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FIGURE 13 in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 13. Fred Stone peers through the gap between the lava slab and wall at the lower edge of the entrance to Māhiehie Cave. The slab obscures the entrance to the main cave passage. The configuration of the entrance and cave creates a possible trap for bats (see text for description).

FIGURE 11 in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 11. Skeleton of Synemporion keana embedded in secondary mineral crust on the wall near the downslope end of Māhiehie Cave.

FIGURE 5 in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 5. Lateral and occlusal views of the lower dentition of A, the holotype of Synemporion keana (BPBM 159269) compared with that of B, Lasiurus cinereus semotus (BPBM 184506).

FIGURE 4 in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 4. Lateral and occlusal views of the upper dentition of A, the holotype of Synemporion keana (BPBM 159269) compared with that of B, Lasiurus cinereus semotus (BPBM 184506). Note that a small anterior upper premolar (P2), visible in occlusal view in Lasiurus, is absent in the holotype of Synemporion keana. This tooth is variably present in Synemporion, occurring somewhat more than 50% of the time and sometimes present on one side but absent on the other side in the same individual (see text for discussion).

FIGURE 1 in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 1. Map of the main Hawaiian Islands showing relative locations of the principle collecting sites of fossil Synemporion keana. See appendix 2 for list of specimens from each site and appendix 4 for detailed descriptions of each site. (1) Makawehi Point dunes; (2) Māhā'ulepū Limestone Sinkhole; (3) limestone sinkholes near Barbers Point; (4) Ulupa'u Head lake deposit; (5) Lua Lolo Piping Cave; (6) Pu'u Naio Cave; (7) Māhiehie Cave; (8) Pu'u Mākua Cave; (9) Ka'eleku Caverns; (10) Crystal Cave; (11) Kahāwaihapapa Cave; (12) 'Ūmi'i Manu Cave; (13) Kahuku Ranch Cave.

FIGURE 13 in New records of eutherian mammals from the Goler Formation (Tiffanian, Paleocene) of California and their biostratigraphic and paleobiogeographic implications

FIGURE 13. Outcrop map of member 3 and member 4 of the Goler Formation (adapted from Cox, 1982; Cox and Diggles, 1986) showing location of the most productive mammal yielding sites, with shared taxa listed in text boxes: Grand Canyon site (no. 2, V200510), Land of Oz (no. 3, V200001), Laudate Discovery Site (no. 6, V94014), and Edentulous Jaw Site (no. 7, V98012). Other sites as numbered in figure 1.

FIGURE 8 in New records of eutherian mammals from the Goler Formation (Tiffanian, Paleocene) of California and their biostratigraphic and paleobiogeographic implications

FIGURE 8. Dentition of Promioclaenus walshi, new species. A. Occlusal view of RAM 6724, right dentary fragment with m2 and talonid of m1 from RAM locality V200001. B–E. Holotype of Promioclaenus walshi, RAM 9098, partial right and left lower dentitions from RAM locality V200510: B. occlusal view, C. labial view, and D. lingual view of RAM 9098, right dentary fragment with m3 with damaged m2; E. occlusal view of RAM 9098, left m2–3 with anterior part of m2 trigonid missing. F. Oblique occlusal view of RAM 6926, right maxillary fragment with M2–3, from RAM locality V200001; G. drawing of RAM 6926 in occlusal view.

FIGURE 3 in New records of eutherian mammals from the Goler Formation (Tiffanian, Paleocene) of California and their biostratigraphic and paleobiogeographic implications

FIGURE 3. Occlusal views of mandibles of Nannodectes lynasi, new species. A. RAM 9044, holotype of Nannodectes lynasi, right dentary fragment with damaged i1, alveolus of p2, p3–m3 from RAM locality V200510. B. RAM 9429, right dentary fragment with i1 root and p3–m3 from RAM locality V200706. C. RAM 10029, right dentary fragment with damaged p4–m3 from RAM locality V200804.

