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FIGURE 11 in MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION AND TAXONOMY OF LEPIDOCOLAPTES ANGUSTIROSTRIS (VIEILLOT, 1818) (PASSERIFORMES: DENDROCOLAPTIDAE)

FIGURE 11: Summary of the dorsal and ventral patterns in Lepidocolaptes angustirostris. From northeastern Brazil (left) to northern-central Argentina (right). Intermediate stages can be found along the geographical range of taxon. Specimens from MZUSP.

FIGURE 7 in On the morphological variation and taxonomy of the Geoffroy's cat Leopardus geoffroyi (d'Orbigny & Gervais, 1844) (Carnivora, Felidae)

FIGURE 7: Distribution of the factorial scores in the first and second principal components of the craniometrical variables (in decimal logarithm) of L. geoffroyi female specimens.

FIGURE 4 in On the morphological variation and taxonomy of the Geoffroy's cat Leopardus geoffroyi (d'Orbigny & Gervais, 1844) (Carnivora, Felidae)

FIGURE 4: Distribution of the specimens of L. geoffroyi studied. Numbers correspond to collection localities listed in the gazetteer (see Appendix 2). Gray shadow corresponds to the geographic range of the species suggested by IUCN.

FIGURE 1 in On the morphological variation and taxonomy of the Geoffroy's cat Leopardus geoffroyi (d'Orbigny & Gervais, 1844) (Carnivora, Felidae)

FIGURE 1: Reproduction of the original plates and syntypes of Leopardus geoffroyi (d'Orbigny & Gervais, 1844b, 1847): (A) overall view of the species (plate published in 1844); (B) overall view of the species (plate published in 1847); (C) specimen MNHN-ZM-MO-2001-298; (D) specimen MNHN-ZM-MO-2001-299; and (E) specimen MNHN-ZM-MO-2001-300.Photos of specimens by Cécile Callou (MNHN).

FIGURE 3 in On the morphological variation and taxonomy of the Geoffroy's cat Leopardus geoffroyi (d'Orbigny & Gervais, 1844) (Carnivora, Felidae)

FIGURE 3: Dorsal, ventral and lateral view of skull and lateral view of mandible of an adult male Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi), showing 20 craniometrical variables used in the study. The abbreviations assigned to craniometrical variables correspond to those mentioned in the "Materials and methods" section of the text.

FIGURE 6 in On the morphological variation and taxonomy of the Geoffroy's cat Leopardus geoffroyi (d'Orbigny & Gervais, 1844) (Carnivora, Felidae)

FIGURE 6: Distribution of the factorial scores in the first and second principal components of the craniometrical variables (in decimal logarithm) of L. geoffroyi male specimens.

FIGURE 13 in On the morphological variation and taxonomy of the Geoffroy's cat Leopardus geoffroyi (d'Orbigny & Gervais, 1844) (Carnivora, Felidae)

FIGURE 13: Pattern of coloration and markings in L. geoffroyi: (A) MACN34.556 (unknown sex) from Villa Unión, La Rioja, Argentina; (B) AMNH39010 (male) from Pulqui, Oropeza, Chuquisaca, Bolivia; (C) MACN14590 (female) from Estación Romero, El Cuy, Río Negro, Argentina; (D) MACN47.404 (unknown sex) from Pozo de Maza, Formoza, Argentina; (E) AMNH41555 (unknown sex) from Lavalle, Santiago del Estero, Argentina; (F) AMNH41550 (unknown sex) from Lavalle, Santiago del Estero, Argentina. Bar = 100 mm.

FIGURE 2 in On the morphological variation and taxonomy of the Geoffroy's cat Leopardus geoffroyi (d'Orbigny & Gervais, 1844) (Carnivora, Felidae)

FIGURE 2: (A) lateral and ventral views of the skull (plate published in 1847); (B) lateral view from the skull of one of the syntypes, the specimen MNHN-ZM-MO-2001-300; and (C) dorsal view from the skull of one of the syntypes, the specimen MNHN-ZM-MO-2001-300. Photo of specimens by Cécile Callou (MNHN).

