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FIGURE 3 in Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy

FIGURE 3. Profile depths (blue) and angular variables (red) measured on lion crania. Angle A: the cranial profile angle (nasale–frontale angularity), angle B: the angle between narial aperture and nasofrontal profile (premaxillary– nasofrontale angularity), and angle C: the angle between alveolar margin and postorbital process (maxillary–frontale angularity). Cranium drawing modified according to Argant (1991).

FIGURE 1 in Numerical taxonomy and genus-species identification of Czekanowskiales in China based on machine learning

FIGURE 1. Distribution of Mesozoic Czekanowskiales fossils in China (Chinese basemap from the Standard Map Ser- vice, plan approval number: GS (2020) 4619).

FIGURE 4 in Numerical taxonomy and genus-species identification of Czekanowskiales in China based on machine learning

FIGURE 4. Trait importance scores for genus and species identification and heatmap of correlations between traits. (A) Importance scores for traits identified genus and species, with the solid symbols indicating key traits and the hollow symbols indicating nonkey traits; (B) proportion of importance scores for macro traits and cuticular traits identified at the genus and species; (C) heatmap of correlations between traits; serial numbers correspond to traits in Table 2.

FIGURE 5 in Numerical taxonomy and genus-species identification of Czekanowskiales in China based on machine learning

FIGURE 5. Accuracy distributions of five supervised learning algorithms and confusion matrix of the best algorithm. (A) Accuracy distribution of the five algorithms in genus-level identification (using mixed-key traits); (B) CART algorithm confusion matrix (using mixed-key traits); (C) accuracy distribution of five algorithms in genus-level identification (using only macro-key traits); (D) CART algorithm confusion matrix (using only macro-key traits); (E) accuracy distribution of five algorithms for species-level identification (using mixed-key traits); (F) LR algorithm confusion matrix (using mixed-key traits); (G) accuracy distribution of five algorithms for species-level identification (using only macro-key traits); (H) CART algorithm confusion matrix (using only macro-key traits). Genus abbreviations: Cz., Czekanowskia; Ph., Phoenicopsis; Sp., Sphenarion; So., Solenites.

FIGURE 2 in Numerical taxonomy and genus-species identification of Czekanowskiales in China based on machine learning

FIGURE 2. Fossils and schematic diagram of the leaf morphology and epidermal structure of Czekanowskia les. (A) Phoenicopsis angustifolia; (B) Czekanowskia rigida; (C) Phoenicopsis speciosa; (D) schematic diagram of the leaf morphology of Czekanowskiales, dotted line ab indicating the leaf cluster length (or lobe length), dotted line cd indicating the leaf cluster width, line ef indicating the lobe width, and angle cbd indicating the angle between bc and bd (the most lateral lobes); (E) schematic diagram of the epidermal structure of Czekanowskiales. Scale bars (A-C) equal 1 cm.

FIG. 3 in The significance of Buffon and Guéneau de Montbeillard's Histoire naturelle des oiseaux ([1765]-1783) in the taxonomy of birds: General presentation and correspondence between Buffon's "eagles" and the species acknowledged by Linnaeus (1758, 1766), Brisson (1759-1762), and Gmelin (1788-1789)

FIG. 3. — Planche enluminée 416: "Aigle des grandes Indes", by Martinet, in Buffon & Guéneau de Montbeillard (1771b). The represented (lost) specimen is the holotype of Falco indus Boddaert, 1783. Credits: Musée Buffon, Montbard.

FIG. 2 in The significance of Buffon and Guéneau de Montbeillard's Histoire naturelle des oiseaux ([1765]-1783) in the taxonomy of birds: General presentation and correspondence between Buffon's "eagles" and the species acknowledged by Linnaeus (1758, 1766), Brisson (1759-1762), and Gmelin (1788-1789)

FIG. 2. — Planche enluminée 413: "le Jean-le Blanc", by Martinet, in Buffon & Guéneau de Montbeillard (1771b). The represented (lost) specimen belongs to the type series of Falco gallicus J. F. Gmelin, 1788. Credits: Musée Buffon, Montbard.

FIG. 4 in The significance of Buffon and Guéneau de Montbeillard's Histoire naturelle des oiseaux ([1765]-1783) in the taxonomy of birds: General presentation and correspondence between Buffon's "eagles" and the species acknowledged by Linnaeus (1758, 1766), Brisson (1759-1762), and Gmelin (1788-1789)

FIG. 4. — Planche enluminée 417: "Aigle d'Amérique", by Martinet, in Buffon & Guéneau de Montbeillard (1771b). The represented (lost) specimen is the holotype of Falco americanus Boddaert, 1783. Credits: Musée Buffon, Montbard.

