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Fig. 4 a–c in The roles of niche divergence, dispersal, and geology on the diversification of Neotropical true frogs from the Rana palmipes species group (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae) during the Great American Biotic Interchange

Fig. 4 a–c Predicted niche occupancies (PNO) with horizontal axes representing the occupancy profiles of predictors for species (represented by different lines), and vertical axes representing the predicted suitability (Maxent "raw probabilities"). d–f Reconstruction of niche evolution based on maximum likelihood for mean tolerances obtained

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Fig. 2 in The roles of niche divergence, dispersal, and geology on the diversification of Neotropical true frogs from the Rana palmipes species group (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae) during the Great American Biotic Interchange

Fig. 2 Best fit-model of ancestral area estimation for the Rana palmipes species group. a Geographical delimitation of the areas used to estimate ancestral areas and b ancestral areas estimated for the Rana palmipes species group (Ranidae). Arrows represent jump

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Fig. 3 in The roles of niche divergence, dispersal, and geology on the diversification of Neotropical true frogs from the Rana palmipes species group (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae) during the Great American Biotic Interchange

Fig. 3 Age-range correlation (ARC) between node age and D index. a Phylogenetic tree and nodes compared. b Correlation plot between node age and D index, each point corresponding to a specific node in the phylogenetic tree (r.2 = 0.035, P = 0.7, intercept = 0.097, slope = 0.002)

Figure 2 in Fossil frogs (Eleutherodactylidae: Eleutherodactylus) from Florida suggest overwater dispersal from the Caribbean by the Late Oligocene

Figure 2. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil ilia, sacrum and urostyle of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, right ilium (UF-VP-501355) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; B, right ilium (UF-VP-501352) in dorsal (upper), medial (middle) and lateral (bottom) views; C, sacrum (UF-VP-497977) in anterior (upper), dorsal (second), posterior (third) and ventral (bottom) views; D, urostyle (UF-VP-501321) in anterior (upper), dorsal (middle) and lateral (bottom). Anatomical abbreviations: acf, acetabular fossa; acr, acetabular rim; act, anterior cotyle; cnt, centrum; dae, dorsal acetabular expansion; dcn, dorsal canal; dcr, dorsal crest; dph, diapophysis; dpm, dorsal prominence; dpt, dorsal protuberance; dsp, dorsal spine; nac, neural arch; nsp, neural spine; paz, preacetabular zone; pcd, posterior condyle; pzy, prezygapophyses; saf, supraacetabular fossa; vae, ventral acetabular expansion.

Figure 1 in Fossil frogs (Eleutherodactylidae: Eleutherodactylus) from Florida suggest overwater dispersal from the Caribbean by the Late Oligocene

Figure 1. Biogeography of modern and extinct native North American anurans. A, time-calibrated family-level phylogeny with historical biogeographic reconstructions from Feng et al. (2017), including our additions of the extinct families Gobiatidae and Palaeobatrachidae based on phylogenetic hypotheses of Chen et al. (2016) and Cannatella (2015). Symbols with numbers on branches indicate the first appearance datum (FAD; Supporting Information, Table S1) for lineages in the fossil record of North America and are indicated on maps on the right. Families present today in North America are in bold. Symbols at the end of each branch indicate the extant distribution of the family. B, maps showing the palaeobiogeography of anurans in North America, including all fossil occurrences with taxonomic information to the family level. Fossil occurrences not assigned to family or a larger clade, 'incertae sedis', were excluded and are shown in the Supporting Information (Fig. S1; Table S1). Temporal and geographic range of fossils was derived from The Paleobiology Database (PBDB 2023).

Figure 5 in Fossil frogs (Eleutherodactylidae: Eleutherodactylus) from Florida suggest overwater dispersal from the Caribbean by the Late Oligocene

Figure 5. Results of linear and geometric morphometric analyses in Eleutherodactylus. A, correlation of Eleutherodactylus body size (snout–urostyle length, SUL) with width of the pre-acetabulum of the ilium of two species and 30 individuals illustrating intraspecific variation. B, correlation of Eleutherodactylus body size (snout–urostyle length, SUL) with width of the pre-acetabulum of the ilium and 27 species of five subgenera illustrating interspecific variation. Estimated size of fossils plotted on the regression line. A, B, show the best linear regressions to estimate body size (SUL) from extant Eleutherodactylus, additional linear regression in the Supporting Information (Fig. S7). C–F, results of 3D geometric morphometric analysis of 14 landmarks on the humerus of Eleutherodactylus showing (C) intraspecific and (D) interspecific shape variation on the humeri of extant species only and (E) intraspecific and (F) interspecific shape variation including fossils from the Late Oligocene of Florida.