FIGURE 5 in On the morphological variation and taxonomy of the Geoffroy's cat Leopardus geoffroyi (d'Orbigny & Gervais, 1844) (Carnivora, Felidae)

FIGURE 5: Distribution of the putative subspecies of L. geoffroyi over the biomes of southern South America (data obtained from WWF – World Wide Fund for Nature). The stars represent the type localities of the putative subspecies.

FIGURE 12 in On the morphological variation and taxonomy of the Geoffroy's cat Leopardus geoffroyi (d'Orbigny & Gervais, 1844) (Carnivora, Felidae)

FIGURE 12: Geographical analysis of L. geoffroyi: (A) Population samples organized in six geographic groups (North, Northwest, Northeast 1, Northeast 2, Center and South) arranged on a southward direction from southern Bolivia to southern Argentina; (B) Diagrams of first principal component (see Figure 6) for male geographic groups; (C) Diagrams of first principal component (see Figure 7) for female geographic groups; (D) Diagrams of first principal component (see Figure 8) for the geographic groups of male, females and unknown sex specimens combined. Error bars show 95% interval of confidence the mean. The means are represented by black circles in the error bars. The number on the right side of each bar corresponds to the number of specimens for each geographical group.

FIGURE 11 in On the morphological variation and taxonomy of the Geoffroy's cat Leopardus geoffroyi (d'Orbigny & Gervais, 1844) (Carnivora, Felidae)

FIGURE 11: Distribution of the factorial scores in the first and second discriminant functions of the craniometrical variables (in decimal logarithm) of L. geoffroyi male, female and unknown sex specimens combined.

FIGURE 11. A–B in Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy

FIGURE 11. A–B: Pearson correlations between the 14 variables and the two PCO axes based on P. leo, P. spelaea, and P. fossilis (thus excluding P. atrox, corresponding to Figure 10B).

FIGURE 10. A in Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy

FIGURE 10. A: Principal coordinate analyses based on 14 log-transformed morphometric variables. The first axis is parallel with an overall increase in cranial length. Across its whole range, P. spelaea differs from P. fossilis, and P. fossilis is clearly distinct from P. leo. However, P. spelaea from the Western Europe alone does not differ from P. fossilis. B: Principal coordinate analyses based on 14 log-transformed morphometric variables, excluding P. atrox. This analysis shows that P. spelaea from the Western Europe and the Eastern Europe–Asia do not fully overlap in morphospace. The first PCO axis in both analyses correlates strongly positively with all variables and thus reflects the size axis. Specimen numbers: P. atrox (North America): 1–Ichetucknee, 2–Natural Trap Cave, 3–9–Rancho la Brea; P. fossilis: 10–Mauer (Germany), 11–Azé I-3 (France); P. intermedia: 12–Romain-la-Roche (France), 13–Vence (France), 14–Edingen (Germany), 15–Niedźwiedzia Cave (Poland), 16–San (Poland); P. spelaea: 17–Bottrop (Germany), 18– Huttenheim (Germany), 19–Perickhöhlen (Germany), 20–Siegsdorf (Germany), 21–Zoolithenhöhle (holotype; Germany), 22–24–Zoolithenhöhle (Germany), 25–Zandobbio (Italy), 26–Brno (Czech R.), 27–Sloup (Vienna specimen; Czech R.), 28–Sloup (OK 130570, Czech R.), 29–Srbsko–Chlum Komín Cave (Czech R.), 30–Výpustek 1 (Czech R.), 31–Výpustek 3 (Czech R.), 32–Igrita (Croatia), 33–Ursilor (Romania), 34–Binagady (Caucasus, Georgia), 35–Desna (Russia), 36–37–Isa River (South Ural, Russia), 38–Kondakovka (Russia), 39–Mokhokho (Russia), 40–Uzhur (Central Siberia), 41–42–Medvedia Cave (Slovakia); P. leo (Africa and India): 43–50.

FIGURE 8 in Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy

FIGURE 8. Bivariate relationships between the cranial length and nine morphological variables. The lines represent slopes of the relationship between the log-transformed cranial length and nine variables fitted by reduced major axis regression separately for P. fossilis, P. spelaea, and P. leo. Axes are logged.

