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Figure 1 in A long-term survey of spring monarch butterflies in north-central Florida

Figure 1. Satellite view of Hogan's pasture (X) and the roadsides in Cross Ck, Alachua Co., FL, where the density, health, stage and number of Asclepias humistrata plants and stems and the spring breeding populations of monarch butterflies were assessed.

Figure 7 in A long-term survey of spring monarch butterflies in north-central Florida

Figure 7. Wing wear of monarchs for each week through the spring flight period, from a total of 302 adults combined for 2005–2017 using a scale from 1 (very fresh with no scale loss) to 5 (worn, many scales missing). Two measures are shown for each week: the median determined from all butterflies and the proportion of adults with wing wear 1s and 2s. Individuals in early April were mostly fresh.

Figure 4 in A long-term survey of spring monarch butterflies in north-central Florida

Figure 4. Development of Asclepias humistrata at Cross Creek (data for 1997–2017; no counts for 2000 and 2003). Plants without any flower development are excluded. Maximum flowering occurred the week of 12–18 April. Based on 11,707 observations.

Figure 8. Adults captured per hour averaged for the four central weeks, 22 March–18 April, from 1994–2017. Data were not available for 1997, 1999–2001 in A long-term survey of spring monarch butterflies in north-central Florida

Figure 8. Adults captured per hour averaged for the four central weeks, 22 March–18 April, from 1994–2017. Data were not available for 1997, 1999–2001, and 2003–2004.

Figure 3 in A long-term survey of spring monarch butterflies in north-central Florida

Figure 3. Stages of development of Asclepius humistrata. (a) Indeterminate (without reproductive organs, 24 April 2010); (b) early bud (immature flower buds visible outside terminal leaves, 3 April 2012); (c) bud (mature flower buds, 26 March 2009); (d) flowering (8 May 2010); (e) pod (fully mature seed pods, 19 May 2010); (f) post-pod (senesced pods that have released their seeds, 26 May 2010); (g) frost damaged plant (9 April 2009); (h) fifth instar Danaus plexippus on a flowering plant (24 April 1996). Photos by L.P. Brower, K. Sims Dunford, and M. Standridge.

Figure 10 in An imperfect imago? Post-mating loss of iridescent scales in Cheimas butterflies may change female from attractive to cryptic (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Figure 10. Transition of upper cloud forests and paramo at 3400 m in El Baho (Cordillera de Mérida) with bamboo clumps growing more than 2 m high, the Cheimas opalinus larval host plant (in the left upper corner in the foreground) (photo: B. Benedek, 28 January 2009).

Figure 8 in An imperfect imago? Post-mating loss of iridescent scales in Cheimas butterflies may change female from attractive to cryptic (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Figure 8. Cheimas opalinus spectra showing reflectivity of hind wing dorsal wing surface in the discal area for various populations and individuals. (a) C. o. opalinus males (158–159, 180–181) and female (159) with blue-green patch; (b) C. o rosalinus males (162–163) and female (160) with bluegreen patch. (c) C. o. opalinus (165) and C. o. rosalinus (161) females without blue patch.

Figure 6 in An imperfect imago? Post-mating loss of iridescent scales in Cheimas butterflies may change female from attractive to cryptic (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Figure 6. Scaling of Cheimas opalinus. (a) C. opalinus opalinus female hind wing dorsal surface showing the edge of the structural colour patch; the folded apices of the colour-generating scales are well visible, as well as the flat ordinary scales with brown coloration; (b) female ventral hind wing surface discal area showing that there are no hairs; (c) male ventral hind wing discal area showing dense hairiness; (d) lateral view of the male wing membrane showing the short hairs more or less perpendicular to the ventral wing surface (upper surface) and the longer hairs of the wing dorsal surface (lower surface) (scale, 1 mm).

Figure 4 in An imperfect imago? Post-mating loss of iridescent scales in Cheimas butterflies may change female from attractive to cryptic (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Figure 4. Lasiophila lucuma Pyrcz in copula (Ampay, Peru) illustrating a typical mating posture of Satyrinae, with the female hind wings closed over the male's wings.

Figure 5 in An imperfect imago? Post-mating loss of iridescent scales in Cheimas butterflies may change female from attractive to cryptic (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Figure 5. Frequency of the categories of the patch fading and wing damaging indices in males and females of all examined Cheimas opalinus specimens. (a) Males; (b) females (index categories explained in the text; for data table see Online Supplemental Material).

