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2,911 results for “dispersal”
Data from: Metapopulation vicariance, age of island taxa and dispersal: a case study using the pacific plant genus Planchonella (Sapotaceae)
Oceanic islands originate from volcanism or tectonic activity without connections to continental landmasses, are colonized by organisms, and eventually vanish due to erosion and subsidence. Colonization of oceanic islands occurs through long-distance dispersals or metapopulation vicariance, the latter resulting in lineages being older than the islands they inhabit. If metapopulation vicariance is valid, island ages cannot be reliably used to provide maximum age constraints for molecular dating. We explore the relationships between the ages of members of a widespread plant genus (Planchonella, Sapotaceae) and their host islands across the Pacific to test various assumptions of dispersal and metapopulation vicariance. We sampled three nuclear DNA markers from 156 accessions representing some 100 Sapotaceae taxa, and analyzed these in BEAST with a relaxed clock to estimate divergence times and with a phylogeographic diffusion model to estimate range expansions over time. The phylogeny was calibrated with a secondary point (the root) and fossils from New Zealand. The dated phylogeny reveals that the ages of Planchonella species are, in most cases, consistent with the ages of the islands they inhabit. Planchonella is inferred to have originated in the Sahul Shelf region, to which it back-dispersed multiple times. Fiji has been an important source for range expansion in the Pacific for the past 23 myr. Our analyses reject metapopulation vicariance in all cases tested, including between oceanic islands, evolution of an endemic Fiji–Vanuatu flora, and westward rollback vicariance between Vanuatu and the Loyalty Islands. Repeated dispersal is the only mechanism able to explain the empirical data. The longest (8900 km) identified dispersal is between Palau in the Pacific and the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean, estimated at 2.2 Ma (0.4–4.8 Ma). The first split in a Hawaiian lineage (P. sandwicensis) matches the age of Necker Island (11.0 Ma), when its ancestor diverged into two species that are distinguished by purple and yellow fruits. Subsequent establishment across the Hawaiian archipelago supports, in part, progression rule colonization. In summary, we found no explanatory power in metapopulation vicariance and conclude that Planchonella has expanded its range across the Pacific by long-distance dispersal. We contend that this will be seen in many other groups when analyzed in detail.
Data from: Survival estimates strongly depend on capture-recapture designs in a disturbed environment inducing dispersal
Capture‐Recapture (CR) approaches are extensively used to estimate demographic parameters. Their robustness relies on the selection of suitable statistical models, but also on the sampling design and effort deployed in the field. In colonial or territorial species showing breeding site fidelity, recurrent local perturbations, such as predation‐induced breeding failure, may lead individuals to disperse locally or regionally. This might induce heterogeneity in individual CR histories and biases in demographic parameter estimates. Here, we assessed the effect of buffer areas and multi‐site designs on annual survival estimate accuracy and precision. First, using simulated data with and without a multi‐site design, we compared survival estimates for different scenarios involving contrasted local and regional dispersal. Then, using data from a local multi‐site long‐term monitoring survey carried out in a colony of black‐legged kittiwakes, we tested the homogeneity of individual CR histories and compared survival estimates from three datasets including one or several breeding cliffs with or without buffer areas. Results from simulations highlighted that a single‐site design consistently led to underestimated or less precise survival values compared to a multi‐site design. Similarly, a multi‐site design allowed detecting significant temporal trends while a single‐site one did not. In the field‐based study, adding buffer areas reduced individual heterogeneity, but all three datasets suffered from strong trap‐dependence possibly due to individual breeding success affecting nest‐site fidelity. Implementing a multi‐site design significantly improved the accuracy and precision of annual survival estimates, regardless of CR models applied. Adapting the spatial scale of sampling design to the local environment and species behaviour is essential to provide robust parameters of key relevance for population monitoring and management. We show that implementing buffer areas and/or multi‐site designs may be especially beneficial for long‐lived species facing regular local perturbation events leading to local dispersal.
