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FIGURE 2. Paguristes timoni n in New hermit crab species (Anomura, Paguroidea) from the upper Miocene St Marys Formation of Maryland (USA), preserved in their host shells

FIGURE 2. Paguristes timoni n. sp., holotype, CMM-I-4600, from the upper Miocene St. Marys Formation in the cliff south of Little Cove Point, Calvert County (Maryland), in its host shell, and in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) aspects.

FIGURE 2. Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis resulting from the combined ITS, tef1 and tub2 in Interesting Botryosphaeria (Botryosphaeriaceae) associated with Magnolia species in Thailand: Additions of two new host records with their lifestyles

FIGURE 2. Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis resulting from the combined ITS, tef1 and tub2 sequence dataset. Related sequences of Botryosphaeria were obtained from Zhang et al. (2021). Cophinforma eucalypti (MFLUCC 11-0425) was selected as the outgroup taxon. Bootstrap values for maximum likelihood equal to or greater than 60% and bayesian posterior probabilities equal to or greater than 0.95 are placed above the branches. The newly generated sequences are indicated in red. Type and ex-type strains are in black bold. Species names and strain accession numbers are followed by the lifestyle (orange), the isolation source or host species (green) and country of origin (blue). The accepted species names (according to Zhang et al. 2021) are indicated to the left of each clade. The scale bar represents the expected number of changes per site. The tree was rooted to Cophinforma eucalypti (MFLUCC 11-0425). END: Endophytic; PAT: Pathogenic; SAP: Saprobic; UNK: Unknown.

FIGURE 3 in Interesting Botryosphaeria (Botryosphaeriaceae) associated with Magnolia species in Thailand: Additions of two new host records with their lifestyles

FIGURE 3. Botryosphaeria puerensis (HKAS 107129, new host record). a–c. Appearance of ascomata on substrate. d, e. Sections through ascomata. f. Peridium. g. Paraphyses. h–j. Asci. k–n. Ascospores. Scale bars: a, b = 500 μm, c = 200 μm, d, e = 50 μm, f, h–j = 20 μm, g = 10 μm, k–n = 5 μm.

FIGURE 5 A–I in Redescription of species of Gongylonema Molin, 1857 (Nematoda: Spiruroidea Gongylonematidae) parasitic in some Australian vertebrate hosts and description of three new species

FIGURE 5 A–I. Gongylonema macropodum sp. nov. A, Cephalic end female, en face view. B, Anterior end holotype male, dorsal view. C, Vulva and uterus, lateral view. D, Right spicule, ventral view. E, Tip of left spicule, lateral-ventral view. F, Two pairs minute papillae on tail tip of male. G, Posterior end of male, latero-ventral view. H, Spicules and gubernaculum, ventral view. I, Female posterior end, lateral view. Scale bars: Figs. 5A, 5E, 5F, 5H = 20 µm. Figs. 5B, 5C, 5D, 5G, 5I = 50µm.

FIGURE 4 A–H in Redescription of species of Gongylonema Molin, 1857 (Nematoda: Spiruroidea Gongylonematidae) parasitic in some Australian vertebrate hosts and description of three new species

FIGURE 4 A–H. Gongylonema bettongiae sp. nov. A, Cephalic end female, en face view. B, Anterior end holotype male, ventrolateral view. C, Excretory pore, lateral view. D, Posterior end holotype male, lateral view. E, Left spicule tip with membranous terminal ending. F, Right spicule tip with membranous terminal ending. G. Gubernaculum accommodating both right and left spicules. H, Posterior end female, ventral view. Scale bars: Figs. 4A, 4E, 4F = 20 µm. Figs. 4B–4D, 4G, 4H = 50 µm.

