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Figure 20 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 20. Pedal phalanges of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, right pedal phalanx II-2, IGB 2-44, in dorsal (A), medial (B), ventral (C), distal (D), and proximal (E) views. F–I, ungual of right digit II, IGB 2-45, in lateral (F), proximal (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views. J–L, pedal ungual, IGB 2-46, in medial or lateral (J), dorsal (K), and ventral (L) views. Abbreviations: cg, claw groove; clg, collateral ligament groove. Scale bar is 2 cm.

Figure 5 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 5. Left quadratojugal of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-9, in lateral (A), posterior (B), and medial (C) views. Abbreviations: djp, articular facet for the dorsal jugal prong; dqc, dorsal quadrate contact; vjp, facet for the ventral jugal prong; vqc, ventral quadrat contact. Scale bar is 5 cm.

Figure 4 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 4. Postorbital of A. kyrgyzicus. A–D, left postorbital IGB 2-1 in lateral (A, stereophotographs), posterior (B), medial (C), and dorsal (D, stereophotographs) views. E, F, right postorbital IGB 2-2 in lateral (E) and medial (F) views. Abbreviations: g, groove; jf, jugal facet; ls, laterosphenoid contact; ob, orbital brow; pp, posterior process; sf, supratemporal fossa; sq, squamosal facet; st, step. Scale bar is 5 cm.

Figure 3 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 3. Outline reconstruction of Alpkarakush kyrgyzicus, with recovered elements indicated. Scale bar is 1 m.

Figure 19 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 19. Metatarsals of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right metatarsal II, IGB 2-41, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. G, H, right metatarsal III in anterior (G) and distal (H) views. I–N, left metatarsal III in proximal (I), distal (J), anterior (K), lateral (L), posterior (M), and medial (N) views. Abbreviations: clf, collateral ligament fossa; oe, overhanging edge; rp, rugose patch; tub, tubercle. Scale bar is 5 cm.

Figure 13 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 13. Partial left ilium of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-25, in lateral (A) and medial (B) views. Abbreviations: ip, ischial peduncle; mbs, medial brevis shelf; S2, attachment facet for the second sacral rib; sac, supraacetabular crest. Scale bar is 10 cm.

Figure 1 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 1. Geographic location of the locality FTU-1 within Kyrgyzstan (A, B) and general geological map of the area around the city of Tashkumyr (C).

Figure 2. Excavation site FTU-1. A in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 2. Excavation site FTU-1. A, position of the site within the Uurusai Valley west of Tashkumyr (red arrow). B, overview of the site, with one of the authors (A.E.F.) for scale. C, section of the excavation site. Black line indicates approximate dip of the sediments. D, quadratojugal of the new theropod as discovered in the field. E, metatarsal III of the new theropod during the excavation.

Figure 8 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 8. Dorsal and sacral vertebrae of A. kyrgyzicus. A, articulated posterior dorsal vertebrae and sacrum, with approximate position of neural spines, in left lateral view. B, C, articulated sacral vertebral centra of sacrals 1 to 4, IGB 2-14, in left lateral (B) and ventral (C) views. Abbreviations: D, dorsal vertebra, S, sacral vertebra. Scale bars are 10 cm (A) and 5 cm (B, C).

Figure 16 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 16. Femora of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, right femur, IGB 2-33, in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. G–I, left femur, IGB 2-32, in anterior (G), lateral (H), and medial (I) views. Abbreviations: IV, fourth trochanter; at, accessory trochanter; ec, epicondylar crest; gt, greater trochanter; lt, lesser trochanter; mt, medial tip; olg, oblique ligament groove; pag, proximal articular groove. Scale bar is 10 cm.

Figure 23 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 23. Component images of the posterolateral thin section of the right femur of A. kyrgyzicus under circumpolarized light and with a lambda filter. A, Transition from coarse cancellous bone tissue of the inner unit (top) to fibrolamellar tissue of the middle unit (bottom). B, Pathological bone tissue of up to three 'generations', direction towards the outer bone surface is to the right. C, Typical, well-vascularized fibrolamellar bone tissue with scattered secondary osteons of the middle unit, direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right. D, Zonal bone tissue of the outer unit with numerous growth marks (arrows). Individual growth marks were counted as one, if at least one row of vascular canals separates them from their neighbours. The count starts here with three, because the first clear growth marks are outside the top edge of the component image. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right. E, Component image of the posterior thin section (not figured) with a preserved outer edge of the bone wall. Note the distinct decrease of vascularization towards the outer edge (bottom) with at least three annuli, but the absence of a series of growth marks in quick succession without vascular canals in between as in a typical EFS. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom. F, Merging (yellow arrows) and widening (green arrows) of growth zones in the outer unit. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower right. Abbreviations: Ann, Annulus; dLAG, double line of arrested growth; LAG, line of arrested growth; tLAG, triple line of arrested growth. Scale bars in A–E are 500 micrometres.

Figure 27. Biogeographic reconstructions for selected clades, resulting from the S in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 27. Biogeographic reconstructions for selected clades, resulting from the S-DIVA analysis. Legend: A, north-eastern Europe; B, southern South America; C, North America; D, northern Africa; E, north-eastern Asia; F, south-western Europe; G, Central Asia; H, Australia; I, Antarctica; J, South-East Asia; L, Central South America. For further details on these regions see the Material and methods section. For full results of the S-DIVA analysis see Fig. S7 in the Supporting information.

Figure 25 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 25. Phylogenetic position of A. kyrgyzicus. Simplified reduced consensus tree resulting from the equally weighted parsimony analysis. For full results see Supporting information, Fig. S2.