Figure 4 in Fossil frogs (Eleutherodactylidae: Eleutherodactylus) from Florida suggest overwater dispersal from the Caribbean by the Late Oligocene

Figure 4. Comparisons between fossil Eleutherodactylus from Florida and isolated bones from other frog families from Florida. Images derived from microCT-scans. A, fossil Eleutherodactylus in the leftmost column: right humerus (UF-VP-501310); right radioulna (UF-VP-501323); sacrum (UF-VP-497977); urostyle (UF-VP-501321); right ilium (UF-VP-501355). B–H, specimens of extant species representing taxa present in Florida today or in the Oligocene. Additional species used for comparison are available in the Supporting Information (Figs S2, S4, Table S2) (Morphosource project ID: 000421780).

Figure 3 in Fossil frogs (Eleutherodactylidae: Eleutherodactylus) from Florida suggest overwater dispersal from the Caribbean by the Late Oligocene

Figure 3. Images derived from microCT scans of fossil humeri and radioulna of Eleutherodactylus from Florida with anatomical nomenclature. A, left humerus (reflected, UF-VP-501328) in lateral (first column), ventral (second column), medial (third column), and dorsal (fourth column) views; B, right humerus (UF-VP-501310), broken proximally, in lateral (first column), ventral (second column), medial (third column), and dorsal (fourth column) views; C, right radioulna (UF-VP-501323), broken distally, in proximal (first column), medial (second column), ventral (third column), lateral (fourth column), and dorsal (fifth column) views. Anatomical abbreviations: cap, capitulum; cra, crista radialis; hh, humeral head; lsu, longitudinal sulcus; ocs, olecranon scar; olc, olecranon; rad, radius; rep, radial epicondyle; uln, ulna; upe, ulnar epicondyle.

FIG. 4 in Nest-Site Fidelity and Sex-Biased Dispersal Affect Spatial Genetic Structure of Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) at Their Northern Range Edge

FIG. 4. Analysis of global structure along the river corridor from the first principal component of the sPCA represented by (A) interpolation of lagged principal scores showing genetic clines and (B) colors indicating individual scores. Coordinates have been deliberately omitted to deter poachers.

FIG. 3 in Nest-Site Fidelity and Sex-Biased Dispersal Affect Spatial Genetic Structure of Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) at Their Northern Range Edge

FIG. 3. Bubble plot showing the results of two-dimensional local spatial autocorrelation analysis for all Eastern Box Turtles (n ¼ 165) sampled in northwestern Michigan. Circles represent individuals and the size of the circle is proportional to the P-values from permutation testing, with large circles representing individuals that are significantly more related to their five nearest neighbors than expected (P, 0.05) based on a random distribution of genotypes. Figure shows the distribution of five genetic ''hotspots'' in relation to known nesting sites (NS) across the study area. Some distantly sampled individuals are omitted for figure clarity.

FIG. 2 in Nest-Site Fidelity and Sex-Biased Dispersal Affect Spatial Genetic Structure of Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) at Their Northern Range Edge

FIG. 2. Spatial genetic autocorrelograms of genetic correlation coefficients (r) as a function of distance for Eastern Box Turtles in northwestern Michigan. Plots represent (A) all individuals (n ¼ 165), (B) females only (n ¼ 104), and (C) males only (n ¼ 51). Dashed lines are permuted 95% confidence intervals across all data, and error bars are bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals within each distance class. Tables below graphs represent data for each distance class including the number of pairwise comparisons (n), the correlation coefficients (r), and the P-values (p) associated with bootstrap tests of significance for positive spatial genetic autocorrelation.

FIG. 1 in Nest-Site Fidelity and Sex-Biased Dispersal Affect Spatial Genetic Structure of Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) at Their Northern Range Edge

FIG. 1. Scatterplot showing the matrix of pairwise genetic distances and matrix of pairwise geographic distances for box turtles sampled along the river corridor. Warmer colors within the kernel density indicate higher densities of points. The line (slope ¼ 1.074727e–05; R2 ¼ 0.002992) shows the correlation trend.