FIGURE 3 A–J in Redescription of species of Gongylonema Molin, 1857 (Nematoda: Spiruroidea Gongylonematidae) parasitic in some Australian vertebrate hosts and description of three new species

FIGURE 3 A–J. Gongylonema aguilarense sp. nov. A, Cephalic end female, en face view. B, Anterior end holotype male, lateral view. C, Vulva and vagina, female, lateral view. D, Posterior end holotype male, ventral view. E, Spicules and gubernaculum male, dorsal view. F, Tail tip holotype male, ventral view. G, Embryonated egg, lateral view. H, Proximal end right spicule, lateral view. I, Distal end left spicule, lateral view. J, Posterior end female, lateral view. Scale bars: Figs. 3A, 3E, 3F, 3H, 3I = 20µm. Figs. 3B–3D, 3G, 3J = 50µm.

FIGURE 1 A–F. Gongylonema alecturae Mawson, 1942. A in Redescription of species of Gongylonema Molin, 1857 (Nematoda: Spiruroidea Gongylonematidae) parasitic in some Australian vertebrate hosts and description of three new species

FIGURE 1 A–F. Gongylonema alecturae Mawson, 1942. A, Cephalic end female, lateral view. B, Vulva and vagina, allotype female, ventral view. C, Posterior end male holotype, ventral view. D, Left spicule distal extremity, co-type male, lateral view. E, Right and left spicules and gubernaculum, co-type male, lateral view. F, Posterior extremity female, lateral view. Scale bars: Fig. 1A, 1B–1E = 50 µm, Fig. 1F = 100 µm.

FIGURES 15–26. Handianus spp., calling signal oscillograms. 15–17, 21–23―H. eurotiae, 18–20, 24–26―H in An enigma of Handianus Ribaut, 1942 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae Athysanini): identical host preferences and male calling signals in two morphologically distinctive sympatric species

FIGURES 15–26. Handianus spp., calling signal oscillograms. 15–17, 21–23―H. eurotiae, 18–20, 24–26―H. fartilis. Faster oscillograms of the parts of signals indicated as "21–26" are given under the same numbers.

FIGURES 27–29. 27 in An enigma of Handianus Ribaut, 1942 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae Athysanini): identical host preferences and male calling signals in two morphologically distinctive sympatric species

FIGURES 27–29. 27―map of July air temperature in Kazakhstan and adjacent countries of Central Asia, 28―map of annual precipitation in Kazakhstan and adjacent countries of Central Asia, 29―distribution map of Krascheninnikovia ceratoides in Russia and adjacent countries. On each map, collection sites of Handianus eurotiae and H. fartilis are shown by squares and circles, respectively.

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

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Distinct Wolbachia localization patterns in oocytes of diverse host species reveal multiple strategies of maternal transmission

A broad array of endosymbionts radiate through host populations via vertical transmission, yet much remains unknown concerning the cellular basis, diversity and routes underlying this transmission strategy. Here we address these issues, by examining the cellular distributions of Wolbachia strains that diverged up to 50 million years ago in the oocytes of 18 divergent Drosophila species. This analysis revealed three Wolbachia distribution patterns: 1) a tight clustering at the posterior pole plasm (the site of germline formation); 2) a concentration at the posterior pole plasm, but with a significant bacteria population distributed throughout the oocyte; 3) and a distribution throughout the oocyte, with none or very few located at the posterior pole plasm. Examination of this latter class indicates Wolbachia accesses the posterior pole plasm during the interval between late oogenesis and the blastoderm formation. We also find that one Wolbachia strain in this class concentrates in the posterior somatic follicle cells that encompass the pole plasm of the developing oocyte. In contrast, strains in which Wolbachia concentrate at the posterior pole plasm generally exhibit no or few Wolbachia in the follicle cells associated with the pole plasm. Taken together, these studies suggest that for some Drosophila species, Wolbachia invade the germline from neighboring somatic follicle cells. Phylogenomic analysis indicates that closely related Wolbachia strains tend to exhibit similar patterns of posterior localization, suggesting that specific localization strategies are a function of Wolbachia-associated factors. Previous studies revealed that endosymbionts rely on one of two distinct routes of vertical transmission: continuous maintenance in the germline (germline-to-germline) or a more circuitous route via the soma (germline-to-soma-to-germline). Here we provide compelling evidence that Wolbachiastrains infecting Drosophila species maintain the diverse arrays of cellular mechanisms necessary for both of these distinct transmission routes. This characteristic may account for its ability to infect and spread globally through a vast range of host insect species.

