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Differential responses of Medicago truncatula NLA homologs to nutrient deficiency and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis
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Plant circadian clock control of Medicago truncatula nodulation involving regulation of Nodule Cysteine-Rich genes
<p>Legumes house nitrogen-fixing endosymbiotic rhizobia in specialized polyploid cells within root nodules, which undergo tightly regulated metabolic activity. By carrying out expression analysis of transcripts over time in Medicago truncatula nodules we found that the circadian clock enables coordinated control of metabolic and regulatory processes linked to nitrogen fixation. This involves the circadian clock-associated transcriptional factor LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY), with lhy mutants being affected in nodulation. Rhythmic transcripts in root nodules include a subset of Nodule-specific Cysteine Rich peptides (NCRs) that have the LHY-bound conserved Evening Element in their promoters. Until now, studies have suggested that NCRs act to regulate bacteroid differentiation and keep the rhizobial population in check. However, these conclusions came from the study of a few members of this very large gene family that has complex diversified spatio-temporal expression. We suggest that rhythmic expression of NCRs may be important for temporal coordination of bacterial activity with the rhythms of the plant host, in order to ensure optimal symbiosis.</p>
Plant growth over one growing season of Medicago truncatula in competition with conspecifics of different genetic relatedness
<p><span>Kin recognition and kin selection have long been known to occur in animals where it shapes altruistic behavior towards relatives. More recently, studies have found that kin recognition and altered behavior towards kin can also occur in plants. However, inferring the underlying mechanism responsible for variation in plant performance in experimental studies is challenging as often, results can be explained by alternative and non-exclusive mechanisms such as niche differences, kin competition avoidance, and genetic variation in growth rate and competitive ability. Plant-plant interactions may change with the life stage of plants, and competition is often most intense towards the end of plants growing season. However, changes in plant-plant interaction intensity across plants life cycle are rarely considered in kin interaction studies. Here, we adapt a model of plant growth over time modified to specifically include effects of kin and non-kin competition. The model decompose competitive interactions at different stages during plant growth from initial growth to the end of the growing season. It estimates genotype specific variation in growth rate, and how sensitive individual genotypes are to competition neighbors. Furthermore, it estimates size asymmetry among plants accounting for both variation in growth rate, neighbor relatedness, and resource variation (here water availability). We use this model to analyze the results from a competition experiment where plants grew in mini-communities with neighbor plants that were either kin or non-kin. We find that when applied to our experiments, this approach can disentangle kin effects from other effects caused by genotypic variation in growth rate and competitive response to neighbors, and thus significantly help to detect whether plants exhibit kin-cooperative behavior</span></p>
FIGURE 3 in Diversity of wasps (Hymenoptera) in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) farms in Basrah Governorate, Southern Iraq
FIGURE 3. Lateral view of Antrocephalus hypsopygiae (A), Antrocephalus sepyra (B), Brachymeria excarinata (C) and Chalcis biguttata (D).
FIGURE 6 in Diversity of wasps (Hymenoptera) in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) farms in Basrah Governorate, Southern Iraq
FIGURE 6. Lateral view of female Kleidotoma kraussi (A), male Kleidotoma kraussi (B) and female Pycnostigmus incognito (C).
FIGURE 8 in Diversity of wasps (Hymenoptera) in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) farms in Basrah Governorate, Southern Iraq
FIGURE 8. Lateral view of female Ceratacis cochleata (A), and Synopeas gibberosus: female (B) and male (C).
FIGURE 9 in Diversity of wasps (Hymenoptera) in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) farms in Basrah Governorate, Southern Iraq
FIGURE 9. Lateral view of female Gryon sp. (A), female Scelio simoni (B) and male Scelio striatus (C).
FIGURE 4 in Diversity of wasps (Hymenoptera) in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) farms in Basrah Governorate, Southern Iraq
FIGURE 4. Lateral view of Pnigalio epilobii (A), Sympiesis gregori (B) and Podagrion pachymerum (C).
FIGURE 7 in Diversity of wasps (Hymenoptera) in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) farms in Basrah Governorate, Southern Iraq
FIGURE 7. Lateral view of female Basalys exigua (A), male Coptera occidentalis (B) and Trichopria aequata: female (C) and male (D).