Figure 3 in An imperfect imago? Post-mating loss of iridescent scales in Cheimas butterflies may change female from attractive to cryptic (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Figure 3. Different stages of blue patch fading and wing damaging in males and females of Cheimas opalinus: (a) young male of C. o. cristalinus (Pico Tonojo); (b) old male with signs of bird attack (Pico Tonojo); (c) another old male with signs of bird attack (Pico Tonojo); (d) young, virgin female of C. o. opalinus (El Potrero); (e) young, virgin female of C. o. rosalinus (Agua de Obispo); (f) young, mated female of C. o. dominici (El Baho) without patch.

Figure 9 in An imperfect imago? Post-mating loss of iridescent scales in Cheimas butterflies may change female from attractive to cryptic (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Figure 9. Mating simulation experiment in Cheimas opalinus dominici. (a) Female hind wing mounted; (b) male hind wing mounted on the female hind wing; (c) male hind wing artificial movement over the female hind wing; (d) faded female dorsal hind wing after removing the male wing at the end of the experiment.

Figure 7 in An imperfect imago? Post-mating loss of iridescent scales in Cheimas butterflies may change female from attractive to cryptic (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Figure 7. Scanning electron microscope photographs of Cheimas opalinus opalinus scales: (a) bluegreen (folded) and brown (flat) cover scales; (b) blue-green (folded) cover scales making up the hind wing dorsum structurally coloured patch; (c, d) microstructures of the blue-green colour-generating scale in two magnifications and different views, the periodicity of the cross ribs and the microribs on the side of the ridges are responsible; (e, f) female brown wing areas showing the scales of the hind wing dorsal surface (e) and the area of the blue patch after losing the blue colour-generating scales (f) (scale as indicated).

Figure 2 in An imperfect imago? Post-mating loss of iridescent scales in Cheimas butterflies may change female from attractive to cryptic (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Figure 2. Young females of various subspecies of Cheimas opalinus (left column: virgin, right column: mated): (a, b) C. o. dominici (El Baho); (c, d) C. o. opalinus (El Potrero); (e, f) C. o. rosalinus (Paramo El Rosal).

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Figure 1 in Potential host range of myrmecophilous Arhopala butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) feeding on Macaranga myrmecophytes

Figure 1. Mean (± SD) forewing length (mm) of male (left) and female (right) adults of Arhopala amphimuta reared from the second-instar larval stage in the laboratory on apical leaves of four Macaranga species: M. winkleri (win), M. trachyphylla (tra), M. beccariana (bec) and M. rufescens (ruf). The numbers of butterflies per Macaranga species are shown in parentheses below the plant name.

Figure 1 in Natural history of an ant-plant-butterfly interaction in a Neotropical savanna

Figure 1. Life stages of Udranomia spitzi on Ouratea spectabilis. (A) egg; (B) first instar; (C) second instar; (D) third instar; (E) fifth (last) instar; (F) head capsule of fifth instar in frontal view; (G) prepupa; (H) pupa; (I) freshly emerged adult on the host plant.

Figure 3 in Natural history of an ant-plant-butterfly interaction in a Neotropical savanna

Figure 3. Frequency of ant species visiting Ouratea spectabilis plants (n = 20 individuals) in a cerrado area of Uberlândia, Brazil. Numeric values next to bars indicate mean number of ants per occupied plant (± SE).

Figure 4 in Natural history of an ant-plant-butterfly interaction in a Neotropical savanna

Figure 4. Survival curve of Udranomia spitzi larvae on paired branches of Ouratea spectabilis through time, as a function of the presence or absence of Camponotus ant in a cerrado area of Uberlândia, Brazil.

Figure 2 in Natural history of an ant-plant-butterfly interaction in a Neotropical savanna

Figure 2. Natural history of Udranomia spitzi on Ouratea spectabilis in a cerrado area of Uberlândia, Brazil. (A) general aspect of the host plant; (B) detail of new red leaves; (C) early larva building a shelter; (D) an early larva inside the shelter, note the Camponotus worker foraging on the extrafloral nectary (arrow); (E) a parasitic Tachinidae fly on the host plant.