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2,911 results for “dispersal”
Data from: The influence of historical dispersal on the phylogenetic structure of tree communities in the tropical Andes
We test for evidence of the Tropical Niche Conservatism or the Out of The Tropics hypotheses in structuring patterns of tree community composition along a 2000+ meter elevational gradient in the northern tropical Andes. By collecting and integrating data on the presence-absence of tree species within plots with phylogenetic information, we analyzed: 1) patterns of phylogenetic dispersion and species diversity along the elevational gradient based on indexes of net relatedness, nearest taxon relatedness, and species richness (α-diversity); and 2) the replacement of lineages along the gradient using the PhyloSorensen metric (β-diversity). More specifically, we established 20 0.25-ha permanent tree inventory plots between 750 and 2802 m asl where all individuals with Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) ≥ 10 cm were measured and identified. We then used a series of linear models to test for changes in α and β diversity between plots in relation to elevation. Neither the net relatedness index nor the nearest taxon index showed a significant relationship with elevation. However, there was greater phylogenetic over-dispersion at intermediate elevations; this likely reflects the mixing of species with contrasting origins from tropical and temperate lineages. β-diversity between plots was negatively related to the corresponding difference in elevation, indicating that closely related lineages occupy similar ranges of elevation and temperature. We conclude that the immigration of lineages from extra-tropical regions have significant effects in determining the phylogenetic structure of tree communities in tropical Andean forests.
Natal dispersal does not entail survival costs but is linked to breeding dispersal in a migratory shorebird, the southern dunlin Calidris alpina schinzii
<p>The costs and benefits of dispersal are often assessed by comparing fitness between dispersing and non-dispersing individuals. Importantly, individuals that disperse between their natal and first breeding site may subsequently be more likely to disperse between breeding sites compared to those that remained philopatric to their natal site. Such within-individual consistency in dispersal behaviour can bias local survival estimation, and thus the survival comparison between dispersing and non-dispersing individuals, if breeding dispersal leads to permanent emigration from the study area. We examined whether adult survival correlates with natal dispersal in a migratory shorebird, the southern dunlin (Calidris alpina schinzii), in two isolated patchy populations where permanent emigration is expected to be extremely rare. To assess whether local adult survival could be biased by non-random breeding dispersal, we analysed between-patch breeding dispersal probability and quantified within-individual consistency in dispersal. Among females, natal dispersers were more likely to disperse again as adults compared to non-dispersers, while no difference was observed in males which were always highly site faithful. Yet, adult survival did not differ between natal dispersing and non-dispersing individuals in either sex. Breeding dispersal probability was higher in failed compared to successful breeders. Breeding dispersal often resulted in dispersal back to the natal patch, i.e. delayed natal philopatry. Our results suggest no survival costs of dispersal after first reproduction. Despite individual consistency, survival estimates of dispersing individuals were not biased because nearly all available breeding habitat was covered. We show that consistency in dispersal can occur even in site faithful species like the southern dunlin. Studies of the effects of dispersal on survival should therefore account for within-individual consistency in dispersal if not all available breeding habitat is monitored in open populations. In particular, delayed natal philopatry may lead to biased local survival estimates for immigrants when compared with philopatric individuals.</p>
Subpopulation contributions to a breeding metapopulation of migratory Arctic herbivores: Survival, fecundity, and asymmetric dispersal
<p>Estimates of demographic parameters for lesser snow geese (<em>Anser caerulescens caerulescens</em>) have become critical to understand ecosystem change in northern Canada. Exponential increase in abundance has produced hyperdensities of these herbivores that can affect Arctic ecosystem stability through intense foraging. Increased and sustained marking of individually-identifiable lesser snow geese over their breeding distribution now permits joint estimation of local vital rates and movement probabilities among widely scattered subpopulations. We used multi-state models, including an unobservable state, with live captures from 5 subpopulations and dead recoveries to estimate annual probabilities of (i) survival, (ii) capture, (iii) reported mortality and (iv) movement to other subpopulations, as well as derived estimates for probabilities of site fidelity and harvest. Our dataset included 144,754 captures of 