Data from: Limited gene dispersal and spatial genetic structure as stabilizing factors in an ant-plant mutualism
Comparative studies of the population genetics of closely associated species are necessary to properly understand the evolution of these relationships because gene flow between populations affects the partners' evolutionary potential at the local scale. As a consequence (at least for antagonistic interactions), asymmetries in the strength of the genetic structures of the partner populations can result in one partner having a co-evolutionary advantage. Here, we assess the population genetic structure of partners engaged in a species-specific and obligatory mutualism: the Neotropical ant-plant, Hirtella physophora, and its ant associate, Allomerus decemarticulatus. Although the ant cannot complete its life cycle elsewhere than on H. physophora and the plant cannot live for long without the protection provided by A. decemarticulatus, these species also have antagonistic interactions: the ants have been shown to benefit from castrating their host plant and the plant is able to retaliate against too virulent ant colonies. We found similar short dispersal distances for both partners, resulting in the local transmission of the association and, thus, inbred populations in which too virulent castrating ants face the risk of local extinction due to the absence of H. physophora offspring. On the other hand, we show that the plant populations probably experienced greater gene flow than did the ant populations, thus enhancing the evolutionary potential of the plants. We conclude that such levels of spatial structure in the partners' populations can increase the stability of the mutualistic relationship. Indeed, the local transmission of the association enables partial alignments of the partners' interests, and population connectivity allows the plant retaliation mechanisms to be locally adapted to the castration behaviour of their symbionts.
Data from: The interplay of dispersal limitation, rivers, and historical events shapes the genetic structure of an Amazonian frog
Disentangling the impact of landscape features such as rivers and historical events on dispersal is a challenging but necessary task to gain a comprehensive picture of the evolution of diverse biota such as that found in Amazonia. Adenomera andreae, a small, territorial, terrestrial frog species of the Amazonian forest represents a good model for such studies. We combined Cytochrome b sequences with 12 microsatellites to investigate the genetic structure at two contrasted spatial scales in French Guiana: along a ~6 km transect to evaluate dispersal ability and between paired bank populations along a ~65 km stretch of the Approuague river to test the effect of rivers as barriers to dispersal. We observed significant spatial genetic structure between individuals at a remarkably small geographical scale and conclude that the species has a restricted dispersal ability likely tied to its life history traits. Mitochondrial and microsatellite data also indicate a high level of differentiation among populations on opposite banks of the river and, in some cases, among populations on the same riverbank. These results suggest that the observed population structure in A. andreae is due to restricted dispersal abilities combined with the action of rivers and Quaternary population isolation. Given that Amazonia hosts a great portion of anurans, as well as other small vertebrates, that display life history traits comparable to Adenomera andreae, we argue that our analyses provide new insights into the complex interactions among evolutionary processes shaping Amazonian biodiversity.
Data from: Phylogeography of Bornean land snails suggests long-distance dispersal as a cause of endemism
Aim: Islands are often hotspots of endemism due to their isolation, making colonization a rare event, and hence facilitating allopatric speciation. Dispersal usually occurs between nearby locations according to a stepping-stone model. We aimed to reconstruct colonization and speciation processes in an endemic-rich system of land-based islands that does not seem to follow the obvious stepping-stone model of dispersal. Location: Five land-based habitat archipelagos of limestone outcrops in the floodplain of the Kinabatangan River in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Methods: We studied the phylogeography of three species complexes of endemic land snails, using multiple genetic markers. We calculated genetic distances between populations, applied BEAST2 to reconstruct phylogenies for each taxon, and subsequently reconstructed ancestral ranges using 'BIOGEOBEARS'. Results: We found spatial genetic structure among nearby locations to be highly pronounced for each taxon. Genetic correlation was present at small spatial scales only, and disappeared at distances of five kilometres and above. Most archipelagos have been colonized from within the region multiple times over the past three million years, in 78% of cases as a result of long-distance dispersal or dispersal from non-adjacent limestone outcrops. The flow of the main geographical feature within the region, the Kinabatangan River, did not play a role. Main conclusions: Phylogeographic structure in these Bornean land snails has only partly been determined by small-scale dispersal, where it leads to isolation-by-distance, but mostly by long-distance dispersal. Our results demonstrate that island endemic taxa only very locally follow a simple stepping-stone model, whilst dispersal to non-adjacent islands, and especially long-distance dispersal, is most important. This leads to the formation of highly localized, isolated "endemic populations" forming the onset of a complex radiation of endemic species.
