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Figure 12 in A phylogenetic study of the neotropical catfish family Cetopsidae (Osteichthyes, Ostariophysi, Siluriformes), with a new classification

Figure 12. Anterior portion of skull and associated portion of ophthalmic nerves of Cetopsis oliveirai (MZUSP 79338). Dorsal view. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 9 in A phylogenetic study of the neotropical catfish family Cetopsidae (Osteichthyes, Ostariophysi, Siluriformes), with a new classification

Figure 9. Ethmoid region of skull and associated structures of Cetopsis candiru (MZUSP 24688). Ventral view. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 23 in A phylogenetic study of the neotropical catfish family Cetopsidae (Osteichthyes, Ostariophysi, Siluriformes), with a new classification

Figure 23. Pectoral-fin radials of Cetopsidium morenoi (INHS 69416). Ventral view. A, right side; B, left side. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 11 in A phylogenetic study of the neotropical catfish family Cetopsidae (Osteichthyes, Ostariophysi, Siluriformes), with a new classification

Figure 11. Mesethmoid and premaxilla of Cetopsis orinoco (MCNG 5375). Lateral view, anterior to right. Arrow indicates fenestra in mesethmoid lamina. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 25 in A phylogenetic study of the neotropical catfish family Cetopsidae (Osteichthyes, Ostariophysi, Siluriformes), with a new classification

Figure 25. Pectoral-fin radials in Cetopsis coecutiens. Ventral views of left side. A, adult condition (MZUSP 38765); B, juvenile condition (LACM 43102-3). Scale bars = 1 mm.

Figure 28 in A phylogenetic study of the neotropical catfish family Cetopsidae (Osteichthyes, Ostariophysi, Siluriformes), with a new classification

Figure 28. Posterior basipterygial cartilages. Ventral views. Anterior to top. A, Cetopsidium sp. (FMNH 45708); B, Denticetopsis epa (MZUSP 83228); C, Paracetopsis bleekeri (AMNH 97234). Scale bars = 1 mm.

Figure 3 in A phylogenetic study of the neotropical catfish family Cetopsidae (Osteichthyes, Ostariophysi, Siluriformes), with a new classification

Figure 3. Premaxillae in various species of Denticetopsis. Ventral view of left side, anterior facing top. A, D. sauli (ANSP 161432, paratype); B, D. epa (MZUSP 83228). Arrows indicate hypertrophied and horizontally orientated distal teeth. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Figure 7 in A phylogenetic study of the neotropical catfish family Cetopsidae (Osteichthyes, Ostariophysi, Siluriformes), with a new classification

Figure 7. Neurocranium of Cetopsis fimbriata (USNM 257763). Dorsal view. Anterior to top. Part of sphenotic of left side damaged, but drawn to match its counterpart. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 2 in A phylogenetic study of the neotropical catfish family Cetopsidae (Osteichthyes, Ostariophysi, Siluriformes), with a new classification

Figure 2. Dentary teeth in some species of Cetopsis. Mesial view of left side. A, C. coecutiens (MZUSP 23354); B, C. candiru (MZUSP 24688); C, C. coecutiens, juvenile specimen (LACM 43102-3). Scale bars = 1 mm.

Figure 20 in A phylogenetic study of the neotropical catfish family Cetopsidae (Osteichthyes, Ostariophysi, Siluriformes), with a new classification

Figure 20. Weberian apparatus of Denticetopsis macilenta (AMNH 55332). Ventral view. Anterior to top. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 4 in A phylogenetic study of the neotropical catfish family Cetopsidae (Osteichthyes, Ostariophysi, Siluriformes), with a new classification

Figure 4. Palatine. Ventral view of right side. A, Cetopsis coecutiens (MZUSP 38765); B, Cetopsidium morenoi (INHS 69416); C, Cetopsis gobioides (MZUSP 38808). Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 12 in A new family for the enigmatic sea pen genus Gyrophyllum Studer, 1891 (Octocorallia, Pennatulacea), a molecular and morphological approach

Fig. 12. Gyrophyllum cf. sibogae Hickson, 1916, colony from New Zealand waters (NIWA 158583; sampling data: NZOI Stn. P86, 31º39.498′ S, 159º9.402′ E, 610 m depth, 28 May 1977). A. Laterodorsal side. B. Latero-ventral side. C. Detail showing polyp leaves ventral edges with well-developed BPPs (yellow arrows) in a double manner. These are likely to be the origin of Hickson's observations, but despite this, Indo-West Pacific colonies deserve further molecular and morphological investigations.

Fig. 11. Gyrophyllum hirondellei Studer, 1891 in A new family for the enigmatic sea pen genus Gyrophyllum Studer, 1891 (Octocorallia, Pennatulacea), a molecular and morphological approach

Fig. 11. Gyrophyllum hirondellei Studer, 1891, BECA (OPEN-660). SEM photographs of sclerites. A. Rachis interior. B. Peduncle exterior. C. Peduncle interior.