FIGURE 9 in Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy

FIGURE 9. The summary of mean allometric coefficients (slopes of the relationship between the log-transformed cranial length and nine variables fitted by reduced major axis regression) with 95% bootstrapped confidence intervals. They show more positive allometry for mastoid width, canine width, medial nasale length, and lateral nasal length in P. fossilis relative to other three species (although 95% confidence intervals are broad). The postorbital width shows negative allometry in P. leo whereas it shows positive allometry in P. spelaea and P. fossilis. The missing values in P. atrox did not allow to measure its allometric coefficients for lateral nasal length.

FIGURE 6 in Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy

FIGURE 6. Different types of lion heads in Paleolithic art, maybe indicating the cranial profile type 2 (A), probably the cranial profile type 1 (B), and the cranial profile type 0 (C-F). A: a lion head sculpture from Kostenki near Voronezh, Russia (ca. 23 ka BP, redrawn from Efimenko 1958); B: a lion head sculpture from Vogelherd, Germany (ca. 38-33 ka BP, redrawn from Koenigswald and Schmitt 1987); C: a lion head sculpture from Dolní Věstonice, Moravia–Czech Republic (ca. 27-29 ka BP, redrawn from Jelínek 1972); D: a cave lion depicted in La Marche, France (Magdalenian); E: cave lion pair depicted in Chauvet, France (˂ 26 ka BP); F: cave lions depicted in Chauvet, France (˂ 26 ka BP, redrawn from Clottes 2001). © J. Gullár, 2009-2014 (A–C, F) and the archive of M. Sabol (D and E). Author of illustrations A–C and F is J. Gullár (please, cite it as: J. Gullár in Sabol et al., 2022); D and E are from the archive of M. Sabol.

FIGURE 5 in Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy

FIGURE 5. Boxplots showing differences in cranial length and in the POC/IOB ratio. The horizontal dashed lines approximately span the minima and maxima in P. leo from Mazák (2010).

FIGURE 4 in Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy

FIGURE 4. The types of lion crania distinguished based on cranial profile with the assumed life reconstruction. A: cranium with the straight nasofrontal profile (0)–cranium of Panthera spelaea from the Medvedia jaskyňa Cave in the Západné Tatry Mts. in Slovakia (Last Glacial), B: cranium with the intermediate profile between type 0 and type 2 (1)– cranium of Panthera spelaea from the Zoolithenhöhle Cave in Germany (Last Glacial), C: cranium with the concave nasofrontal profile (2)–cranium of Panthera fossilis from Azé in France (Holsteinian). © J. Gullár, 2011-2021. The crania are not scaled. Author of illustrations is J. Gullár (please, cite it as: J. Gullár in Sabol et al., 2022).

FIGURE 1 in Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy

FIGURE 1. Chronology of lion lineages based on the data from the fossil record and molecular and paleogenetic researches, referred in the "State of art" section. The grey color in the Panthera spelaea lineage suggests questionable evolutionary position of these lion forms. American lions probably represent a separate lineage. The Quaternary chronostratigraphy system is created with the TimeScale Creator software, v. 8.0 (2021).

FIGURE 2. The 12 in Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy

FIGURE 2. The 12 linear cranial characters measured on lion crania. 1: greatest cranial length (L, measured as the distance between the prosthion and the acrocranion), 2: palatal length (LP, measured parasagittally as the distance between the prosthion and the staphylion), 3: medial length of nasals (LMN, measured parasagittally as the distance between the naso-frontal suture and the dorsal margin of the external narial opening), 4: lateral length of nasals (LLN, measured as the distance between the naso-frontal suture and the anteriormost tip of the nasal), 5: greatest nasal width (BN, measured at rostral projection of nasals), 6: the snout width (BS, measured at the level of upper canines), 7: interorbital width (IOB, distance between orbits), 8: maximum cranial width across zygomatic arches (BZ), 9: width across postorbital constriction (POC), 10: greatest neurocranial width (BNC, greatest distance between lateral margins of braincase: euryon–euryon), 11: mastoid width (BM, measured across mastoid processes), and 12: greatest diameter of the auditory bullae (LAB). Cranium drawing modified according to Argant (1991).