FIG. 1. — Plate IV in The significance of Buffon and Guéneau de Montbeillard's Histoire naturelle des oiseaux ([1765]-1783) in the taxonomy of birds: General presentation and correspondence between Buffon's "eagles" and the species acknowledged by Linnaeus (1758, 1766), Brisson (1759-1762), and Gmelin (1788-1789)

FIG. 1. — Plate IV: "le Jean-le-Blanc", by De Sève, in Buffon & Guéneau de Montbeillard (1771a). Both represented (lost) specimens belong to the type series of Falco gallicus J. F. Gmelin, 1788. Credits: Musée Buffon, Montbard.

Figure 1. – Merluccius merluccius. A in Figure 1. - A in Junior synonymy of Mulloides armatus and intraspecific comparisons of the yellowstripe goatfish Mulloidichthys flavolineatus (Mullidae) using a comprehensive alpha-taxonomy approach

Figure 1. – Merluccius merluccius. A: Normal pigmentation; B: Yellowalbino phenotype 616 mm TL; C: Dark spots on dorsal part; D: Black marks on the dorsal fin margin.

FIGURE 3 in Anatomy, taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of Prestosuchus chiniquensis (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from the original collection of von Huene, Middle-Late Triassic of southern Brazil

FIGURE 3. Life reconstruction (1) and preserved bones (2) of Prestosuchus chiniquensis. In red the holotype material and in white the referred material known. Drawn by Jorge Gonzales..

FIGURE 1 in Anatomy, taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of Prestosuchus chiniquensis (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from the original collection of von Huene, Middle-Late Triassic of southern Brazil

FIGURE 1. Map of Brazil, showing the location of the Prestosuchus chiniquensis-bearing site as indicated by von Huene (1938) within the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Map modified from Reichel et al. (2009).

FIGURE 12 in Anatomy, taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of Prestosuchus chiniquensis (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from the original collection of von Huene, Middle-Late Triassic of southern Brazil

FIGURE 12. Hind limb bones of the lectotype of Prestosuchus chiniquensis SNSB-BSPG AS XXV. 1-6, left femur (SNSB-BSPG AS XXV 10) in 1, anterior; 2, posterior; 3, lateral; 4, medial; 5, proximal, and 6, distal views. 7, articulated left tibia, fibula, and proximal tarsals in anteromedial view. 8-12, left tibia (SNSB-BSPG AS XXV 11a) in 8, medial; 9, lateral; 10, posterior; 11, proximal; and 12, distal views. 13-18, left fibula (SNSB-BSPG AS XXV 11b) in 13, proximal; 14, distal; 15, lateral; 16, medial; 17, posterior; and 18, anterior views. Abbreviations: dd, deep depression; f, popliteal fossa; fc, fibular condyle; g, groove; gt, great trochanter; ilt, iliofibularis trochanter; ip; incompletely preserved surface; kn, knob; ld, longitudinal depression; lud, lunate depression; plr, posterolateral ridge; pmt, posteromedial tuber; rd, rectangular depression; rt, rugose tubercle; s, scars; t, tubercle; td, triangular depression; tc, tibial condyle; tic, tibial contact; tfc, tibiofibular crest; 4t, fourth trochanter. Scale bars are indicated in the figure.

FIGURE 2 in Anatomy, taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of Prestosuchus chiniquensis (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from the original collection of von Huene, Middle-Late Triassic of southern Brazil

FIGURE 2. Chronostratigraphic column of the Santa Maria Supersequence, showing the Prestosuchus chiniquensis- bearing level. Modified from Horn et al. (2014).

FIGURE 6 in Anatomy, taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of Prestosuchus chiniquensis (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from the original collection of von Huene, Middle-Late Triassic of southern Brazil