Data from: Fine-scale genetic structure in a wild bird population: the role of limited dispersal and environmentally-based selection as causal factors
Individuals are typically not randomly distributed in space; consequently ecological and evolutionary theory depends heavily on understanding the spatial structure of populations. The central challenge of landscape genetics is therefore to link spatial heterogeneity of environments to population genetic structure. Here, we employ multivariate spatial analyses to identify environmentally induced genetic structures in a single breeding population of 1174 great tits Parus major genotyped at 4701 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci. Despite the small spatial scale of the study relative to natal dispersal we found multiple axes of genetic structure. We built distance-based Moran's eigenvector maps to identify axes of pure spatial variation, which we used for spatial correction of regressions between SNPs and various external traits known to be related to fitness components (avian malaria infection risk, local density of conspecifics, oak tree density and altitude). We found clear evidence of fine-scale genetic structure, with 21, 7 and 9 significant SNPs respectively associated with infection risk by two species of avian malaria (Plasmodium circumflexum and P. relictum) and local conspecific density. Such fine-scale genetic structure relative to dispersal capabilities suggests ecological and evolutionary mechanisms maintain within-population genetic diversity in this population with the potential to drive micro-evolutionary change.
The genus Cycas may have diversified from Indochina and occupied its current ranges through vicariance and dispersal events
<p><span><span>Biogeographically, cycads were once widely distributed but the extant cycads are restricted to tropical and subtropical regions. They originated ~ 300 Ma and re-diversified recently around 12 Ma, with the genus <i>Cycas </i>being the most rapidly diversified and largely distributed lineage. However, the forces that shaped the diversification and biogeography of the genus remain to be fully understood. Here, we first retrieved and used DNA sequences from Genbank (nuclear: PHYP, RPB1, HZP, AC3, F3H, SAMS and GTP; chloroplasts: plant barcode <i>trn</i>H-<i>psb</i>A<i>, trn</i>L-<i>trn</i>F, <i>trn</i>S-<i>trn</i>G and <i>psb</i>M-<i>trn</i>D) to assemble a complete dated phylogeny of <i>Cycas</i>.<i> </i>Then, we employed the Bayesian Binary Method to reconstruct the historical biogeography of the extant <i>Cycas </i>and finally, using the Bayesian approach for diversification analysis, we explored the evolutionary events that might have shaped the rapid diversification and large distribution of <i>Cycas </i>across the Pacific Islands. Our analysis pointed to Indo-China as the origin of the genus, which may have dispersed firstly across the Pacific Islands during the late Miocene aided by multiple excursions of sea levels and the development of a key innovation, i.e. a spongy endocarp particularly in the seeds of the subsection Rumphiae. The colonization of South China, which was thought to be the origin of the genus, may have occurred more recently aided by both dispersal and vicariance events. However, no significant shifts in the evolutionary events (speciation, extinction, mass extinction) that shaped the diversity of the genus were observed. Overall, our study re-clarifies the historical biogeography and the evolutionary forces that shaped the current diversity of the genus <i>Cycas</i>. </span></span></p>
Data from: Stability and generalization in seed dispersal networks: a case study of frugivorous fish in Neotropical wetlands
When species within guilds perform similar ecological roles, functional redundancy can buffer ecosystems against species loss. Using data on the frequency of interactions between fish and fruit, we assessed whether co-occurring frugivores provide redundant seed dispersal services in three species-rich Neotropical wetlands. Our study revealed that frugivorous fishes have generalized diets; however, large-bodied fishes had greater seed dispersal breadth than small species, in some cases, providing seed dispersal services not achieved by smaller fish species. As overfishing disproportionately affects big fishes, the extirpation of these species could cause larger secondary extinctions of plant species than the loss of small specialist frugivores. To evaluate the consequences of frugivore specialization for network stability, we extracted data from 39 published seed dispersal networks of frugivorous birds, mammals and fish (our networks) across ecosystems. Our analysis of interaction frequencies revealed low frugivore specialization and lower nestedness than analyses based on binary data (presence–absence of interactions). In that case, ecosystems may be resilient to loss of any given frugivore. However, robustness to frugivore extinction declines with specialization, such that networks composed primarily of specialist frugivores are highly susceptible to the loss of generalists. In contrast with analyses of binary data, recently developed algorithms capable of modelling interaction strengths provide opportunities to enhance our understanding of complex ecological networks by accounting for heterogeneity of frugivore–fruit interactions.
