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Fig. 15 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 15. Scales on appendages of Lepismatidae Latreille, 1802, variability in shape and distribution pattern. A–B. Fan-shaped scales on antennae of Stylifera gigantea (Escherich, 1905), with light microscope (A) and with SEM (B). C. Tibial scales of Acrotelsella sp. from Australia, similar to those of the femur. D. Tibial scales of Stylifera gigantea from Venezuela. E–F. Scales on cerci of Ctenolepisma lineatum (Fabricius, 1775) (E) and Stylifera gigantea (F). Scale bars: A, E–F = 0.1 mm; B, D = 0.2 mm; C = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 14 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 14. Body scales of Lepismatidae Latreille, 1802, variability. A. Dorsal scales of Ctenolepisma rothschildi Silvestri, 1907, showing heterogeneity of sizes and spacing of ribs. B. Dorsal scales of Heterolepisma sclerophyllum Smith, 2014, showing more homogeneous scales with dense ribs. Scale bars indicated in the photographs: A = 10 μm; B = 100 μm.

Fig. 13 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 13. Ovipositor types in Lepismatidae Latreille, 1802. A. Primary ovipositor of Ctenolepisma rothschildi Silvestri, 1907, SEM photograph. B–C. Secondary ovipositor of Caribesella impudica (Escherich, 1905) comb. nov., SEM photograph (B) and micrograph (C). Scale bars: A = 10 μm; B = 90 μm; C = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 12 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 12. Paramera of Lepismatidae Latreille, 1802. A. Tubuliform paramere of Acrotelsa collaris (Fabricius, 1793). B. Big swollen paramere of Lepisma saccharinum Linnaeus, 1758, larger than the inner process of coxite IX and with glandular area. C. Medium-sized to small paramere of Neoasterolepisma hespericum Molero-Baltanás, Bach de Roca & Gaju-Ricart, 1997, with a small glandular area. D. Pseudoarticulated paramere with glandular area of Allacrotelsa kraepelini (Escherich, 1905). E. Pseudoarticulated paramere of Visma brigalowsum Smith, Mitchell & Molero-Baltanás 2021. F. A detail of a similar pseudoarticulated paramere, of Visma bingara Smith, Mitchell & Molero-Baltanás 2021. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 11 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 11. Shape and chaetotaxy of the urotergite X (last abdominal tergite) of Lepismatidae Latreille, 1802, variability. A. Caribesella impudica (Escherich, 1905) comb. nov., adapted from Wygodzinsky (1959a). B. Qantelsella louisae Smith, 2015, from Smith (2015). C. Stylifera gigantea (Escherich, 1905), from Irish (1988c). D. Acrotelsella parlevar Smith 2016, from Smith (2016b). E. Hemitelsella clarksonorum Smith, 2016, from Smith (2016b). F. Hemitelsella hortorum Smith & Mitchell, 2021, from Smith & Mitchell (2021). G. Thermobia vallaris Irish, 1988, from Irish (1988b). H. Thermobia domestica (Packard, 1873), from Irish (1988b). I. Sceletolepisma sagartianum (Molero, Kahrarian & Gaju, 2016), from Kahrarian et al. (2016). J. Hyperlepisma patrizii Silvestri, 1932, from Silvestri (1932). K. Nebkhalepisma australe (Wygodzinsky, 1959), from Wygodzinsky (1959b). L. Hyperlepisma arabiense Irish, 1991, from Irish (1991). M. Ornatilepisma horni Irish, 1988, from Irish (1988a). N. Swalepisma mirabile Irish, 1988, from Irish & Mendes (1988). O. Sceletolepisma occidentale (Irish, 1987), from Irish (1987).

Fig. 10 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 10. Praetarsal claws in Lepismatidae Latreille, 1802, SEM photographs. A. Praetarsus of Ctenolepisma nicoletii (Lucas, 1846), showing lateral claws with smooth base and finely striated tegument. B. Pretarsal claw of Caribesella impudica (Escherich, 1905) comb. nov., with microtrichia, and the empodium with striated tegument. Scale bars: A = 100 μm; B = 50 μm.

