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FIGURE 14 in New species of Pseudonannolene Silvestri, 1895 from Brazilian limestone caves with comments on the potential distribution of the genus in South America (Spirostreptida: Pseudonannolenidae)

FIGURE 14. Live specimens: a) Pseudonannolene xavieri sp.n.; b) Pseudonannolene leopoldoi sp.n.; c) Pseudonannolene robsoni sp.n.; d) Pseudonannolene marconii sp.n.; e) Pseudonannolene rosineii sp.n.; f) Pseudonannolene caatinga sp.n.; g) Pseudonannolene taboa sp.n.; h) Pseudonannolene fontanettiae sp.n.

FIGURE 3 in New species of Pseudonannolene Silvestri, 1895 from Brazilian limestone caves with comments on the potential distribution of the genus in South America (Spirostreptida: Pseudonannolenidae)

FIGURE 3. Pseudonannolene leopoldoi sp.n. (holotype, ISLA 4123): a) Anterior region; b) Pre-femoral process; c) Caudal view of gonopod; d) Oral view of gonopod. Scale bar: a) 1 mm; b) 700 µm; c) 300 µm; d) 300 µm.

FIGURE 11 in New species of Pseudonannolene Silvestri, 1895 from Brazilian limestone caves with comments on the potential distribution of the genus in South America (Spirostreptida: Pseudonannolenidae)

FIGURE 11. Pseudonannolene erikae sp.n. (holotype, ISLA 4107): a) Anterior region; b) Pre-femoral process; c) Caudal view of gonopod; d) Oral view of gonopod. Scale bar: a) 2 mm; b) 700 µm; c) 700 µm; d) 700 µm.

FIGURE 25. Clito litteroides n in Two new species of Clito from South America and a revision of the Clito littera group (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Pyrginae)

FIGURE 25. Clito litteroides n. sp. male genitalia, holotype. Genitalia vial No. NVG130614-42 [USNM] (specimen Figs. 7–8). Genital capsule in different views: a. right posterolateral; b. dorsal; c. left laterodorsal; d. right laterodorsal; e. left lateral; f. right lateral; g. right anterolateral; h. right ventrolateral; i. posterior; j. anterior; k. ventral. All images are to scale.

FIGURES 1–8 in Two new species of Clito from South America and a revision of the Clito littera group (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Pyrginae)

FIGURES 1–8. New species of Clito from the C. littera group. 1–6. C. palotschka n. sp.: Ecuador: Esmeraldas Prov., El Durango, km 39 Lita-San Lorenzo road, 1° 02.45' N, 78° 38.06' W, 230–300 m: 1–2. holotype, 4-Mar-2001, leg. D. H. Ahrenholz (valva in situ Fig. 26k); 3–6. paratypes, {25, 27}-Aug-2002, leg. J. P. W. Hall & M. A. Solis: 3–4. (valva in situ Fig. 26j); 5–6. genitalia vial NVG130614-43 (genitalia Figs. 24, 26h). 7–8. C. litteroides n. sp., holotype, Venezuela: Aragua State, Rancho Grande [Biological Station, approximate GPS coordinates 10° 21' N 67° 41' W], elevation 1100 m, 4-Jun-1985, leg. S. S. Nicolay, genitalia vial NVG130614-42 (genitalia Figs. 25, 26b, c). All specimens are males and are in USNM collection. Dorsal and ventral surfaces are shown on odd- and even-numbered figures, respectively. Labels are shown between specimen images. Labels are reduced 2.5 times compared to specimens: small scale bar below P. palotschka holotype labels refers to labels, and larger scale bars refer to specimens.

FIGURE 28 in Two new species of Clito from South America and a revision of the Clito littera group (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Pyrginae)

FIGURE 28. Distribution of Clito littera group species. C. palotschka n. sp.—red heart; C. litteroides n. sp.—blue star; C. littera—black crosses, locality per label of the lectotype that states "Brasil" [not per original description (Mabille 1877), which states "Apurimacensi valle et Peruvia" and is likely incorrect], and similar phenotype currently known only from Brazil: Rio de Janeiro (specimens in OM-DZUP and MGCL); C. anda—purple up-pointing triangles; C. nebulosa—green square; C. trinidadensis—orange circle; C. jonkersi—cyan down-pointing triangles. Specimen image is shown near the type locality of each taxon, a line connects to the locality.

