mexico
FIGURE 11. Neighbour-Joining tree of 16S rDNA haplotypes (518 bp) of Plestiodon species. Bootstrap values (%) obtained by the NJ, ML and MP are shown. The substitution model selected for ML was the Generalised time reversible (GTR) model with rate variation among sites (+G), a proportion of invariable sites I = 0.5020 and a gamma distribution shape parameter of 0.3681.
FIGURE 2 in Cytotaxonomy and DNA taxonomy of lizards (Squamata, Sauria) from a tropical dry forest in the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve on the coast of Jalisco, Mexico
FIGURE 2 (continued). I–J, Anolis nebulosus; K, Mabuya unimarginata; L. Plestiodon parvulus; M, Ameiva undulata; N, Aspidoscelis communis (young); O, Aspidoscelis lineattissima (young).
FIGURE 6 in Cytotaxonomy and DNA taxonomy of lizards (Squamata, Sauria) from a tropical dry forest in the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve on the coast of Jalisco, Mexico
FIGURE 6. Karyotypes of Sceloporus melanorhinus; specimen CEAC15 male (2n = 39). Sex chromosomes are tentatively identified following Hall (1973, 2009).
FIGURE 7 in Cytotaxonomy and DNA taxonomy of lizards (Squamata, Sauria) from a tropical dry forest in the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve on the coast of Jalisco, Mexico
FIGURE 7. Karyotype of Sceloporus utiformis, male (2n = 34). The smaller microchromosome represents the Y chromosome. The X chromosome is another unidentified microchromosome.
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