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Fig. 3 in Comparing Realized and Potential Distributions of the Species of Taurocerastinae (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae) to Examine the Relevance of Dispersal Limitations and Contemporary Environmental Factors

Fig. 3. Predicted potential distributions (red areas) when the conditions of the modeled environmental predictors are extrapolated to a global extent. A) Frickius variolosus, B) Taurocerastes patagonicus.

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Fig. 1. Taurocerastinae.A in Comparing Realized and Potential Distributions of the Species of Taurocerastinae (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae) to Examine the Relevance of Dispersal Limitations and Contemporary Environmental Factors

Fig. 1. Taurocerastinae.A) Male Frickius costulatus, B) Male F. variolosus, C) Pair of Taurocerastes patagonicus. Photo A by Guillermo Moreno (used with permission); photos B and C by Mauricio GonzÁlez-Chang.

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Fig. 2. A in Comparing Realized and Potential Distributions of the Species of Taurocerastinae (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae) to Examine the Relevance of Dispersal Limitations and Contemporary Environmental Factors

Fig. 2. A) Map showing the geographic occurrences of Frickius costulatus (two green points), F. variolosus (43 red points), and Taurocerastes patagonicus (37 blue points), B) Predicted distributional ranges for the three species, with the green area corresponding to the shared distributional range between the two Frickius species and the yellow area corresponding to the shared distributional area between F. variolosus and T. patagonicus.

Fig. 5 in Comparative Analysis of the Ecological Functions of Dung Removal and Seed Dispersal among Two Telecoprid and Two Paracoprid Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)

Fig. 5. Box plots of the median, first, and third quartile, and lower and upper limits of dung removal by standardized 1-g biomass of Canthon rutilans cyanescens, Deltochilum multicolor, Dichotomius sericeus, and Phanaeus splendidulus exposed to dog feces for two and seven days. Plots with the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey test, P> 0.05).

Fig. 4 in Comparative Analysis of the Ecological Functions of Dung Removal and Seed Dispersal among Two Telecoprid and Two Paracoprid Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)

Fig. 4. Comparative analysis of dung removal and secondary dispersal of small and large seeds by single male/ female pair of Canthon rutilans cyanescens (Cr), Deltochilum multicolor (Dm), Dichotomius sericeus (Ds), and Phanaeus splendidulus (Ps) exposed to dog feces for two and seven days. Squares with the same letter and color are not significantly different (Tukey test, P> 0.05).

Fig. 3 in Comparative Analysis of the Ecological Functions of Dung Removal and Seed Dispersal among Two Telecoprid and Two Paracoprid Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)

Fig. 3. Box plots of the median, first, and third quartile, and lower and upper limits of dung removal and secondary seed dispersal by two paracoprid dung beetles as single male/female pair and three male/female pairs exposed to dog feces for two, seven, and 21 days. A) Dung removal capacity, B) Small seed dispersal, and C) Large seed dispersal by Dichotomius sericeus. D) Dung removal capacity, E) Small seed dispersal, and F) Large seed dispersal by Phanaeus splendidulus. Plots with the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey test, P> 0.05).

Fig. 1 in Comparative Analysis of the Ecological Functions of Dung Removal and Seed Dispersal among Two Telecoprid and Two Paracoprid Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)

Fig. 1. Arenas for the study of dung removal and secondary seed dispersal by dung beetles. A) Arena for telecoprids with 30 g of dyed feces divided into three portions of 10 g each with a variable number of artificial seeds, B) Closed arena covered with veil-type fabric, C) Arena protected from rain. D, E, and F show the same sequence for the arenas for paracoprids.

Fig. 2 in Comparative Analysis of the Ecological Functions of Dung Removal and Seed Dispersal among Two Telecoprid and Two Paracoprid Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)

Fig. 2. Box plots of the median, first, and third quartile, and lower and upper limits of dung removal and secondary seed dispersal by two telecoprid dung beetles as single male/female pair and three male/female pairs exposed to dog feces for two, seven, and 21 days. A) Dung removal capacity, B) Small seed dispersal, and C) Large seed dispersal by Canthon rutilans cyanescens. D) Dung removal capacity, E) Small seed dispersal, and F) Large seed dispersal by Deltochilum multicolor. Plots with the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey test, P> 0.05).