FIGURE 24. Clito palotschka n in Two new species of Clito from South America and a revision of the Clito littera group (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Pyrginae)

FIGURE 24. Clito palotschka n. sp. male genitalia, paratype. Genitalia vial No. NVG130614-43 [USNM] (specimen Figs. 5–6). Genital capsule in different views: a. right posterolateral; b. dorsal; c. left laterodorsal; d. right laterodorsal; e. left lateral; f. right lateral; g. right anteriorlateral; h. right ventrolateral; i. posterior; j. anterior; k. ventral. All images are to scale.

FIGURES 9–16 in Two new species of Clito from South America and a revision of the Clito littera group (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Pyrginae)

FIGURES 9–16. Type specimens of Clito from the C. littera group. 9–10. C. littera lectotype, designated here, "Brasil", P. Mabille collection 1923, R. Oberthür Coll., Brit. Mus. 1927-3, specimen No. BMNH(E) #982948 (genitalia Fig. 26a, g); 11 –12. C. anda [holo]type, French Guiana, Collect. C. Bar, R. Oberthür Coll., Brit. Mus. 1931-136, specimen No. BMNH(E) #982947; (genitalia Fig. 26m, n, o); 13–14. C. anda [para]type, French Guiana: Cayenne, R. Oberthür Coll., Brit. Mus. 1931-136, specimen No. BMNH(E) #1054238; 15–16. C. nebulosa holotype, Bolivia, Rio Songo, 750 m, Coll. Fassl (genitalia Fig. 26d). All specimens are males. Dorsal and ventral surfaces are shown on odd- and even-numbered figures, respectively. Labels are shown in-line with the specimen images. Labels are reduced 2.5 times compared to specimens: small scale bar below C. littera labels refers to labels, and larger scale bars refer to specimens. 15–16 is in SMF collection and is photographed by Ernst Brockmann, other specimens are in BMNH collection and images are copyright (©) Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London (used with permission).

FIGURE 27 in Two new species of Clito from South America and a revision of the Clito littera group (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Pyrginae)

FIGURE 27. Visual keys to species in the Clito littera group. Dorsal and ventral aspects for each species are shown on the left and right of the species name, respectively. Images shown are illustrations, sometimes composed of photographic segments from left and right sides and digitally edited to highlight the wing patterns instead of imperfections in specimens. Images are set to be approximately the same size. Unedited and to scale photographs of specimens are shown in Figs. 1–20. Since these species are defined on the basis of male genitalia, which are likely to be diagnostic, wing pattern characters are preliminary due to exceedingly small samples of available specimens, and exceptions are expected. Wing pattern characters should be treated as suggestions for further research. Photographs of C. jonkersi and C. nebulosa are by Bernard Hermier and Ernst Brockmann, respectively. Images of C. littera, C. trinidadensis and C. anda are copyright (©) Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London (used with permission).

FIGURES 17–23 in Two new species of Clito from South America and a revision of the Clito littera group (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Pyrginae)

FIGURES 17–23. Type specimens and illustrations of Clito from the C. littera group. 17–18. C. trinidadensis holotype, Trinidad, Morne Catherine, 24-Mar-1982, leg. M. J. W. Cock, specimen No. BMNH(E) #982949 [BMNH] (genitalia shown in Figs. 26e, f); 19–20. C. jonkersi holotype, Surinam, Domburg, 8-Mar-1975, leg. E. H. Jonkers [RMNH] (genitalia Fig. 26i); 21. C. littera, unpublished illustration, likely of the lectotype, dorsal—left, ventral—right, pinned in the collection next to the specimen [BMNH]; 22. C. nebulosa original illustration of the holotype from Draudt (1924) dorsal side, half-specimen image is shown for easy comparison on 23. (and Figs. 15–16). Dorsal and ventral surfaces are shown on odd- and even-numbered figures, respectively, except illustrations. Labels are shown between the specimen images. Labels are reduced 2.5 times compared to specimens: small scale bar below C. trinidadensis locality labels refers to labels, and larger scale bars refer to specimens. Photographs 19–20 are by Bernard Hermier, images 17–18 and 21 are copyright (©) Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London (used with permission).