FIGURE 2 in New records of eutherian mammals from the Goler Formation (Tiffanian, Paleocene) of California and their biostratigraphic and paleobiogeographic implications

FIGURE 2. Mandibles and teeth of Protictis, Bessoecetor, and Taeniodonta. A. Occlusal view of RAM 9099, right dentary fragment with m2–3 of Bessoecetor septentrionalis from RAM locality V200510; B. labial view of RAM 9099. C. Lingual view of RAM 6927, a right dentary fragment with c, p1–p2, p4, and partial m1 of Protictis paralus from RAM locality V200001 (with partial imprint of dentary); D. occlusal view of p1–2, p4–m1 of RAM 6927. E. Lingual view of partial m1 of RAM 7246, left dentary fragment with partial m1 of Protictis cf. P. agastor from RAM locality V200001; F. labial view of partial m1 of RAM 7246; G. occlusal view of RAM 7246. H. Posterior view of RAM 15328, partial lower canine of a taeniodont from RAM locality V200612; I. anterior view of RAM 15328. Scale bar for C–D also applies to E–G.

FIGURE 1 in New records of eutherian mammals from the Goler Formation (Tiffanian, Paleocene) of California and their biostratigraphic and paleobiogeographic implications

FIGURE 1. Map of California (inset) with location of study area shaded and outcrop map of member 3 and member 4 of the Goler Formation within the El Paso Mountains (adapted from Cox, 1982; Cox and Diggles, 1986) showing location of sites discussed in text; members 1–2 not shown. Numbers refer to a specific site or group of sites within a limited geographic area, with the numerical order reflecting the approximate stratigraphic sequence of localities referred to in the text. Open circles are areas where strata at a specific site underwent paleomagnetic analysis; results presented in Albright et al. (2009). 1, Red Flat area (V201014, V201122); 2, Grand Canyon area (V200508, V200510, V200706, V200802, V200804); 3, Land of Oz (V200001); 4, Phenacodus Pocket area (V200603, V200612); 5, R-Z Zone area (V200303, V200304, V200702); 6, Laudate Discovery Site area (V94014, V94133); 7, Edentulous Jaw Site (V98012); 8, Primate Gulch (V200202); 9, Lone Tooth (V200704); 10, Butte Tooth (V200613); 11, Honey Pot (V200120); 12, Shark Site (V200307).

FIGURE 11 in New records of eutherian mammals from the Goler Formation (Tiffanian, Paleocene) of California and their biostratigraphic and paleobiogeographic implications

FIGURE 11. Upper dentition of Phenacodus cf. P. bisonensis. A. Occlusal view of RAM 9672, left maxillary fragment with P3–4, from RAM locality V200510. B. Occlusal view of RAM 7248, left maxillary fragment with P4–M1 and damaged M2, from RAM locality V200304. C. Occlusal view of RAM 9659, right M1 from RAM locality V98012. D. Occlusal view of RAM 6722, right M1 from RAM locality V200001. E. Occlusal view of RAM 15000, right maxilla fragment with dP4–M2 from RAM locality V201122. F. Occlusal view of RAM 9021, right M2 from RAM locality V200603. G. Occlusal view of RAM 9020, associated left M2 and M3 from RAM locality V200612. H. Occlusal view of RAM 7245, maxillary fragment with left dP3–4 from RAM locality V200001. I. Occlusal view of RAM 7205, right dP4 from RAM locality V200001.

FIGURE 6 in New records of eutherian mammals from the Goler Formation (Tiffanian, Paleocene) of California and their biostratigraphic and paleobiogeographic implications

FIGURE 6. Dentition of oxyclaenids and arctocyonids. A. Occlusal view of RAM 9041, right m1 of Thryptacodon sp. from RAM locality V200510. B. Occlusal view of RAM 15622, right dentary fragment with talonid of p4, and m1–2 of Mimotricentes tedfordi from RAM locality V201014; C. oblique labial view of RAM 15622. D. Occlusal view of RAM 9670, left dentary fragment of Mimotricentes tedfordi with damaged m1 and base of p4 from RAM locality V200510. E. Occlusal view of RAM 6928, right dentary fragment of Mimotricentes tedfordi with m3 talonid and base of trigonid from RAM locality V200001. F. Occlusal view of RAM 9040, right M1 of Lambertocyon cf. L. gingerichi from RAM locality V200001. G. Occlusal view of RAM 9043, left p3 fragment of Lambertocyon cf. L. gingerichi from RAM locality V200001. H. Occlusal view of RAM 9660, premolar of undetermined arctocyonid from RAM locality V200613.