139,177 lesser snow geese marked with metal legbands, from 2006 to 2015, of which 5,542 were recaptured near breeding sites and 9,709 were recovered dead in North America. The best model supported variation in survival by subpopulation and age, with additive effects of subpopulation, age and sex on movement probability. Male breeding dispersal was greater than by females, and juvenile geese were more likely to move than adults. Strong northeastward geographic asymmetry in the probability of breeding movement was consistent with an eastward shift in wintering distribution observed in hunter recoveries. Mean annual survival ranged from 0.79-0.94 for adults, and 0.16-0.47 for juvenile geese, with a strong negative relationship between regional adult and juvenile survival. Harvest probabilities were all ≤ 0.03 for adult and ≤ 0.06 for juvenile geese, suggesting little influence from direct anthropogenic exploitation. Metrics for subpopulation persistence and contributions of each to the metapopulation suggested declines in all but one subpopulation, and a declining midcontinent population overall. Our study highlights the importance of all subpopulation demographic parameters as modulators of persistence at both local and range-wide population dynamics.</p>
Rates of dispersal of cane toads during their global invasion
<p>Invasions often accelerate through time, as dispersal-enhancing traits accumulate at the expanding range edge. How does the dispersal behaviour of individual organisms shift to increase rates of population spread? We collate data from 44 radio-tracking studies (in total, of 650 animals) of cane toads (<i>Rhinella marina</i>) to quantify distances moved per day, and the frequency of displacement in their native range (French Guiana) and two invaded areas (Hawai'i and Australia). Here we show that toads in their native-range, Hawai'i and eastern Australia are relatively sedentary, while toads dispersing across tropical Australia increased their daily distances travelled from 20 to 200 m per day. That increase reflects an increasing propensity to change diurnal retreat sites every day, as well as to move further during each nocturnal displacement. Daily changes in retreat site evolved earlier than did changes in distances moved per night, indicating a breakdown in philopatry before other movement behaviours were optimised to maximise dispersal.</p>
Eggs survive through avian guts—A possible mechanism for transoceanic dispersal of flightless weevils
<p>How flightless animals disperse to remote oceanic islands is a key unresolved question in biogeography. The flightless <em>Pachyrhynchus</em> weevils represent repetitive colonization history in West Pacific islands, which attracted our interests about how some weevils have successfully dispersed in the reverse direction against the sea current. Here, we propose endozoochory as a possible mechanism that the eggs of the weevils might be carried by embedded in the fruits as the food of frugivorous birds. In this study, <em>Pachyrhynchus</em> eggs were embedded in small pieces of persimmon fruits (<em>Diospyros kaki</em>) and fed to captive frugivorous birds. After digestion, 83%–100% eggs were retrieved from the feces of a bulbul (<em>Hypsipetes leucocephalus</em>) and two thrushes (<em>Turdus chrysolaus</em>). The retrieved eggs had hatching rates higher than 84%, which were not different from the control. In contrast, no egg was retrieved from the feces of the frugivorous pigeon (<em>Treron sieboldii</em>), which took a longer retention time in the guts. Our study identified that the eggs of <em>Pachyrhynchus</em> weevils are possible to be transported by internal digesting in some bird species.</p>
Deep Learning for Extracting Dispersion Curves (Dataset)
<p>The Dataset of Deep Learning for Extracting Dispersion Curves</p> <p>2021-01-06 | Surveys in Geophysics</p> <p>DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-020-09615-3">10.1007/s10712-020-09615-3</a></p> <p>authors: Tianyu Dai; Jianghai Xia; Ling Ning; Chaoqiang Xi; Ya Liu; Huaixue Xing</p> <p>URL: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-020-09615-3">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-020-09615-3</a></p> <p> </p>
Dispersal ability and its consequences for population genetic differentiation and diversification
<p><span>Dispersal ability is known to influence geographic structuring of genetic variation within species, with a direct relationship between low vagility and population genetic structure, which can potentially give rise to allopatric speciation. However, our general understanding of the relationship between dispersal ability, population differentiation and lineage diversification is limited. To address this issue, we sampled mitochondrial DNA variation within lineages of beetles and spiders across the Canary Islands to explore the relationships between dispersal ability, differentiation within lineages and diversification. We found positive relationships between population genetic structure and diversification for both beetles and spiders. Comparisons between dispersive and non-dispersive lineages revealed significant differences for both lineage differentiation and diversification. For both taxa, non-dispersive lineages had stronger population genetic structure. Genus-level endemic species richness and proxies for diversification rate within genera were higher in non-dispersive taxa for both beetles and spiders. Comparisons of average and maximum node divergences within genera suggest that species turnover may be higher in non-dispersive genera. Our results reveal a model where dispersal limitation may shape the diversity of lineages across evolutionary time scales by positively influencing intraspecific and species diversity, moderated by higher extinction rates compared to more dispersive lineages.</span></p>
