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FIGURE 5 in Integrative taxonomy reveals a new species of pacu (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae: Myloplus) from the Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 5 | Map of northern South America, showing the distribution of Myloplus nigrolineatus. Black star represent the type locality, black circles the paratypes, yellow the non-types localities, and the gray represents the locality of exemplars used exclusively in the molecular analyses (without voucher in museums).

FIGURE 2 in Integrative taxonomy reveals a new species of pacu (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae: Myloplus) from the Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 2 | Osteology of the head of Myloplus nigrolineatus, INPA 53281, 180.3 mm SL, Manaus, rio Negro nearby Manaus: A. lateral view; B. dorsal view. afo, anterior fontanel; epi, epiotic; eth, lateral ethmoid; fro, frontal; int, interopercle; io, infraorbitals; max, maxillary; mth, mesethmoid; nas, nasal; neu, neural; ope, opercle; oph, orbitosphenoid; par, parietal; pfo, posterior fontanel; pmx, premaxillary; pre, preopercle; psh, parasphenoid; ptr, pterotic; pts, pterosphenoid; qu, quadrate; so, supraorbital; sub, subopercle; sup, supraoccipital; vom, vomer.

FIGURE 1 in Integrative taxonomy reveals a new species of pacu (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae: Myloplus) from the Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 1 | Myloplus nigrolineatus, INPA 54773, holotype, 221.9 mm SL, male, lago Tracajá, tributary of rio Juma, ca. 60 km south of Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil.

FIGURE 4 in Integrative taxonomy reveals a new species of pacu (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae: Myloplus) from the Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 4 | Freshly collected Myloplus nigrolineatus with different color patterns. A. INPA 23312, 182.0 mm SL, female, lago Mabi, São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas; B. INPA 53281, 170.7–180.3 mm SL, female, rio Negro nearby Manaus, Amazonas; C. INPA 23446, 160.0 mm SL, male, tissue voucher CTGA 15401, Tapajós Itaituba, Pará; D. INPA 46279, 172.3 mm SL, male, tissue voucher CTGA 12201 (GenBank accession MG752197), rio Branco, boundary between Caracaraí and Rorainópolis, Roraima; E. INPA 58772, 189.3 mm SL, male, rio Purus, Tapauá, Amazonas; F. INPA 52505, 186.4 mm SL, male, tissue voucher CTGA 12329 (MG752209), rio Negro nearby Barcelos, Amazonas.

Fig. 7 in Taxonomy of Pimelodus brevis Marini, Nichols & La Monte, 1933 (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae), an uncertain species from the rio Paraná basin

Fig. 7. Partial map of South America with the geographic distribution of Pimelodus argenteus (black dots) and the type localities of P. albicans (brown star); P. atrobrunneus (yellow star); P. argenteus (gray star), and P. brevis (red star).

Fig. 5 in Taxonomy of Pimelodus brevis Marini, Nichols & La Monte, 1933 (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae), an uncertain species from the rio Paraná basin

Fig. 5. Linear regression of percent of body depth on standard length of Pimelodus argenteus, P. albicans, and P. brevis. R2 = coefficient of determination.

Fig. 4 in Taxonomy of Pimelodus brevis Marini, Nichols & La Monte, 1933 (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae), an uncertain species from the rio Paraná basin

Fig. 4. Linear regression of percent of orbital diameter (OD) on standard length of Pimelodus argenteus, P. albicans, and P. brevis. R2 = coefficient of determination.

Fig. 3. Pimelodus argenteus, MCP 19248, 204.7 in Taxonomy of Pimelodus brevis Marini, Nichols & La Monte, 1933 (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae), an uncertain species from the rio Paraná basin

Fig. 3. Pimelodus argenteus, MCP 19248, 204.7 mm SL, Bella Vista, río Paraná, Corrientes, Argentina. Photo by André Canto.

Fig. 1 in Taxonomy of Pimelodus brevis Marini, Nichols & La Monte, 1933 (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae), an uncertain species from the rio Paraná basin

Fig. 1. Pimelodus brevis Marini, Nichols & La Monte, 1933, holotype, AMNH 12240, 285.0 mm SL. Modified from Marini et al. (1933).

Fig. 6 in Taxonomy of Pimelodus brevis Marini, Nichols & La Monte, 1933 (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae), an uncertain species from the rio Paraná basin

Fig. 6. Pimelodus argenteus, syntype, MSNG 14570, 165 mm SL, río de la Plata, río Paraná, Colonia Resistencia [Departamento San Fernando], Argentina. Photo by Mark Allen.

Fig. 2. Arius albicans Valenciennes, 1840 in Taxonomy of Pimelodus brevis Marini, Nichols & La Monte, 1933 (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae), an uncertain species from the rio Paraná basin

Fig. 2. Arius albicans Valenciennes, 1840 (= Pimelodus albicans), holotype, MNHN 9400, 485 mm SL, Buénos- Ayres [= Buenos Aires, Argentina]. Photo by Hautecoeur M.

Figure 5 in Barcode taxonomy at the genus level

Figure 5. Multidimensional scaling plot illustrating the close relationship between Crustulina and Asagena and the Steatoda species. The particularly divergent Steatoda grossa is not included in the plot. Steatoda sp. 7GAB corresponds to American specimens of S. nobilis.

Figure 9 in Barcode taxonomy at the genus level

Figure 9. Multidimensional scaling plot (A) and extract of a neighbour-joining tree (B) illustrating the barcode affinities between members of Sitticus s. lat.

Figure 8 in Barcode taxonomy at the genus level

Figure 8. Extracts of a neighbour-joining tree (A) and multidimensional scaling plot (B) showing the close intermingling of barcode sequences for species related to Oryphantes but currently assigned to six different genera.

Figure 7 in Barcode taxonomy at the genus level

Figure 7. Neighbour-joining tree illustrating the polyphyletic nature of Poeciloneta s. str. and its close affinity to Obscuriphantes, Acanthoneta, Agnyphantes and Bolyphantes bipartitus.

Figure 1 in Barcode taxonomy at the genus level

Figure 1. Extract of a neighbour-joining barcode tree of Lycosidae, showing the embedding of Acantholycosa species within a combined nigra/ferruginea species group of Pardosa (including P. dorsalis, P. dorsuncata, P. giebeli, P. mackenziana, P. nigra, P. rainieriana, and P. uintana, from the nigra group, P. beringinana and P. ferruginea from the ferruginea group, and the singleton species P. moesta). In total, more than 300 species of Lycosidae, including more than 100 Pardosa species, were included in the analysis; among these, the Pardosa species form a well-defined, strongly supported monophyletic group (possibly including Wadicosa as a derived subgroup, but with insufficient support), of which only the relevant section is shown here.

Figure 6 in Barcode taxonomy at the genus level

Figure 6. Extract of a neighbour-joining tree illustrating the close affinity of Agyneta and Saaristoa, and the placement of A. microtarsa in Eulaira.

Figure 4 in Barcode taxonomy at the genus level

Figure 4. Extract of a neighbour-joining tree illustrating the position of Pulchellodromus within Philodromus, as well as the more distant relationship of Rhysodromus (including R. histrio, listed as Philodromus histrio in the barcode database).

Figure 3 in Barcode taxonomy at the genus level

Figure 3. Extract of a neighbour-joining tree illustrating the close interrelationship of Rabidosa, Tigrosa and a number of Geolycosa species.

Figure 2 in Barcode taxonomy at the genus level

Figure 2. Extracts of (A) a multi-dimensional scaling plot and (B) neighbour-joining tree illustrating the close intermingling of members of Pirata and Piratula in terms of barcode distances.