Fig. 9. Gyrophyllum hirondellei Studer, 1891 in A new family for the enigmatic sea pen genus Gyrophyllum Studer, 1891 (Octocorallia, Pennatulacea), a molecular and morphological approach

Fig. 9. Gyrophyllum hirondellei Studer, 1891, BECA (OPEN-660). A. SEM photographs of a tentacle in latero-oral view showing the numerous filiform structures. B. SEM photographs of a tentacle in latero-aboral view showing the naked aboral surface of tentacular axis and filiform structures. C. SEM photographs of a tentacle in lateral view showing digitiform normal pinnulae and, on the left, the numerous and elongate filiform structures. missing collection codes for specimens (as given in all other figs …)

Fig. 8. Gyrophyllum hirondellei Studer, 1891 in A new family for the enigmatic sea pen genus Gyrophyllum Studer, 1891 (Octocorallia, Pennatulacea), a molecular and morphological approach

Fig. 8. Gyrophyllum hirondellei Studer, 1891, BECA (OPEN-660). A. Transversal section of a polyp leaf, showing its trabecular walls, and the thin barriers between consecutive gastrovascular cavities that are disposed in a line. B. Detail from A (the gastrovascular cavity on the left), showing also pharynx, mesenteria, sclerites of the tentacular axis (visible due to the transparency of oral disc), and (sectioned) one of the oral 'pouches' into which each tentacle is partially retracted. C. Internal view of the autozooids body wall into which the tentacular crown retracts (this becomes the outer body wall when the autozooid is extended). Note on the bottom right one of the tentacles and several sclerites (arrowed) in the thin body wall of the autozooid. D. Autozooid body wall treated with clove oil to clear tissue with scattered sclerites now easily observed in situ. E. Single tentacle in oral view (after critical point treatment) showing the numerous filiform structures. F. Single tentacle in lateral view (after critical point treatment) showing a series of normal pinnulae, part of the aboral side of tentacle and filiform structures. G. Single tentacle treated with clove oil to observe the presence and disposition of sclerites along the tentacular axis. H. Detail from G, also showing filiform structures.

Fig. 10. Gyrophyllum hirondellei Studer, 1891 in A new family for the enigmatic sea pen genus Gyrophyllum Studer, 1891 (Octocorallia, Pennatulacea), a molecular and morphological approach

Fig. 10. Gyrophyllum hirondellei Studer, 1891, BECA (OPEN-660). SEM photographs of sclerites. A. Tentacle. B. Polyp leaf, siphonozooids area. C. Calycular pointed processes. D. Rachis exterior.

Fig. 6. Gyrophyllum hirondellei Studer, 1891. A–B in A new family for the enigmatic sea pen genus Gyrophyllum Studer, 1891 (Octocorallia, Pennatulacea), a molecular and morphological approach

Fig. 6. Gyrophyllum hirondellei Studer, 1891. A–B. Detail of the colony MNHM OCT.A.579 in upperventral and lateral view, respectively, showing BPPs (white arrows) and partially retracted autozooids (black arrows). C–D. Detail of polyp leaves and ventral edge of a polyp leaf of the colony BECA (OPEN-660), note trabecular appearance of lateral surfaces and well developed BPPs. E. Detail of lateral surface of a polyp leaf, showing trabecular arrangement of sclerites and siphonozooid openings (arrowed). F. Partial section at rachis-peduncle limit, showing the thick trabecular wall and the axis with longitudinal groves.

Fig. 5. Gyrophyllum hirondellei Studer, 1891 in A new family for the enigmatic sea pen genus Gyrophyllum Studer, 1891 (Octocorallia, Pennatulacea), a molecular and morphological approach

Fig. 5. Gyrophyllum hirondellei Studer, 1891. Cross-sections of the axis near the rachis-peduncle limit of G. hirondellei colonies from SCOTIA cruises. A. Colony BECA (OPEN-660), a colony 112 mm in total length, showing an X-shaped cross-section, with an already apparent asymmetry. If growth rings are assumed to be produced annually this specimen is ~5 years old. B. Colony BECA (OPEN-661), a colony 215 mm in total length, showing a highly asymmetric X-shaped cross-section and a symmetrical central core (white dots). This specimen is ~14 years old according to growth rings with the proviso above.

Fig. 7. Gyrophyllum hirondellei Studer, 1891 in A new family for the enigmatic sea pen genus Gyrophyllum Studer, 1891 (Octocorallia, Pennatulacea), a molecular and morphological approach

Fig. 7. Gyrophyllum hirondellei Studer, 1891. Details of the ventral edge of a polyp leaf, showing the apertures of an autozooid (black arrows) and a single BPP (white arrows) in differing degrees of development per autozooid. A–B. Colony BECA (OPEN-661). C. Colony MNHM OCT.A.579.

Fig. 2 in A new family for the enigmatic sea pen genus Gyrophyllum Studer, 1891 (Octocorallia, Pennatulacea), a molecular and morphological approach

Fig. 2. Bayesian analyses showing the phylogenetic relationships of pennatulacean species (see Table 1) with the four main Clades I–IV indicated by coloured arrows. Sequences of the genus Gyrophyllum are in Clade III (light green are Atlantic specimens, while dark green are Indo-western Pacific specimens). The present hypotheses are based on mtMutS+ND2+Cox1+28S (left) and the concatenated set of sequences mtMutS+ND2+Cox1 (right). Only values of Bst>50 and PP>80 have been considered to be codified according legend. When Bst was <50 but PP was>80, PP value is indicated. The trees are drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site. Numbers in the tree clades represent Posterior Probability values not supported by ML. Yellow rings (continuous or alternate with pink lines) delimit taxa at genus level in Clade III. Rings of continuous lines (regardless of colour) delimit taxa with polyp leaves at genus level in Clades I–IV.