Altitudinal dispersal process drives community assembly of montane small mammals
<p>Montane small mammals are subjected to strong forces of dispersal limitation and habitat filtering that mainly operate on their community structures along the altitudinal direction. However, so far little is known about the relative contributions of dispersal and niche processes to their community assembly. By applying the newly-proposed PER-SIMPER/DNCI (dispersal–niche continuum index) framework to small mammal occurrence data collected from 21 extensive altitudinal gradients, we quantitatively assess the relative importance of dispersal and niche processes on mammalian community assembly in a large mountainous region of southwest China. We compared the pairwise DNCI values among assemblages from low, middle, and high altitudinal zones and overall DNCI values between glires and insectivores that differ in dispersal abilities to test three explicit (altitudinal connectivity, environmental difference, and dispersal ability) hypotheses. The overall DNCI values for all small mammal species combined (-12.7 ± 0.4, 90 species), glires (-12.8 ± 0.5, 56 species) and insectivores (-13.5 ± 1.4, 34 species) values were all negative, while insectivores showed a lower value than glires. For both all species combined and glires, we found a lower pairwise DNCI value between the low and high altitudinal zones than that between the other two pairs of altitudinal zones. Our study indicated that altitudinal dispersal process dominates the taxonomic composition of small mammal assemblages in this region. Importantly, the results reinforced the idea that community structures of less vagile taxa are more subjected to dispersal limitation, yet another idea that assemblages from further altitudinal areas are more differentiated by dispersal process was only supported in glires and all species combined. Community biologists should therefore pay attention to recent climate-induced upward range shifts by montane species, which may dramatically alter their community structures in different altitudinal zones through dynamics of immigration and mountaintop extinction.</p>
Genetic structure and dispersal in peripheral populations of a marine fish (Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus) and their importance for adaptation to climate change
<p>Small and isolated peripheral populations, which are often remnants of glacial refugia, offer an opportunity to determine the magnitude and direction of fine-scale connectivity in high gene flow marine species. When located at the equatorial edge of a species' range, these populations may also harbor genetic diversity related to survival and reproduction at higher temperatures, a critical resource for marine species facing warming ocean temperatures. Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), a marine fish in the North Pacific, has already experienced major shifts in biomass and distribution linked to climate change. We estimated the magnitude and direction of connectivity between peripheral populations of Pacific cod at the southern edge of the species' range, by conducting restriction site-associated DNA (RAD) sequencing and individual assignment on fish collected around the Korean Peninsula during the spawning season. Three populations on the western, eastern, and southern Korean coasts were highly differentiated (FST =0.025 – 0.042) and relatively small (Ne = 433-1777). Ten putative dispersers and estimates of contemporary migration rates revealed asymmetrical, west-to-east movement around the Korean Peninsula, at a higher rate than predicted by indirect estimates of connectivity (FST). Allele frequencies at 87 RAD loci were decisively correlated with strong marine temperature gradients between the warmer southern coast and the cooler waters of the eastern and western coasts. Despite relatively small sample sizes, our data suggest asymmetrical dispersal and gene flow, potentially involving adaptive alleles, between peripheral populations inhabiting markedly different thermal regimes. Our study emphasizes the conservation value of peripheral populations in high gene flow marine fish species.</p>
Effects of spatial distance and woody plant cover on beta diversity point to dispersal limitation as a driver of community assembly during post-fire succession in a Mediterranean shrubland
