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Figures 126–144 in The immature stages, larval food plants and biology of Neotropical mistletoe butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). II. The Catasticta group (Pierini: Aporiina)
Figures 126–144. Catasticta teutila immature stages on Dendrophthora costaricensis, Villa Mills-Siberia (2800 m), San José Province, Costa Rica. (126–128) Eggs, showing cohort several days after deposition (126), colour immediately after deposition, dorsolateral view (127), and lateral view (128); (129–130) larval instar I, showing newly emerged (129), and cohort (130); (131) larval instar II, cohort; (132–133) larva instar III, showing dorsal view (132), and moulting (133); (134–135) larval instar IV, showing dorsal view (134) and posterior view (135); (136– 138) larval instar V, showing cohort (136), anterior view of head capsule (137) and posterolateral view (138); (139) prepupa, lateral view; (140–144) pupa, showing female before emergence (140), lateral view (141), dorsal view (142), anterolateral view of projection of head (143), and posterior view of last abdominal segments (144).
Figure 1 in The biology of carnivorous butterfly larvae (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Miletinae: Miletini) and their ant-tended hemipteran prey in Thailand and the Philippines
Figure 1. (A) Egg of Miletus biggsii laid on the underside of a Chromolaena odorata leaf (Nakhon Sri Thamarat, Thailand). (B) Larva of Miletus biggsii with Aphis gossypii attended by Dolichoderus sp. ants (Nakhon Sri Thamarat, Thailand). (C) An early instar Allotinus unicolor larva among Pseudoregma carolinensis aphids tended by Anoplolepis gracilipes (Yala, Thailand). (D) Larva of Miletus mallus feeding on Aphis gossypii aphids tended by Dolichoderus sp. ants (Chiang Mai, Thailand). Arrow points to one of two paired abdominal protuberances that are especially attractive to ants. (E) Adult male Allotinus unicolor feeding on honeydew from Aphis gossypii attended by Anoplolepis gracilipes ants (Yala, Thailand). (F) Adult Miletus mallus feeding on honeydew from a mixed colony of Aphis eugeniae and Schoutedenia lutea (Chiang Mai, Thailand).
Spatial phylogenetics of butterflies in relation to environmental drivers and angiosperm diversity across North America
<p>Broad-scale quantitative assessments of biodiversity and the factors shaping it remain particularly poorly explored in insects. Here, we undertook a spatial phylogenetic analysis of North American butterflies via assembly of a time-calibrated phylogeny of the region coupled with a unique, complete range assessment for ~75% of the known species. We utilized a suite of phylodiversity metrics and associated environmental data to test whether climate stability and temperature gradients have shaped North American butterfly phylogenetic diversity and endemism. We also undertook the first direct, quantitative comparisons of spatial phylogenetic patterns between butterflies and flowering plants in North America. We expected concordance between butterflies and angiosperms based on both shared historical environmental drivers and presumed strong butterfly-host plant specializations. We instead found that biodiversity patterns in butterflies are strikingly different from flowering plants in some regions of the continent. In particular, the warm desert regions of the southwestern United States and Mexico showed surprisingly high butterfly phylogenetic diversity and endemism, in contrast to much lower values for angiosperms. Butterflies did not show patterns of phylogenetic clustering as found in flowering plants, suggesting differences in habitat conservation between the two groups. Finally, we found weak relationships and spatially structured biases in relative branching timing between angiosperms and butterflies. These results suggest that shared biogeographic histories and trophic associations do not necessarily assure similar diversity outcomes. The work has applied value in conservation planning, documenting warm deserts as an important North American butterfly biodiversity hotspot.</p>
FIGURES 1–8 in Taxonomic notes on the leafwing butterflies Memphis leonida (Stoll) and Memphis editha (Comstock), stat. nov. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Charaxinae)
FIGURES 1–8. Habitus of Memphis leonida (Stoll). 1–4. Reddish brown specimens, Óbidos, Pará. 1. Male, dorsal. 2. Male, ventral. 3. Female, dorsal. 4. Female, ventral. 5–8. Purple specimens, Vilhena, Rondônia. 5. Male, dorsal. 6. Male, ventral. 7. Female, dorsal. 8. Female, ventral. Red fringe in the outer margin of the females are evidenced by a black square. Scale bar: 1cm.
FIGURES 20–26 in Taxonomic notes on the leafwing butterflies Memphis leonida (Stoll) and Memphis editha (Comstock), stat. nov. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Charaxinae)
FIGURES 20–26. Genitalia of Memphis editha (Comstock), stat. nov. 20–23. Male genitalia. 20. Lateral view. 21. Gnathos and uncus, posterior view. 22. Valva, lateral view. 23. Gnathos and uncus, ventral view. 24–26. Female genitalia. 24. Lateral view, right. 25. Lateral view, left side. 26. Ventral view. Scale bars: fig. 20 = 0.5; figs 21–23 = 0.25mm; figs 24–26 = 1mm.