FIGURE 26 in Two new species of Clito from South America and a revision of the Clito littera group (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Pyrginae)

FIGURE 26. Male genitalia of Clito littera group species. a, g. C. littera lectotype, designated here, "Brasil", P. Mabille collection 1923, R. Oberthür Coll., Brit. Mus. 1927-3, specimen No. BMNH(E) #982948 [BMNH], in situ on a specimen, scales brushed off: a. various views rotating from right posterolateral through posterior to left posterolateral; g. ventrolateral (specimen Figs. 9–10); b, c. C. litteroides holotype, Venezuela: Aragua State, Rancho Grande [Biological Station, approximate GPS coordinates 10° 21' N 67° 41' W], elevation 1100 m, 4-Jun-1985, leg. S. S. Nicolay, genitalia vial NVG130614-42 [USNM]: b. section of complete genitalia in posterolateral view; c. complete genitalia in lateral view and uncus with distal part of tegumen in dorsal view (specimen Figs. 7–8); d. C. nebulosa holotype, ventral, lateral and dorsal views of tegumen, uncus, gnathos and associated structures, lateral internal view of right valva, lateral view of penis, illustration from Mielke & Schröder (1994) (specimen Figs. 15–16); e, f. C. trinidadensis holotype, Trinidad, Morne Catherine, 24-Mar-1982, leg. M. J. W. Cock, specimen No. BMNH(E) #982949 [BMNH], dorsal and lateral views of tegumen, uncus, gnathos and associated structures, lateral internal view of right valva, lateral view of penis, illustration from Cock (1998) (specimen Figs. 17–18); h. C. palotschka paratype, Ecuador: Esmeraldas Prov., El Durango, km 39 Lita–San Lorenzo road, 1° 02.45' N, 78° 38.06' W, 230- 300 m, {25, 27}-Aug-2002, leg. J. P. W. Hall & M. A. Solis [USNM], complete genitalia in lateral view and uncus with distal part of tegumen in dorsal view (specimen Figs. 5–6); i. C. jonkersi holotype, Surinam, Domburg, 8-Mar-1975, leg. E. H. Jonkers [RMNH], lateral internal view of left valva and lateral view of uncus and gnathos, illustration from de Jong (1983) (specimen Figs. 19–20); j. C. palotschka paratype, Ecuador: Esmeraldas Prov., El Durango, km 39 Lita–San Lorenzo road, 1° 02.45' N, 78° 38.06' W, 230-300 m, {25, 27}-Aug-2002, leg. J. P. W. Hall & M. A. Solis [USNM], right valva and uncus in situ on a specimen, scales brushed off (specimen Figs. 3–4); k. C. palotschka holotype, Ecuador: Esmeraldas Prov., El Durango, km 39 Lita–San Lorenzo road, 1° 02.45' N, 78° 38.06' W, 230-300 m, 4-Mar-2001, leg. D. H. Ahrenholz [USNM], right valva in situ on a specimen, scales brushed off (specimen Figs. 1–2); l. C. anda, Brazil: Rondônia, Cacaulândia municipality, Fazenda Rancho Grande, genitalia No. GTA4377, illustration from Austin (2000), ventral, lateral and dorsal views of tegumen, uncus, gnathos and associated structures, lateral internal view of right valva, lateral view of penis; m–o. C. anda [holo]type, French Guiana, Collect. C. Bar, R. Oberthür Coll., Brit. Mus. 1931–136, specimen No. BMNH(E) #982947 [BMNH] (specimen Figs. 11–12), left valva on m. and Evans's sketches: n. pinned in the collection [BMNH]; o. published, and more stylized, version (Evans 1953), lateral internal view of left valva, lateral and ventral views of uncus, gnathos and distal half of penis. Species name is given below each image, holotypes and paratypes are labeled as HT and PT. Gray "F" indicates mirror image (left-right inverted). Images a, f, g, m–o. are copyright (©) Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London (used with permission).