<p><span>Beta diversity, and its components of turnover and nestedness, reflect the processes governing community assembly, such as dispersal limitation or biotic interactions, but it is unclear how they operate at the local scale and how their role changes along post-fire succession. Here, we analyzed the patterns of beta diversity and its components in a herbaceous plant community after fire, and in relation to dispersal ability, in Central Spain. We calculated multiple site beta diversity (β<sub>SOR</sub>) and its components of turnover (βSIM) and nestedness (β<sub>SNE</sub>) of all herbaceous plants, or grouped by dispersal syndrome (autochory, anemochory, zoochory), during the first three years after wildfire. We evaluated the relationship between pairwise beta diversity (β<sub>sor</sub>), and its components (β<sub>sim</sub>, β<sub>sne</sub>), and spatial distance or differences in woody plant cover, a proxy of biotic interactions. We found high multiple-site beta diversity dominated by the turnover component. Community dissimilarity increased with spatial distance, driven mostly by the turnover component. Species with less dispersal ability (i. e. autochory) showed a stronger spatial pattern of dissimilarity. Biotic interactions with woody plants contributed less to community dissimilarity, which tended to occur through the nestedness component. These results suggest that dispersal limitation prevails over biotic interactions with woody plants as a driver of local community assembly, even for species with high dispersal ability. These results contribute to our understanding of post-fire community assembly and vegetation dynamics.</span></p>
Surrogate modelling for the forecast of Seveso-type atmospheric pollutant dispersion
<p>Online resource 1 - Test-data response for GIM model.</p> <p>Online resource 2 - Test-data response for RGI model.</p>
DNA metabarcoding reveals impact of local recruitment, dispersal, and hydroperiod on assembly of a zooplankton metacommunity
<p><span>Understanding the environmental impact on the assembly of local communities in relation to their spatial and temporal connectivity is still a challenge in metacommunity ecology. This study aims to unravel underlying metacommunity processes and environmental factors that result in observed zooplankton communities. Unlike most metacommunity studies, we jointly examine active and dormant zooplankton communities using a DNA metabarcoding approach to overcome limitations of morphological species identification. We applied two-fragment (COI and 18S) metabarcoding to monitor communities of 24 kettle holes over a two-year period to unravel (I) spatial and temporal connectivity of the communities, (II) environmental factors influencing local communities, and (III) dominant underlying metacommunity processes in this system. We found a strong separation of zooplankton communities from kettle holes of different hydroperiods (degree of permanency) throughout the season, while the community composition within single kettle holes did not differ between years. Species richness was primarily dependent on pH and permanency, while species diversity (Shannon Index) was influenced by kettle hole location. Community composition was impacted by kettle hole size and surrounding field crops. Environmental processes dominated temporal and spatial processes. Sediment communities showed a different composition compared to water samples but did not differ between ephemeral and permanent kettle holes. Our results suggest that communities are mainly structured by environmental filtering based on pH, kettle hole size, surrounding field crops, and permanency. Environmental filtering based on specific conditions in individual kettle holes seems to be the dominant process in community assembly in the studied zooplankton metacommunity.</span></p>
3D in situ imaging of egg and larval dispersal from a Nassau Grouper spawning aggregation off Little Cayman, Cayman Islands
<p>Over multiple years, we released drifters into egg plumes from the large Nassau Grouper spawning aggregation off the west end of Little Cayman, Cayman Islands. For two cohorts spawned in 2017, we used an in situ plankton imaging system mounted to an undulating towed vehicle to observe the 3D positions of individual eggs and larvae around the drifters up to 36 hours after spawning. We used these data to estimate parameters of a 3D diffusion-mortality model and then predicted the concentration of eggs and larvae around previous years’ drifter tracks to evaluate the possibility of retention and export to nearby islands within five days of spawning. These show local retention on spawning nights in 2017 and 2011, a key year when a large cohort was spawned that subsequently drove population recovery.</p>
FIGURE 2 in Molecular investigation of the intra-specific genetic variation in Plantago ovata Forssk. (Plantaginaceae): An insight into potential ancestral area distribution and probable time of dispersal versus vicariance events
FIGURE 2 Combined RASP and chronological tree of BEAST for P. ovata accessions (The scale numbers are in MY).
FIGURE1 in Molecular investigation of the intra-specific genetic variation in Plantago ovata Forssk. (Plantaginaceae): An insight into potential ancestral area distribution and probable time of dispersal versus vicariance events
FIGURE1 TCS network of the studied P. ovata plants based on ITS sequences showing a higher level of nucleotide replacement within the Asiatic samples (Hatch marks indicate the number of mutations).