Data from: Rapid divergence of mussel populations despite incomplete barriers to dispersal
Striking genetic structure among marine populations at small spatial scales is becoming evident with extensive molecular studies. Such observations suggest isolation at small scales may play an important role in forming patterns of genetic diversity within species. Isolation-by-distance, isolation-by-environment, and historical priority effects are umbrella terms for a suite of processes that underlie genetic structure, but their relative importance at different spatial and temporal scales remains elusive. Here, we use marine lakes in Indonesia to assess genetic structure and test relative roles of the processes in shaping genetic differentiation in populations of a bivalve mussel (Brachidontes sp.). Marine lakes are landlocked water bodies of similar age (6,000 – 10,000 years), but with heterogeneous environments and varying degrees of connection to the sea. Using a population genomic approach (double-digest Restriction-site Associated DNA sequencing), we show strong genetic structuring across populations (range FST: 0.07 – 0.24), and find limited gene flow through admixture plots. At large spatial scales (>1400km), a clear isolation-by-distance pattern was detected. At smaller spatial scales (<200km), this pattern is maintained, but accompanied by an association of genetic divergence with degree of connection. No signatures of isolation-by-environment were found. We hypothesize that (incomplete) dispersal barriers can cause initial isolation, allowing priority effects to give the numerical advantage necessary to initiate strong genetic structure. Priority effects may be strengthened by local adaptation, which our data potentially corroborates by showing a high correlation between mussel genotypes and temperature. Our study indicates an often-neglected role of evolution-mediated priority effects in shaping divergence.
High-pressure homogenized citrus fiber cellulose dispersions: structural characterization and flow behavior
<p>High-pressure homogenized citrus fiber cellulose dispersions: structural characterization and flow behavior</p>
FIGURE 2. A–H in Mt. Banahaw reveals: The resurrection and neotypification of the name Rafflesia lagascae (Rafflesiaceae) and clues to the dispersal of Rafflesia seeds
FIGURE 2. A–H. Rafflesia philippensis, Mt. Banahaw, Luzon, Philippines. A. Flower, Barcelona 3809 with Pelser (CANU). B–D. Nearly mature fruit. B. Cross section of fruit. C. Seeds, 1 mm scale. D. Seeds. E–H. Ants (Technomyrmex sp. (F) and Pheidologeton sp. (E, G, H)) carrying seeds (indicated with white arrows) from a decaying fruit. Photographs taken by Pelser & Barcelona.
FIGURE 1. A in Mt. Banahaw reveals: The resurrection and neotypification of the name Rafflesia lagascae (Rafflesiaceae) and clues to the dispersal of Rafflesia seeds
FIGURE 1. A. Rafflesia lagasacae, Mt. Banahaw, Luzon, Philippines; Barcelona 3819 with Pelser (neotype, CHR). B. Rafflesia manillana, Samar Island Natural Park (SINP), Sitio Bagong Silang, Brgy. Guirang, Basey, Samar, Philippines. Photographs taken by Pelser & Barcelona.