Figure 10 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan

Figure 10. Right partial dorsal rib of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-16, in posterior (A) and anterior (B) views. Scale bar is 5 cm.

opencc-zeroDec 2019View details →

Data from: Three-dimensional soft tissue preservation revealed in the skin of a non-avian dinosaur

The most commonly preserved soft tissues associated with ornithischian dinosaurs are skin remains. The apparent resistance of hadrosaur skin to decay, and its abundance in the fossil record relative to that of other tetrapods, has been attributed to factors such as thickness and composition. Here we report additional intrinsic factors within hadrosaur skin: 3D‐preserved eumelanin‐bearing bodies, dermal cells and blood vessel fragments in an organic matrix composed of protein fossilization products. The skin is much thinner than that of living mammals of similar size. It is likely that the preservation of hadrosaur skin is related to the arrangement of the layers composing it.

opencc-zeroJun 2021View details →

Data from: Taxonomic identification bias does not drive patterns of abundance and diversity in theropod dinosaurs

The ability of palaeontologists to correctly diagnose and classify new fossil species from incomplete morphological data is fundamental to our understanding of evolution. Different parts of the vertebrate skeleton have different likelihoods of fossil preservation and varying amounts of taxonomic information, which could bias our interpretations of fossil material. Substantial previous research has focused on the diversity and macroevolution of non-avian theropod dinosaurs. Theropods provide a rich dataset for analysis of the interactions between taxonomic diagnosability and fossil preservation. We use specimen data and formal taxonomic diagnoses to create a new metric, the Likelihood of Diagnosis (LoD), which quantifies the diagnostic likelihood of fossil species in relation to bone preservation potential. We use this to assess whether a taxonomic identification bias impacts the non-avian theropod fossil record. We find the patterns of differential species abundance and clade diversity are not a consequence of their relative diagnosability. Although there are other factors that bias the theropod fossil record, our results suggest patterns of relative abundance and diversity for theropods might be more representative of Mesozoic ecology than often considered.

opencc-zeroJun 2021View details →

Data from: Discovery of proteinaceous moieties in Late Cretaceous dinosaur eggshells

The documentation of proteinaceous soft tissues in fossils from deep time remains controversial. Often this has been attributed to the laboratory or other modes of modern contamination. Here we provide incontrovertible evidence for the preservation of proteinaceous moieties in the Maastrichtian dinosaur eggshells using pyrolysis-GC×GC-TOFMS. The presence of nitrogen-bearing organic molecules along with diketodipyrrole suggest that the proteinaceous moieties can survive diagenesis. The preservation of these proteinaceous moieties has been attributed to deposition in a palustrine flat environment under subaerial conditions and entrapment of organic material by the eggshell calcitic units. The present study demonstrates that the preservation of nitrogen-bearing macromolecules in Mesozoic fossil remains is not impossible provided the depositional environments and diagenetic processes are propitious. The survival of nitrogen-bearing macromolecule in deep time under subaerial depositional settings will open a new avenue to the research on soft tissue preservation.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

CT data and 3D models associated with: Palaeoneurology of the Early Cretaceous iguanodont Proa valdearinnoensis and its bearing on the parallel developments of cognitive abilities in theropod and ornithopod dinosaurs

Proa valdearinnoensis is a relatively large-headed and stocky iguanodontian dinosaur from the latest Early Cretaceous of Spain. Its braincase is known from three specimens. Similar to that of other dinosaurs, it shows a mosaic ossification pattern in which most of the bones seem to have fused together indistinguishably while a few bones (frontoparietal, basioccipital) might have remained loosely attached. The endocasts of the three specimens are described based on CT data and digital reconstructions. They show unmistakable morphological similarities with the endocast of closely related taxa, such as Sirindhorna khoratensis (which is close in age but from Thailand). This supports a high conservatism of the endocranial cavity. The issue of volumetric correspondence between endocranial cavity and brain in dinosaurs is analysed. Although a brain-to-endocranial cavity (BEC) index of 0.50 has been traditionally used, we employ instead 0.73. This is indeed the mid-value between the situation in adults of Alligator mississippiensis and Gallus gallus, which are members of the extant bracketing taxa of dinosaurs (Crocodilia and Aves). We thence gauge the level of encephalisation of Proa valdearinnoensis by the calculation of the Encephalisation Quotient (EQ), which remains valuable as a metric for assessing the degree of cognitive function in extinct taxa, especially those with fully ossified braincases like dinosaurs and other archosaurs. The EQ obtained for Proa valdearinnoensis (3.611) suggests that this species was significantly more encephalised than most if not all extant non-avian, non-mammalian amniotes. Our work adds to the growing body of data concerning theoretical cognitive capabilities in dinosaurs and supports the idea that increasing encephalisations were fostered not only once in theropods but also in parallel in the shorter-lived lineage of ornithopods. Proa valdearinnoensis was ill-equipped to respond to theropod dinosaurs and possibly lived in groups as a strategy to mitigate the risk of being predated upon. We hypothesize that group-living and protracted caring of juveniles in this and possibly many other iguanodontian ornithopods favoured a degree of encephalisation that was outstanding by reptile standards.

opennotspecifiedMay 2003View details →

text-fig. 37. Left manus of an undetermined ornithomimosaur (probably Ornithomimus edmontonicus', TMP 93.104.1), illustrating states for several manual characters; metacarpals in dorsal view, phalanges in lateral view. Scale bar represents 50 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs

text-fig. 37. Left manus of an undetermined ornithomimosaur (probably Ornithomimus edmontonicus', TMP 93.104.1), illustrating states for several manual characters; metacarpals in dorsal view, phalanges in lateral view. Scale bar represents 50 mm.