Fig. 9 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 9. Chaetotaxy of coxae in Lepismatidae Latreille, 1802, micrographs of the external margin of the coxa. A. Caribesella impudica (Escherich, 1905) comb. nov., showing discrete combs of few macrochaetae. B. Neoasterolepisma curtiseta Mendes, 1988, showing isolated macrochaetae inside a row of setulae. C. Ctenolepisma nicoletii (Lucas, 1846), with an irregular row of macrochaetae not clearly arranged in combs. Scale bars: A, C = 0.1 mm; B = 50 μm.

Fig. 8 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 8. Thoracic sternites in Lepismatidae Latreille, 1802. A. Mesosternal plate of Anisolepisma sp., adapted from Smith (2016a). B–D. Thoracic sternites (prosternum, mesosternum and metasternum, respectively) of a species of Ctenolepismatinae Mendes, 1991, Sceletolepisma rodriguezi (Mendes, Molero-Baltanás, Bach de Roca & Gaju-Ricart, 1993) that cover the base of coxae. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 2 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 2. Specialized sensilla of the antennae of Lepismatidae Latreille, 1802, adapted from Mendes (1986a). A. Silvestri's sensillum (basiconic type F following Adel's terminology). B. Bidigitate. C. Asteriform. D. Asteriform with annulated tegument. E. Poculiform. F. SEM photograph of a poculiform sensillum in Acrotelsella transpectinata Smith, 2016. Scale bars: A–E = 5 μm; F = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 5 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 5. Chaetotaxy of thoracic nota of Lepismatidae Latreille, 1802. A. Pronotum with setal collar (sc) of Psammolepisma schultzei (Silvestri, 1908), with lateral combs of macrochaetae (lc). Adapted from Irish (1988). Abbreviations: plc = posterolateral comb of macrochaetae, in this case inserted in a very lateral position of the posterior margin; pt = posterior trichobothrium, associated to the last lateral comb (N); the anterior trichobothrium is associated with the antepenultimate lateral comb (N–2). B. Pronotum with bare anterior margin of Neoasterolepisma balcanicum (Stach, 1922), without lateral combs of macrochaetae, only marginal setae (ms). Adapted from Molero-Baltanás et al. (1997). Abbreviations: ata = anterior open trichobothrial areas (the posterior ones are also open in this genus); ps = setulae associated with the posterior margin (in species of Tricholepisma these setae are transformed into macrochaetae: bigger and bifid apically). C. Micrograph of the left anterolateral corner of the pronotum of Allacrotelsa kraepelini, with 1+1 anterolateral groups of macrochaetae, marked with an arrow (and the remaining anterior margin bare). Scale bars = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 7. Trichobothrial areas, SEM photographs. A in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 7. Trichobothrial areas, SEM photographs. A. Open trichobothrial areas of the pronotum of Sceletolepisma guadianicum (Mendes, 1992); the anterior area is visible in the upper part of the photo, and the posterior area is placed in the lower part. B. Closed trichobothrial area of Caribesella impudica (Escherich, 1905) comb. nov. (formerly Acrotelsella impudica). Scale bars: A = 0.2 mm; B = 50 μm.