Intercontinental dispersal and whole‐genome duplication contribute to loss of self‐incompatibility in a polyploid complex
Premise of the Study <div class="article-section__content en main"> <p>Angiosperm species often shift from self-incompatibility to self-compatibility following population bottlenecks. Across the range of a species, population bottlenecks may result from multiple factors, each of which may affect the geographic distribution and magnitude of mating-system shifts. We describe how intercontinental dispersal and genome duplication facilitate loss of self-incompatibility.</p> Methods <p>Self and outcross pollinations were performed on plants from 24 populations of the <i>Campanula rotundifolia</i> polyploid complex. Populations spanned the geographic distribution and three dominant cytotypes of the species (diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid).</p> Key Results <p>Loss of self-incompatibility was associated with both intercontinental dispersal and genome duplication. European plants were largely self-incompatible, whereas North American plants were intermediately to fully self-compatible. Within both European and North American populations, loss of self-incompatibility increased as ploidy increased. Ploidy change and intercontinental dispersal both contributed to loss of self-incompatibility in North America, but range expansion did not affect self-incompatibility within Europe or North America.</p> Conclusions <p>When species are subject to population bottlenecks arising through multiple factors, each factor can contribute to self-incompatibility loss. In a widespread polyploid complex, the loss of self-incompatibility can be predicted by the cumulative effects of whole-genome duplication and intercontinental dispersal.</p> </div>
Behavioural change during dispersal and its relationship to survival and reproduction in a cooperative breeder
<p>(1) The ability of dispersing individuals to adjust their behaviour to changing conditions is instrumental in overcoming challenges and reducing dispersal costs, consequently increasing overall dispersal success. Understanding how dispersers' behaviour and physiology change during the dispersal process, and how they differ from resident individuals, can shed light on the mechanisms by which dispersers increase survival and maximise reproduction. (2) By analysing individual behaviour and concentrations of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCM), a stress-associated biomarker, we sought to identify the proximate causes behind differences in survival and reproduction between dispersing and resident meerkats (Suricata suricatta). (3) We used data collected on 67 dispersing and 108 resident females to investigate (i) which individual, social, and environmental factors are correlated to foraging and vigilance, and whether the role of such factors differs among dispersal phases, and between dispersers and residents; (ii) how time allocated to either foraging or vigilance correlated to survival in dispersers and residents; and (iii) the link between aggression and change in fGCM concentration, and their relationship with reproductive rates in dispersing groups and resident groups with either long-established or newly established dominant females. (4) Time allocated to foraging increased across dispersal phases, while time allocated to vigilance decreased. Time allocated to foraging and vigilance correlated positively, and negatively respectively, with dispersers' group size. We did not find a group size effect for residents. High proportions of time allocated to foraging correlated with high survival, and more so in dispersers, suggesting that maintaining good physical condition may reduce mortality during dispersal. Further, while subordinate individuals rarely reproduced in resident groups, the conception rate of subordinates in newly formed dispersing groups was equal to that of their dominant individuals. Mirroring conception rates, in resident groups, fGCM concentrations were lower in subordinates than in dominants, whereas in disperser groups, fGCM concentrations did not differ between subordinates and dominants. (5) Our results, which highlight the relationship between behavioural and physiological factors and demographic rates, provide insights into some of the mechanisms that individuals of a cooperative species can use to increase overall dispersal success.</p>
FIGURE 3 in Origin of the eastern brownsnake, Pseudonaja textilis (Duméril, Bibron and Duméril) (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophiinae) in New Guinea: evidence of multiple dispersals from Australia, and comments on the status of Pseudonaja textilis pughi Hoser 2003
FIGURE 3. Specimens of the common brownsnake, Pseudonaja textilis, from New Guinea, illustrating colour variation. A. AVRU-UPNG PT004, from Heropa plantation, Doboduru, Oro Province, Papua New Guinea. B. AVRU-UPNG PT001) from Wamawamana, Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. C. Captive specimen from Merauke, Papua, Indonesia (Klaus Römer, personal collection; photograph by Klaus Römer). Note the warmer colour tone and lighter head compared to the PNG specimens. D. NMPNG R 24583, from Port Moresby, NCD, Papua New Guinea.
FIGURE 2 in Origin of the eastern brownsnake, Pseudonaja textilis (Duméril, Bibron and Duméril) (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophiinae) in New Guinea: evidence of multiple dispersals from Australia, and comments on the status of Pseudonaja textilis pughi Hoser 2003
FIGURE 2. Distribution of sampling sites, haplotype clades and hypothesised colonisation routes of Pseudonaja textilis into New Guinea. + indicates populations from Central Province, PNG, that were not sampled in this study, but are predicted to nest with the eastern New Guinea populations. Light grey shading designates likely areas of dry land at times with sea levels more than 75 metres below current levels (modified from Voris, 2000). This is only shown for the Sahul Shelf, not for other parts of the Indonesian islands or Australia. Dark grey shading indicates the approximate location of Lake Carpentaria (Keenan, 1994; Voris, 2000). The northernmost records of P. textilis in the Northern Territory are also indicated.