FIGURE 6. Vertebral material of the lectotype of Prestosuchus chiniquensis SNSB-BSPG AS XXV. 1-3, Anterior cervical vertebra (SNSB-BSPG AS XXV 29) in 1, left lateral; 2, ventral; and 3, posterior views. 4-6, Middle cervical vertebra (SNSB-BSPG AS XXV 30) in 4, anterior; 5, posterior; and 6, dorsal views. 7, Anterior dorsal vertebrae (SNSB-BSPG XXV 31) in left lateral view. 8-9, Anterior caudal vertebrae and chevrons (SNSB-BSPG AS XXV 3b) in 8, left lateral; and 9, ventral views. Abbreviations: acd, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; al, accessory lamina; chc, chevrons contact; cpr, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; cr, cervical rib; dd, deep depression; di, diapophysis; dr, dorsal rib; hc, hemal canal; if, infradiapophyseal fossa; inf, infraprezygapophyseal fossa; infp, infraposzygapophyseal fossa; lld, lateral longitudinal depression; lf, lateral fossa; mb, medial bridge; nc, neural canal; pa, parapophysis; pad, paradiapophyseal lamina; pcd, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pcl, posterior centroapophyseal lamina; pd, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; pos, postzygapophysis; pr, prezygapophysis; prd, prezygodiapophyseal laminae; ps, postzygapophysis lamina; tp, transverse process; vd, ventral depression; vk, ventral keel. Arrows indicate the orientation. Scale bar equals 1 cm indicated in the figure.

FIGURE 11 in Anatomy, taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of Prestosuchus chiniquensis (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from the original collection of von Huene, Middle-Late Triassic of southern Brazil

FIGURE 11. Pelvic elements of the lectotype of Prestosuchus chiniquensis SNSB-BSPG XXV. 1, distal ends of right and 2, left pubis (SNSB-BSPG AS XXV 6) in anteromedial view; 3-5, articulated ischia (SNSB-BSPG XXV 3) in 3, dorsal; 4, lateral; and 5, ventral views. Abbreviations: dlc, dorsolateral crest; iac, acetabular contribution; iob, ischial obturator blade; is, interischial suture; kde, knob-like distal end; lm, lamina of bone; vi, ventral incision. Scale bars equal 3 cm.

FIGURE 10 in Anatomy, taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of Prestosuchus chiniquensis (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from the original collection of von Huene, Middle-Late Triassic of southern Brazil

FIGURE 10. Humerus of the lectotype (1-6) of Prestosuchus chiniquensis. 1, proximal end of the left humerus (SNSBBSPG AS XXV 33) in posterior; 2, anterior; and 3, dorsal views. 4, distal end of the right humerus (SNSB-BSPG XXV 35) in anterior view. 5, proximal end of the right humerus (SNSB-BSPG AS XXV 33) in anterior; and 6, posterior views. Abbreviations: dc, deltopectoral crest; ent, entepicondyle; hh, humeral head; it, internal tuber; tg, trochlear groove. Scale bars equal 1 cm.

FIGURE 14 in Anatomy, taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of Prestosuchus chiniquensis (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from the original collection of von Huene, Middle-Late Triassic of southern Brazil

FIGURE 14. Reduced consensus tree of the 22815 most parsimonious trees of 1425 steps; bootstrap values over 50% indicated above branches and Bremer support indicated below branches. Orange: Prestosuchidae, green: Rauisuchidae, purple: Poposauroidea. Prestosuchus chiniquensis type series indicated in bold. Position of unstable taxa indicated with coloured circles.

FIGURE 5 in Anatomy, taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of Prestosuchus chiniquensis (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from the original collection of von Huene, Middle-Late Triassic of southern Brazil

FIGURE 5. Lower jaw (SNSB-BSPG AS XXV 1) in 1, dorsal; 2, ventral; 3, lateral; and 4, medial views. 5, 2nd replacement tooth detail; 6, 11th replacement tooth. Abbreviations: an, Angular; d, dentary; de, denticles; dt3, dentary tooth 3; dt7, dentary tooth 7; fo, foramen; for, foramina; inp, interdental plate; mcf, meckelian foramen; pr, prearticular; 2rdt, replacement dentary 2 tooth; 11rdt, replacement dentary 11 tooth sa, surangular; sp, splenial. Scale bar equals 4 cm.

FIGURE 8 in Anatomy, taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of Prestosuchus chiniquensis (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) from the original collection of von Huene, Middle-Late Triassic of southern Brazil

FIGURE 8. Dorsal and ventral ribs of the lectotype and dorsal osteoderm of the paralectotype of Prestosuchus chiniquensis SNSB-BSPG AS XXV. 1-2, Gastralia (SNSB-BSPG AS XXV 5a) in 1, general; 2, close-up views. 3, Dorsal ribs (SNSB-BSPG AS XXV 9, 49) in external posterodorsal view. 4, right last presacral osteoderm (SNSB-BSPG AS XXV 7) in external view. Abbreviations: ap, anterior point; c, capitulum; mc, medial contact; r, ridges; t, tuberculum. Scale bars equal 1 cm.