FIGURE 10 in Phylogenetic relationships, host associations, and three new species of a poorly known group of "tetraphyllidean" tapeworms from elasmobranchs

FIGURE 10. Scanning electron micrographs of Zyxibothrium healyae n. sp. (A) Scolex, small letters indicate location of details in micrographs B–G. (B) Apex of scolex sparsely covered with long slender aristate gladiate spinitriches and densely packed capilliform filitriches. (C) Proximal surface of anterior loculus densely covered with long slender aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches, filitriches not observed. (D) Proximal surface of middle loculus densely covered with long slender aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches, filitriches not observed. (E) Proximal surface of posterior loculus densely covered with long slender gladiate spinitriches, filitriches not observed. (F) Distal bothridial surface densely covered with long slender aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with capilliform filitriches. (G) Cephalic peduncle densely covered with large gladiate spinitriches interspersed with small gladiate spinitriches, filitriches not observed.

FIGURE 9 in Phylogenetic relationships, host associations, and three new species of a poorly known group of "tetraphyllidean" tapeworms from elasmobranchs

FIGURE 9. Line drawings of Zyxibothrium healyae n. sp. (A) Scolex (paratype, CR-76-1, NMNZ No. W.003931). (B) Detail of terminal genitalia (holotype, CR-75-2, NMNZ No. W.003930). (C) Whole worm (holotype, CR-75-2, NMNZ No. W.003930). (D) Mature proglottid (paratype, CR-75-1, LRP No. 9799).

FIGURE 6 in Phylogenetic relationships, host associations, and three new species of a poorly known group of "tetraphyllidean" tapeworms from elasmobranchs

FIGURE 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Zyxibothrium kamienae Hayden and Campbell 1981. (A) Scolex, small letters indicate location of details in micrographs B–H. (B) Apex of scolex densely covered with very long slender aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches, filitriches not observed. (C) Distal bothridial surface densely covered with very long slender aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches, filitriches not observed. (D) Posterior region of scolex proper densely covered with gladiate spinitriches, filitriches not observed. (E) Proximal bothridial surface away from locular margins densely covered with gladiate spinitriches, filitriches not observed. (F) Proximal surface of anterior loculus densely covered with very long slender aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches, filitriches not observed. (G) Proximal surface of paired loculi densely covered with very long slender aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches, filitriches not observed. (H) Proximal surface of posterior loculus densely covered with long slender gladiate spinitriches interspersed with acicular filitriches.

FIGURE 3 in Phylogenetic relationships, host associations, and three new species of a poorly known group of "tetraphyllidean" tapeworms from elasmobranchs

FIGURE 3. Line drawings of Pentaloculum grahami n. sp. (A) Scolex (paratype, SA-2-1, LRP No. 10947). (B) Mature subterminal proglottid (paratype, SA-16-1, USNM No. 1678892). (C) Detail of terminal genitalia (holotype, SA-16-3, QM No. G240343). (D) Gravid terminal proglottid (holotype, SA-16-3, QM No. G240343). (E) Whole worm (holotype, SA-16-3, QM No. G240343).

FIGURE 5 in Phylogenetic relationships, host associations, and three new species of a poorly known group of "tetraphyllidean" tapeworms from elasmobranchs

FIGURE 5. Photomicrographs of cocoons of Pentaloculum grahami n. sp. showing variation in number of oncospheres. (A) Cocoon containing five oncospheres. (B) Cocoon containing six oncospheres.