FIGURES 16–19 in Taxonomic notes on the leafwing butterflies Memphis leonida (Stoll) and Memphis editha (Comstock), stat. nov. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Charaxinae)
FIGURES 16–19. Habitus of Memphis editha (Comstock), stat. nov., Joinville, Santa Catarina. 16. Male, dorsal. 17. Male, ventral. 18. Female, dorsal. 19. Female, ventral. Scale bar: 1cm.
FIGURES 9–15 in Taxonomic notes on the leafwing butterflies Memphis leonida (Stoll) and Memphis editha (Comstock), stat. nov. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Charaxinae)
FIGURES 9–15. Genitalia of Memphis leonida (Stoll). 9–12. Male genitalia. 9. Lateral view. 10. Gnathos and uncus, posterior view. 11. Valva, lateral view. 12. Gnathos and uncus, ventral view. 13–15. Female genitalia. 13. Lateral view, right side. 14. Lateral view, left side. 15. Ventral view. Scale bars: fig. 9 = 0.5mm; figs 10–12 = 0.25mm; figs 13–15 = 1mm.
FIGURES 28–29 in Taxonomic notes on the leafwing butterflies Memphis leonida (Stoll) and Memphis editha (Comstock), stat. nov. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Charaxinae)
FIGURES 28–29. Representation of the Maxent models. 28. Memphis leonida (Stoll). 29. Memphis editha (Comstock), stat. nov. Warmer colors show areas with better predicted conditions; white squares show the presence locations used in the analysis.
FIGURE 27 in Taxonomic notes on the leafwing butterflies Memphis leonida (Stoll) and Memphis editha (Comstock), stat. nov. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Charaxinae)
FIGURE 27. Distribution map for Memphis leonida (Stoll) and its phenotypes and Memphis editha (Comstock), plotted over the Brazilian biomes (IBGE 2004).
FIGURES 117−132 in <strong>Systematic revision and review of the extant and fossil snout butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Libytheinae)</strong>
FIGURES 117−132. Right dorsal and ventral wing surfaces of Libythea. The second image of each specimen shows the ventral surface of the wings. 117, 118. Libythea laius lepitoides Moore: ♂, India, Nilgiris, Conoor (BMNH); 119, 120. Libythea lepita formosana Fruhstorfer: Holotype ♂, Taiwan (BMNH); 121, 122. Libythea lepita amamiana Shirôzu: ♂, Japan, Okinawa, Nago (MTC); 123, 124. Libythea lepita amamiana Shirôzu: ♀, Japan, Okinawa, Shimajiri, Kitadaito−mura (TFC); 125, 126. Libythea lepita lepita Moore: ♂, Japan, Yamanashi, Hinoharu (AYK); 127, 128. Libythea lepita lepita Moore: ♀, Japan (BMNH); 129, 130. Libythea myrrha myrrha Godart: ♂, Indonesia, Java (BMNH); 131, 132. Libythea myrrha myrrha Godart: ♀, Indonesia, West Java (BMNH).
FIGURES 149−164 in <strong>Systematic revision and review of the extant and fossil snout butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Libytheinae)</strong>
FIGURES 149−164. Right dorsal and ventral wing surfaces of Libytheana. The second image of each specimen shows the ventral surface of the wings. 149, 150. Libytheana carinenta carinenta (Cramer): ♂, Mexico, San Juan (CMNH); 151, 152. Libytheana carinenta bachmanii (Kirtland): ♂, USA, North Carolina, 20 mi north of Raleigh (AYK); 153, 154. Libytheana carinenta larvata (Strecker): Paratype ♂, USA, Texas, San Antonio (FSNM); 155, 156. Libytheana carinenta streckeri Austin and Emmel: Paratype ♂, USA, Texas, Hidalgo Co, Donna (USNM); 157, 158. Libytheana motya Hübner [1823]: ♂, Cuba (CUIC); 159, 160. Libytheana motya (Hübner [1823]): ♀, Cuba, Santiago (AMNH); 161, 162. Libytheana terena (Godart): ♂, Dominican Republic, Pedernales, La Abeja, 38 km NNW of Cabo Rojo (CMNH); 163, 164. Libytheana terena (Godart): ♀, Hispañola (CUIC).
FIGURES 69−84 in <strong>Systematic revision and review of the extant and fossil snout butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Libytheinae)</strong>
FIGURES 69−84. Right dorsal and ventral wing surfaces of Libythea. The second image of each specimen shows the ventral surface of the wings. 69, 70. Libythea celtis (Laicharting): ♂, Russia, Kirgizia, Kirgizaskii Ridge, Ala−Archa, Ak−Sai (TFC); 71, 72. Libythea celtis (Laicharting): ♀, France, St. Maxime (BMNH); 73, 74. Libythea collenettei Riley: ♂, Marquesas Islands, Ua Pou, Poohekaei Summit (BPBM); 75, 76. Libythea collenettei Riley: ♀, Marquesas Islands, Nuku Hiva, Toovi Plateau (BPBM); 77, 78. Libythea cinyras Trimen: Holotype, Mauritius, Moka District (BMNH); 79, 80. Libythea geoffroyi alompra Moore: Holotype ♂, Myanmar, Ataran Valley (BMNH); 81, 82. Libythea geoffroyi ceramensis Wallace: ♂, Indonesia, Seram (BMNH); 83, 84. Libythea geoffroyi ceramensis Wallace: ♀, Indonesia, Seram, Mansuela (BMNH).