FIGURE 9 in New records of eutherian mammals from the Goler Formation (Tiffanian, Paleocene) of California and their biostratigraphic and paleobiogeographic implications

FIGURE 9. Lower dentition of Phenacodus cf. P. bisonensis. A. Occlusal view of RAM 9023, right dentary with p3–m2 and anterior portion of m3 trigonid from RAM locality V200612; B. lingual view of RAM 9023; C. labial view of RAM 9023. D. Occlusal view of RAM 9046, left dentary with m1–3 from RAM locality V200603. E. Occlusal view of RAM 6723, right dentary fragment with m2–3 from RAM locality V200001. F. Occlusal view of RAM 9024, left dentary fragment with m2–3 from RAM locality V200612. G. Occlusal view of RAM 9045, left dp4 from RAM locality V200704.

FIGURE 5 in New records of eutherian mammals from the Goler Formation (Tiffanian, Paleocene) of California and their biostratigraphic and paleobiogeographic implications

FIGURE 5. Upper dentition of Nannodectes lynasi. A. Occlusal view of RAM 6431, left I1 from RAM locality V98012. B. Occlusal view of RAM 6929, left I1 from RAM locality V98012. C. Occlusal view of RAM 9668, left maxilla fragment with C, alveoli of P2–3, and P4–M1 from RAM locality V200510. D. Occlusal view of RAM 6931, left P3 from RAM locality V98012. E. Occlusal view of right P4 of RAM 9669, skull fragment with broken I1, right P4, M1–2 and associated right p3 from RAM locality V200510; F. occlusal view of right M1–2 of RAM 9669. G. Occlusal view of RAM 6962, left M2 from RAM locality V98012. H. Occlusal view of RAM 6957, partial left M3 from RAM locality V98012.

FIGURE 10. RAM 10292 in New records of eutherian mammals from the Goler Formation (Tiffanian, Paleocene) of California and their biostratigraphic and paleobiogeographic implications

FIGURE 10. RAM 10292, left and partial right dentaries of Phenacodus cf. P. bisonensis from RAM locality V200802: A. occlusal view of left dentary with c–m3; B. labial view of RAM 10292; C. occlusal view of right dentary with i1-2, and c–m1.

FIG. 4 in A New Species of Marmosops (Marsupialia: Didelphidae) from the Pakaraima Highlands of Guyana, with Remarks on the Origin of the Endemic Pantepui Mammal Fauna

FIG. 4. Dorsal views of skulls. Left to right: Marmosops pakaraimae (ROM 115129, holotype), M. parvidens (AMNH 267359), and M. pinheiroi (AMNH 267345). All views about ×3.

FIG. 3 in A New Species of Marmosops (Marsupialia: Didelphidae) from the Pakaraima Highlands of Guyana, with Remarks on the Origin of the Endemic Pantepui Mammal Fauna

FIG. 3. Ventral views of skins. Left to right: Marmosops pakaraimae (ROM 115129, holotype), M. parvidens (ROM 114144), M. pinheiroi (ROM 111558). Approximately life size.

FIG. 7 in A New Species of Marmosops (Marsupialia: Didelphidae) from the Pakaraima Highlands of Guyana, with Remarks on the Origin of the Endemic Pantepui Mammal Fauna

FIG. 7. Forest vegetation at three Guyanese capture sites of Marmosops pakaraimae. Top, Mount Roraima, Third Camp (1000 m); bottom left, Mount Roraima, Second Camp (800 m); bottom right, Mount Ayanganna, First Plateau Camp (1100 m). Photos by Francis X. Faigal (Royal Ontario Museum).

FIG. 2 in A New Species of Marmosops (Marsupialia: Didelphidae) from the Pakaraima Highlands of Guyana, with Remarks on the Origin of the Endemic Pantepui Mammal Fauna

FIG. 2. Dorsal views of skins. Left to right: Marmosops pakaraimae (ROM 115129, holotype), M. parvidens (ROM 114144), M. pinheiroi (ROM 111558). Approximately life size.

FIG. 8 in A New Species of Marmosops (Marsupialia: Didelphidae) from the Pakaraima Highlands of Guyana, with Remarks on the Origin of the Endemic Pantepui Mammal Fauna

FIG. 8. Bayesian phylogeny of ingroup terminals (maximum-likelihood and parsimony analyses resulted in congruent topologies). Pie diagrams at internal nodes represent support from BI, ML, and MP analyses, with filled wedges corresponding to high support (posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95, bootstrap ≥ 0.75%). Each terminal is identified by country of origin and an alphanumeric specimen identifier (from tables 2 or 3). Numbers in parentheses refer to localities mapped in figure 1 and listed in the gazetteer (appendix).