The South American Black Bumblebee (Bombus pauloensis) as a Potential Pollinator of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
<p><span>Abstract of the manuscript: We assessed if the commercially reared South American bumblebee <em>Bombus pauloensis</em> has potential as an alfalfa pollinator by monitoring their colony activity daily. We analyzed the pollen collected by using pollen traps specifically designed for <em>B. pauloensis</em> nests and counted the number of bumblebees in the crop. As results, colony activity was found to be highest during the mornings, 65% of the pollen trap samples analyzed contained alfalfa pollen grains, and 60% of the total pollen loads were identified as alfalfa pollen. Although the honey bee was the predominant pollinator observed in the crop, the high percentage of alfalfa pollen found in the pollen traps of <em>B. pauloensis</em> nests suggests that this species could be considered a potential managed pollinator for alfalfa crops.</span></p>
Data from: Geographically structured genetic variation in the Medicago lupulina – Ensifer mutualism
Gene flow between genetically differentiated populations can maintain variation in species interactions, especially when population structure is congruent between interacting species. However, large-scale empirical comparisons of the population structure of interacting species are rare, particularly in positive interspecific interactions (mutualisms). One agriculturally and ecologically important mutualism is the partnership between legume plants and rhizobia. Through characterizing and comparing the population genomic structure of the legume Medicago lupulina and two rhizobial species (Ensifer medicae and E. meliloti), we explored the spatial scale of population differentiation between interacting partners in their introduced range in North America. We found high proportions of E. meliloti in southeastern populations and high proportions of E. medicae in northwestern populations. Medicago lupulina and the Ensifer genus showed similar patterns of spatial genetic structure (isolation by distance). However, we detected no evidence of isolation by distance or population structure within either species of bacteria. Genome-wide nucleotide diversity within each of the two Ensifer species was low, suggesting limited introduction of strains, founder events, or severe bottlenecks. Our results suggest that there is potential for geographically structured coevolution between M. lupulina and the Ensifer genus, but not between M. lupulina and either Ensifer species.
FIGURE 6 in Molecular studies of Iranian populations support the morphology-based taxonomic separation of Medicago rigidula and M. rigiduloides
FIGURE 6. Neighbor-net network of Medicago rigidula and M. rigiduloides populations generated from the complement of Dice similarity coefficient. For an explanation of populations' abbreviation, see Table 1.
FIGURE 4 in Molecular studies of Iranian populations support the morphology-based taxonomic separation of Medicago rigidula and M. rigiduloides
FIGURE 4. PCoA plot of SSR data in Medicago rigidula and M. rigiduloides populations. For an explanation of populations' abbreviation, see Table 1.
FIGURE 2 in Molecular studies of Iranian populations support the morphology-based taxonomic separation of Medicago rigidula and M. rigiduloides
FIGURE 2. Mantel test result of the relationship between geographical and genetic distances matrix on Nei genetic distance matrix for Medicago rigidula and M. rigiduloides populations.
FIGURE 1. A in Molecular studies of Iranian populations support the morphology-based taxonomic separation of Medicago rigidula and M. rigiduloides
FIGURE 1. A) Delta k calculation to determine the actual number of genetic clusters in Medicago rigidula and M. rigiduloides populations. B) STRUCTURE plot in map the populations based on k = 2 of SSR data. For an explanation of populations' abbreviation, see Table 1.
FIGURE 5 in Molecular studies of Iranian populations support the morphology-based taxonomic separation of Medicago rigidula and M. rigiduloides
FIGURE 5. Neighbor-joining dendrogram based on Nei's Genetic distance showing relationships among the Medicago rigidula and M. rigiduloides populations. For an explanation of populations' abbreviation, see Table 1.
Fig. 1 in Triterpenic saponins from Medicago marina L
Fig. 1. Structure of M. marina saponins 1–11. I, zanhic acid; II, medicagenic acid; III, soyasapogenol B; IV, soyasapogenol E; Api: β-D-apiofuranosyl; Ara: α-Larabinopyranosl; Glc:β-D-glucopyranosyl; GluA: β-D-glucuronopyranosyl; Rha: α-L-rhamnopyranosyl; Xyl: β-D-xylopyranosyl.
Supplementary figure collections 1–3 of 'Interspecies co‐expression analysis of lateral root development using inducible systems in rice, Medicago, and Arabidopsis'
<p>Supplementary figure collections 1–3 of 'Interspecies co‐expression analysis of lateral root development using inducible systems in rice, Medicago, and Arabidopsis' (10.1111/tpj.16481)</p>
Effect of Medicago Sativa on Oral Glucose Tolerance in Healthy Adults
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03714438. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 4.
Data from: Intra-population genomics in a model mutualist: population structure and candidate symbiosis genes under selection in Medicago truncatula
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