FIGURES 6–11 in Sandsitermes gen. nov., a new nasute termite genus from South America (Isoptera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae)

FIGURES 6–11. Sandsitermes robustus gen. et comb. nov., workers, MZUSP 8061: head capsule of type 2 worker (6) profile and (7) dorsal view; head capsule of major type 1 worker (8) profile and (9) dorsal view; head capsule of minor type 1 worker (10) profile and (11) dorsal view. Scale bar 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 24–29 in Sandsitermes gen. nov., a new nasute termite genus from South America (Isoptera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae)

FIGURES 24–29. Enteric valve of Nasutitermes species: (24) N. aquilinus; (25) N. stricticeps; (26) N. surinamensis; (27) N. rotundatus; (28) N. octopilis; and (29) N. comstockae. Arrow aligned with axis of valve and oriented from P2 to paunch (P3).

FIGURES 30–32 in Sandsitermes gen. nov., a new nasute termite genus from South America (Isoptera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae)

FIGURES 30–32. Enteric valve of Nasutitermes species: (30) N. acangussu; (31) N. macrocephalus; (32) N. similis. Arrow aligned with axis of valve and oriented from P2 to paunch (P3).

FIGURES 12–14 in Sandsitermes gen. nov., a new nasute termite genus from South America (Isoptera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae)

FIGURES 12–14. Sandsitermes robustus gen. et comb. nov., worker mandibles, NHRS 0016: (12) type 2 in dorsal view; minor type 1 (13) in dorsal view and (14) molar region in frontal view. Scale bar 1 mm.

FIGURES 4–5 in Sandsitermes gen. nov., a new nasute termite genus from South America (Isoptera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae)

FIGURES 4–5. Sandsitermes robustus gen. et comb. nov., soldier, NHRS 0016: (4) head capsule, profile view; (5) head capsule, dorsal view. Scale bar 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 1–3 in Sandsitermes gen. nov., a new nasute termite genus from South America (Isoptera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae)

FIGURES 1–3. Sandsitermes robustus gen. et comb. nov., female, MZUSP 8061: (1) head capsule and pronotum, profile view; (2) head capsule and pronotum, dorsal view; (3) meso- and metanotum, dorsal view. Scale bars 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 33–35 in Sandsitermes gen. nov., a new nasute termite genus from South America (Isoptera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae)

FIGURES 33–35. Enteric valve of Nasutitermes species: (33) N. wheeleri; (34) N. hubbardi; (35) N. banksi. Arrow aligned with axis of valve and oriented from P2 to paunch (P3).

FIGURES 21–23 in Sandsitermes gen. nov., a new nasute termite genus from South America (Isoptera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae)

FIGURES 21–23. Sandsitermes robustus gen. et comb. nov., type 1 worker, UF PU791.0: (21) enteric valve cushions arranged in two rings, arrow aligned with the axis of the valve and oriented from P2 to paunch (P3); (22) complete gizzard armature, large arrow indicating column and pulvillus I, and small arrows indicating columns and pulvilli II; (23) detail of the columnar belt with surface of folds I and II, ornamented with scales very difficult to see in the proximal area.

FIGURES 15–20 in Sandsitermes gen. nov., a new nasute termite genus from South America (Isoptera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae)

FIGURES 15–20. Sandsitermes robustus gen. et comb. nov., type 1 worker, in situ gut, NHRS 0016: (15) dorsal, (16) right, (17) ventral, and (18) left views; (19) right view without mesenteron; (20) mixed segment and Malpighian tubules. C, crop; G, gizzard; M, mesenteron; P1, first proctodeal segment; P2, enteric valve; P3, paunch; P4, colon; P5, rectum. Scale bar 1 mm.