FIGURES 39−50 in <strong>Systematic revision and review of the extant and fossil snout butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Libytheinae)</strong>
FIGURES 39−50. Lateral illustrations of the aedeagus of Libythea and Libytheana. 39. Libythea celtis; 40. Libythea collenettei; 41. Libythea geoffroyi; 42. Libythea labdaca; 43. Libythea laius; 44. Libythea lepita; 45. Libythea myrrha; 46. Libythea narina; 47. Libytheana carinenta carinenta; 48. Libytheana fulvescens; 49. Libytheana motya; 50. Libytheana terena.
FIGURES 27−32 in <strong>Systematic revision and review of the extant and fossil snout butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Libytheinae)</strong>
FIGURES 27−32. Lateral view of male genitalia of Libythea. 27. Libythea collenettei; 28. Libythea geoffroyi; 29. Libythea labdaca; 30. Libythea laius; 31. Libythea lepita; 32. Libythea myrrha.
FIGURE 1 in <strong>Systematic revision and review of the extant and fossil snout butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Libytheinae)</strong>
FIGURE 1. Phylogeny of snout butterflies based on morphology (after Kawahara 2009). Numbers above and below each rectangle refer to the characters and states in Kawahara (2009). A dark rectangle indicates a unique character state change (synapomorphy), a white rectangle indicates homoplasy. Large numbers indicate branch support (Bremer Support/jackknife). Due to limited space, outgroups are not shown in this figure.
FIGURES 101−116 in <strong>Systematic revision and review of the extant and fossil snout butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Libytheinae)</strong>
FIGURES 101−116. Right dorsal and ventral wing surfaces of Libythea. The second image of each specimen shows the ventral surface of the wings. 101, 102. Libythea geoffroyi howarthi Petersen: Paratype ♂, Solomon Islands, Rennell (BMNH); 103, 104. Libythea labdaca ancoata Grose−Smith: Holotype ♂, Madagascar, Irast (BMNH); 105, 106. Libythea labdaca labdaca Westwood: ♂, Uganda, Mulange (CMNH); 107, 108. Libythea labdaca labdaca Westwood: ♀, Cameroon, Bafia (CMNH); 109, 110. Libythea laius laius Trimen: ♂, Malawi, Cholo (CMNH); 111, 112. Libythea laius laius Trimen: ♀, Malawi, Cholo (CMNH); 113, 114. Libythea laius tsiandava Grose−Smith: Holotype ♂, Madagascar (BMNH); 115, 116. Libythea laius tsiandava Grose−Smith: ♀, Madagascar, Mahabo (BMNH).
FIGURE 26 in <strong>Systematic revision and review of the extant and fossil snout butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Libytheinae)</strong>
FIGURE 26. Lateral view of male genitalia of Libythea celtis. aed = aedeagus, apan = appendix angularis, bej = bulbus ejaculatorius, dej = ductus ejaculatorius, dia = diaphragma, jux = juxta, sac = saccus, teg = tegumen, unc = uncus, valv = valva, vin = vinculum.
FIGURES 33−38 in <strong>Systematic revision and review of the extant and fossil snout butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Libytheinae)</strong>
FIGURES 33−38. Lateral view of male genitalia of Libythea and Libytheana. 33. Libythea narina; 34. Libytheana carinenta carinenta; 35. Libytheana carinenta bachmanii; 36. Libytheana fulvescens; 37. Libytheana motya; 38. Libytheana terena.
FIGURES 2−13 in <strong>Systematic revision and review of the extant and fossil snout butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Libytheinae)</strong>
FIGURES 2−13. Lateral view of the male eighth abdominal tergum of Libythea and Libytheana with scales and hairs removed. 2. Libythea celtis; 3. Libythea collenettei; 4. Libythea geoffroyi; 5. Libythea labdaca; 6. Libythea laius; 7. Libythea lepita; 8. Libythea myrrha; 9. Libythea narina; 10. Libytheana carinenta; 11. Libytheana fulvescens; 12. Libytheana motya; 13. Libytheana terena.
FIGURES 63−68 in <strong>Systematic revision and review of the extant and fossil snout butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Libytheinae)</strong>
FIGURES 63−68. Wing venation of Libytheana. 63. Libytheana vagabunda; 64. Libytheana carinenta carinenta; 65. Libytheana carinenta bachmanii; 66. Libytheana fulvescens; 67. Libytheana motya; 68. Libytheana terena.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.