Processed receiver function data, dispersion measurement, and shear velocity model (Dharwar)
<p>Processed receiver function data at 1 sample per second, dispersion measurement, and shear velocity model (Dharwar).</p>
Dispersal without drivers: Intrinsic and extrinsic variables have no impact on movement distances in a terrestrial amphibian
<p>Dispersive movements are often thought to be multicausal and driven by individual body size, sex, conspecific density, environmental variation, personality and/or other variables. Yet such variables often do not account for most of the variation among dispersive movements in nature, leaving open the possibility that dispersion may be indeterministic. We assessed the amount of variation in 24 h movement distances that could be accounted for by potential drivers of displacement with a large empirical dataset of movement distances performed by Fowler's Toads (<em>Anaxyrus fowleri</em>) on the northern shore of Lake Erie at Long Point, Ontario (2002–2021, incl.). These toads are easy to sample repeatedly, can be identified individually and move parallel to the shoreline as they forage at night, potentially dispersing to new refuge sites. Using a linear mixed-effect model that incorporated random effect terms to account for sampling variance and inter-annual variation, we found that all potential intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of movement accounted for virtually none of the variation observed among 24 h distances moved by these animals, whether over short or large spatial scales. We examined the idea of movement personality by testing variance per individual toad and found no evidence of individuality in movement distances. We conclude that deterministic variables, whether intrinsic or extrinsic, neither can be shown to nor are necessary to drive movements in this population over all spatial scales. Stochastic, short-timescale movements, such as daily foraging movements, can instead accumulate over time to produce large spatial-scale movements that are dispersive in nature.</p>
Fig. 2 in Historical Biogeography of Holarctic Cymbiodyta Water Scavenger Beetles in the Times of Cenozoic Land Bridge Dispersal Routes
Fig. 2. Bayesian median divergence time estimates of Cymbiodyta. Maximum clade credibility chronogram resulting from the best BEAST analysis using secondary calibrations with outgroups pruned.The credibility intervals are indicated with gray horizontal boxes.The best ancestral range estimation scheme from the DEC analyses is presented with the most likely ancestral range for each node along the phylogeny of the genus. Color codes follow the inserted caption.
Fig. 1 in Historical Biogeography of Holarctic Cymbiodyta Water Scavenger Beetles in the Times of Cenozoic Land Bridge Dispersal Routes
Fig. 1. Molecular phylogeny of the genus Cymbiodyta and phylogenetically closely related genera. MrBayes topology inferred based on the concatenated data set of five gene fragments. Nodal support for each node resulting from the MrBayes and IQ-TREE analyses is given following the inserted caption. A picture of Cymbiodyta marginella (Fabricius, 1792) is presented (Credit: Udo Shmidt).
Deep vicariance and frequent transoceanic dispersal shape the evolutionary history of a globally distributed fern family
<p>Premise</p> <p>Historical biogeography of ferns is typically expected to be dominated by long-distance dispersal, due to their minuscule spores. However, few studies have inferred the historical biogeography of a large and widely distributed group of ferns to test this hypothesis. Our aims are to determine the extent to which long-distance dispersal vs. vicariance have shaped the history of the fern family Blechnaceae, to explore ecological correlates of dispersal and diversification, and to determine whether these patterns differ between the northern and southern hemispheres.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We used sequence data for three chloroplast loci to infer a time-calibrated phylogeny for 154 out of 265 species of Blechnaceae, including representatives of all genera in the family. This tree was used to conduct ancestral range reconstruction and stochastic character mapping, estimate diversification rates, and identify ecological correlates of diversification.</p> <p>Key results</p> <p>Blechnaceae originated in Eurasia and began diversifying in the late Cretaceous. A lineage comprising most extant diversity diversified principally in the austral Pacific region around the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Land connections that existed near the poles during periods of warm climates likely facilitated migration of several lineages, with subsequent climate-mediated vicariance shaping current distributions. Long-distance dispersal is frequent and asymmetrical, with New Zealand/Pacific Islands, Australia, and tropical America being major source areas.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Ancient vicariance and extensive long-distance dispersal have shaped the history of Blechnaceae in both the northern and southern hemispheres. The exceptional diversity in austral regions appears to reflect rapid speciation in these areas; mechanisms underlying this evolutionary success remain uncertain.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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