FIGURE 1 in Phylogenetic relationships, host associations, and three new species of a poorly known group of "tetraphyllidean" tapeworms from elasmobranchs

FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree resulting from Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood analyses of the D1–D3 region of the 28S rDNA gene for species in Clade 1 of Caira et al. (2017) (green box). Scale bar indicates substitutions per site. Nodes with bootstrap values ≥ 90 and posterior probabilities ≥ 99 are indicated by black dots. Nodes with bootstrap values ≥ 70 and posterior probabilities ≥ 95 are indicated by grey dots. Taxon labels are presented as cestode and host names followed by host specimen number in parentheses, Lawrence R. Penner Parasitological Collection accession number for hologenophores, and GenBank accession number. Newly generated sequences are in boldface type.

FIGURE 2 in Phylogenetic relationships, host associations, and three new species of a poorly known group of "tetraphyllidean" tapeworms from elasmobranchs

FIGURE 2. Scanning electron micrographs of Pentaloculum macrocephalum Alexander 1963. (A) Scolex, small letters indicate location of details in micrographs B–F. (B) Distal bothridial surface densely covered with long-tipped aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches. (C) Cephalic peduncle densely covered with large gladiate spinitriches, filitriches not observed. (D) Proximal surface of anteriormost loculus densely covered with longtipped aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches. (E) Proximal surfaces of anterior pair of loculi densely covered with long-tipped aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches. (F) Proximal surfaces of posterior pair of loculi densely covered with long-tipped aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches.

FIGURE 8 in Phylogenetic relationships, host associations, and three new species of a poorly known group of "tetraphyllidean" tapeworms from elasmobranchs

FIGURE 8. Scanning electron micrographs of Zyxibothrium duffyi n. sp. (A) Scolex, small letters indicate location of details in micrographs B–G. (B) Apex of scolex densely covered with capilliform filitriches. (C) Proximal surface of anteriormost loculus densely covered with long slender aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches. (D) Proximal surfaces of anterior pair of loculi densely covered with long slender aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches. (E) Proximal surfaces of posterior pair of loculi densely covered with long slender aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches, filitriches not observed. (F) Distal bothridial surface densely covered with long slender aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches. (G) Cephalic peduncle densely covered with long slender gladiate spinitriches interspersed with long slender aristate gladiate spinitriches, filitriches not observed.

FIGURE 4 in Phylogenetic relationships, host associations, and three new species of a poorly known group of "tetraphyllidean" tapeworms from elasmobranchs

FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs of Pentaloculum grahami n. sp. (A) Scolex, small letters indicate location of details in micrographs B–H. (B) Distal bothridial surface densely covered with long-tipped aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches. (C) Apex of scolex covered with gladiate spinitriches and densely packed capilliform filitriches. (D) Scolex proper densely covered with gladiate spinitriches interspersed with capilliform filitriches. (E) Proximal surface of margin of anteriormost loculus densely covered with long-tipped aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches. (F) Proximal surfaces of margins of anterior pair of loculi densely covered with long-tipped aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches. (G) Proximal surfaces of margins of posterior pair of loculi densely covered with long-tipped aristate gladiate spinitriches interspersed with gladiate spinitriches and capilliform filitriches. (H) Proximal surfaces away from margins of posterior pair of loculi densely covered with short-tipped wide aristate gladiate spinitriches, filitriches not observed.

FIGURE 3 in Species of Hexabothriidae (Monogenea) may have extensive distribution ranges reflecting multiple host species: evidence from three new South African records

FIGURE 3. Erpocotyle catenulata female reproductive system. Abbreviations: ao, anterior portion of ovary; cvd, common vitelline duct; gic, gastrointestinal canal; me, Mehlis' glands associated with base of ôtype; od, oviduct; ovo, ovovitelline duct; oot, base of ôtype; po, proximal portion of ovary; sr, seminal receptacle; tvd, transverse vitelline duct; ut, uterus; v, vagina. Scale bar = 500 μm.