FIGURE 1 in Origin of the eastern brownsnake, Pseudonaja textilis (Duméril, Bibron and Duméril) (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophiinae) in New Guinea: evidence of multiple dispersals from Australia, and comments on the status of Pseudonaja textilis pughi Hoser 2003
FIGURE 1. Bayesian inference tree for the included haplotypes of Pseudonaja textilis. New Guinea haplotypes are in bold type and enlarged font, all other samples are Australian. Branch support values are Bayesian posterior probabilities, parsimony bootstrap and Bremer support. Only values of over 0.5 (Bayesian) and 50% bootstrap support (MP) are given, dashes indicate support below that level. Taxon label information includes GenBank accession number, locality, state/ country (NSW = New South Wales, SA = South Australia, Qld = Queensland, NT = Northern Territory, PNG = Papua New Guinea), and, where applicable, the haplotype number from Skinner et al. (2005).
FIGURE 3. Kieslingia chilensis. A. Habitat and habit. B. Complete specimen. C. Capitula, lateral view. D. Capitula, superior view. E. Capitula with fruit dispersion. F in Kieslingia chilensis (Asteraceae: Astereae), a new genus and species from northern Chile
FIGURE 3. Kieslingia chilensis. A. Habitat and habit. B. Complete specimen. C. Capitula, lateral view. D. Capitula, superior view. E. Capitula with fruit dispersion. F. Leaves, detail. Photographs by Gustavo Mieres.
Oceanographic features and limited dispersal shape the population genetic structure of the vase sponge Ircinia campana in the Greater Caribbean
<p>Understanding population genetic structure can help us to infer dispersal patterns, predict population resilience and design effective management strategies. For sessile species with limited dispersal, this is especially pertinent because genetic diversity and connectivity are key aspects of their resilience to environmental stressors. Here, we describe the population structure of <i>Ircinia campana</i>, a common Caribbean sponge subject to mass mortalities and disease. Microsatellites were used to genotype 440 individuals from 19 sites throughout the Greater Caribbean. We found strong genetic structure across the region, and significant isolation by distance across the Lesser Antilles, highlighting the influence of limited larval dispersal. We also observed spatial genetic structure patterns congruent with oceanography. This includes evidence of connectivity between sponges in the Florida Keys and the southeast coast of the United States (>700 km away) where the oceanographic environment is dominated by the strong Florida Current. Conversely, the population in southern Belize was strongly differentiated from all other sites, consistent with the presence of dispersal-limiting oceanographic features, including the Gulf of Honduras gyre. At smaller spatial scales (<100 km), sites showed heterogeneous patterns of low-level but significant genetic differentiation (chaotic genetic patchiness), indicative of temporal variability in recruitment or local selective pressures. Genetic diversity was similar across sites, but there was evidence of a genetic bottleneck at one site in Florida where past mass mortalities have occurred. These findings underscore the relationship between regional oceanography and weak larval dispersal in explaining population genetic patterns, and could inform conservation management of the species.</p>
Context-dependent dispersal determines relatedness and genetic structure in a patchy amphibian population
<p>Dispersal is a central process in ecology and evolution with far reaching consequences for the dynamics and genetics of spatially structured populations (SSPs). Individuals can adjust their decisions to disperse according to local fitness prospects, resulting in context-dependent dispersal. By determining dispersal rate, distance, and direction, these individual-level decisions further modulate the demography, relatedness, and genetic structure of SSPs. Here, we examined how context-dependent dispersal influences the dynamics and genetics of a Great Crested Newt (<i>Triturus cristatus</i>) SSP. We collected capture-recapture data of 5564 individuals and genetic data of 950 individuals across a SSP in northern Germany. We added genetic data from six sites outside this SSP to assess genetic structure and gene flow at a regional level. Dispersal rates within the SSP were high but dispersal distances were short. Dispersal was context-dependent: individuals preferentially immigrated into high-quality ponds where breeding probabilities were higher. The studied SSP behaved like a patchy population, where subpopulations at each pond were demographically interdependent. High context-dependent dispersal led to weak but significant spatial genetic structure and relatedness within the SSP. At the regional level, a strong hierarchical genetic structure with very few first-generation migrants as well as low effective dispersal rates suggest the presence of independent demographic units. Overall, our study highlights the importance of habitat quality for driving context-dependent dispersal and therefore demography and genetic structure in SSPs. Limited capacity for long-distance dispersal seems to increase genetic structure within a population and leads to demographic isolation in anthropogenic landscapes.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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