Fig. 1 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 1. Chaetotaxy of the head in Lepismatidae Latreille, 1802. A. Frontal view of the head of Lepismina sp., showing frontal tufts of macrochaetae. B. Lateral view of the head of Allacrotelsa kraepelini (Escherich, 1905), showing tufts of macrochaetae on the head and on the anterolateral corner of the pronotum. C. Ctenolepisma ciliatum (Dufour, 1831). D. Lepisma baetica Molero-Baltanás, Gaju-Ricart, Bach de Roca & Mendes, 1994. E. Hyperlepisma acinacis Irish, 1991. Images C–D adapted from Molero-Baltanás et al. (2010, 1994) and E from Irish (1991); in these illustrations, most macrochaetae are represented only by their insertions. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 6 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 6. Bristle-combs in Lepismatidae Latreille, 1802, SEM photographs. A. Ventral comb of macrochaetae of Ctenolepisma nicoletii (Lucas, 1846), where these are detached and only insertions are visible. B. Urosternal comb with macrochaetae not detached (feathered or plumose), from Acrotelsella sp. (probably A. parlevar Smith, 2016). Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 3 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 3. Pronged sensilla of the apical article of the maxillary palp of some subfamilies of Lepismatidae Latreille, 1802, SEM photographs. A. Three pronged sensilla in Heterolepisma sp., with short and wide base and several (8–9) finger-like projections. B. One pronged sensilla (arrow) in Allacrotelsa kraepelini (Escherich, 1905), with long base and few finger-like projections. C. One of the three narrow multipronged sensilla of the ultimate article of the maxillary palp of Visma spp. They are probably homologous with the sensilla seen in Allacrotelsa Silvestri, 1935 and other Lepismatinae Latreille, 1802 but the other two have been lost. Scale bars: A = 0.1 mm; B = 50 μm; C = 25 μm.

Fig. 4 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 4. Arrangement and number of labial papillae in Lepismatidae Latreille, 1802. A. Five labial palp papillae ofAllacrotelsa kraepelini (Escherich, 1905), forming a circle; this arrangement can be interpreted as 3+2 (two rows). B. Labial palp papillae (five in one row) of Thermobia domestica (Packard, 1873). C. Micrograph of the apical article of the labial palp of Ctenolepisma longicaudatum Escherich, 1905 from Netherlands, showing 8 papillae on a single row (in this species, the number of papillae is variable, from 5 to 12). Scale bars: A = 0.2 mm; B = 20 μm; C = 50 μm.

Fig 10 in Culicoides jiangchengensis, a new species of the subgenus Sinocoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) based on integrative taxonomy from China

Fig 10. Culicoides (Sinocoides) nanniwanensis Liu et Wang, 2011 [13]. ant, antenna; f, front; map, maxillary palpus; md, mandibles; spt, spermatheca; w, wing. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287266.g010

Fig 3 in Culicoides jiangchengensis, a new species of the subgenus Sinocoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) based on integrative taxonomy from China

Fig 3. Culicoides (Sinocoides) hamiensis Chu, Qian et Ma, 1982 [8]. ant, antenna; f, front; map, maxillary palpus; md, mandibles; spt, spermatheca; w, wing. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287266.g003

Fig 7 in Culicoides jiangchengensis, a new species of the subgenus Sinocoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) based on integrative taxonomy from China

Fig 7. Culicoides (Sinocoides) opertus Liu et Yu, 1990 [9]. ant, antenna; f, front; map, maxillary palpus; md, mandibles; spt, spermatheca; w, wing. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287266.g007

Fig 2 in Culicoides jiangchengensis, a new species of the subgenus Sinocoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) based on integrative taxonomy from China

Fig 2. Culicoides (Sinocoides) anthropophygas Yu et Liu, 2005 [5]. ant, antenna; f, front; map, maxillary palpus; md, mandibles; spt, spermatheca; w, wing. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287266.g002

Fig 1 in Culicoides jiangchengensis, a new species of the subgenus Sinocoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) based on integrative taxonomy from China

Fig 1. Culicoides (Sinocoides) jiangchengensis Wang et Liu, sp. nov. A: Female; B: Male; C: Head; D: Front; E: Antenna; F: Maxillary palpus; G: Mandibles; H: Wing (Female); I: Wing (Male); J: Thorax; K: Hind tibial comb; L: Spermatheca; M: Hypopygium; N: Parameres. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287266.g001