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2,911 results for “dispersal”
Data from: Diatraea saccharalis history of colonization in the Americas. The case for human-mediated dispersal
The sugarcane borer moth, Diatraea saccharalis, is one of the most important pests of sugarcane and maize crops in the Western Hemisphere. The pest is widespread throughout South and Central America, the Caribbean region and the southern United States. One of the most intriguing features of D. saccharalis population dynamics is the high rate of range expansion reported in recent years. To shed light on the history of colonization of D. saccharalis, we investigated the genetic structure and diversity in American populations using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) markers throughout the genome and sequences of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase (COI). Our primary goal was to propose possible dispersal routes from the putative center of origin that can explain the spatial pattern of genetic diversity. Our findings showed a clear correspondence between genetic structure and the geographical distributions of this pest insect on the American continents. The clustering analyses indicated three distinct groups: one composed of Brazilian populations, a second group composed of populations from El Salvador, Mexico, Texas and Louisiana and a third group composed of the Florida population. The predicted time of divergence predates the agriculture expansion period, but the pattern of distribution of haplotype diversity suggests that human-mediated movement was most likely the factor responsible for the widespread distribution in the Americas. The study of the early history of D. saccharalis promotes a better understanding of range expansion, the history of invasion, and demographic patterns of pest populations in the Americas.
Historical warming consistently decreased size, dispersal and speciation rate of fish
<p>There is ongoing debate as to whether fish body size will decrease with global warming and how these changes may impact dispersal ability and speciation rate. Theory predicts that, under warmer temperatures, fish grow to a smaller size, undergo a reduction in dispersal ability and increase speciation rates. However, evaluations of such predictions are hampered owing to the lack of empirical data spanning both wide temporal and geographical scales. Here, using phylogenetic methods, we show that smaller clupeiform fish (anchovies and herrings) occurred historically in warmer waters, moved the shortest distances at low speed and displayed the lowest speciation rates. Furthermore, fish moved faster and evolved rapidly under higher rates of temperature change but these historical rates are far lower than current warming rates. Our results predict a future where smaller clupeiform fish that have reduced ability to move will be more prevalent; this, in turn, may reduce future speciation.</p>
Around the world in 10 million years: rapid dispersal of a kleptoparasitoid spider wasp (Pompilidae: Ceropales)
<p><b>Aim: </b>Our aim was to estimate the historical biogeography of the kleptoparasitoid genus <i>Ceropales</i> and to determine the processes leading to its current worldwide distribution<i>. </i>We tested hypotheses of dispersal and vicariance scenarios underlying its widespread distribution.</p> <p><b>Location: </b>Worldwide.</p> <p><b>Methods: </b>Data from two nuclear markers (the D2–D3 regions of the 28S ribosomal RNA and long-wavelength rhodopsin) and one mitochondrial marker (cytochrome c oxidase I) for 52 specimens of <i>Ceropales </i>were used to reconstruct a dated phylogeny based on Bayesian inference. Two calibration points were used from previous analyses including all pompilids under a lognormal relaxed molecular clock to estimate lineage divergence times. We compared the fit of 12 biogeographical models, modifying the base BioGeoBEARS models to include a dispersal adjacency matrix. Base BioGeoBEARS models<b> </b>allow different cladogenetic processes: DEC (subset sympatry, narrow<b> </b>vicariance), DIVALIKE (narrow and wide vicariance), BAYAREALIKE (widespread<b> </b>sympatry), and +J versions of these that allow jump dispersal. Using the model with the best AIC score, we performed Biogeographic Stochastic Mapping (BSM) in order to infer biogeographic processes. We simulated 200 BSM using the DEC+J model and the consensus tree for the BEAST analysis.</p> <p><b>Results: </b>The origin of crown-group <i>Ceropales </i>was in the early Miocene, ca. 10.6 Ma (15.7–6.5 95% HPD), and eight dispersal events explain its widespread distribution. A constrained model, where only adjacent areas were allowed for dispersal had the highest likelihood under DEC+J model.</p> <p><b>Main Conclusions: </b>The widespread distribution of <i>Ceropales </i>can be explained by eleven jump-dispersal events that took place in a period of ca. 10 million years. Two separate dispersals at different times happened from the Eurasia to the Nearctic. These probably occurred across the Bering land bridge in the late Miocene and Pliocene. Dispersal from North and Mesoamerica to South America took place four independent times from the late Miocene to close to present time. Dispersal to the Ethiopian region from Eurasia occurred in the late Miocene and Pliocene. Dispersal back to Eurasia from the Ethiopian region took place three times independently in the Pliocene to close to present time. Dispersal to the Australian region took place from the late Miocene to the Pleistocene.</p>
Data from: Analysis of pigment-dispersing factor neuropeptides and their receptor in a velvet worm
<p>Pigment-dispersing factor neuropeptides (PDFs) occur in a wide range of protostomes including ecdysozoans (= molting animals) and lophotrochozoans (mollusks, annelids, flatworms, and allies). Studies in insects revealed that PDFs play a role as coupling factors of circadian pacemaker cells, thereby controlling rest-activity rhythms. While the last common ancestor of protostomes most likely possessed only one <i>pdf</i> gene, two <i>pdf</i> homologs, <i>pdf-I</i> and <i>pdf-II</i>, might have been present in the last common ancestors of Ecdysozoa and Panarthropoda (Onychophora + Tardigrada + Arthropoda). One of these homologs, however, was subsequently lost in the tardigrade and arthropod lineages followed by independent duplications of <i>pdf-I</i> in tardigrades and decapod crustaceans. Due to the ancestral set of two <i>pdf</i> genes, the study of PDFs and their receptor (PDFR) in Onychophora might reveal the ancient organization and function of the PDF/PDFR system in panarthropods. Therefore, we deorphanized the PDF receptor and generated specific antibodies to localize the two PDF peptides and their receptor in the onychophoran <i>Euperipatoides rowelli</i>. We further conducted bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) experiments on cultured human cells (HEK293T) using an Epac-based sensor (Epac-L) to examine cAMP responses in transfected cells and to reveal potential differences in the interaction of PDF-I and PDF-II with PDFR from <i>E. rowelli</i>. These data show that PDF-II has a tenfold higher potency than PDF-I as an activating ligand. Double immunolabeling revealed that both peptides are co-expressed in <i>E. rowelli</i> but their respective levels of expression differ between specific cells: some neurons express the same amount of both peptides, while others exhibit higher levels of either PDF-I or PDF-II. The detection of the onychophoran PDF receptor in cells that additionally express the two PDF peptides suggests autoreception, whereas spatial separation of PDFR- and PDF-expressing cells supports hormonal release of PDF into the hemolymph. This suggests a dual role of PDF peptides—as hormones and as neurotransmitters/neuromodulators—in Onychophora.</p>
Figure 2 in The salinity during larval development affects the dispersion in adults of the tree-climbing crab Aratus pisonii
Figure 2. Survival analysis of Aratus pisonii. Survival percentage of 30 megalopae until juvenile metamorphosis or death in five salinity treatments. Circles with numbers represent events. Events represent metamorphosis to juvenile stage.
Figure 1 in The salinity during larval development affects the dispersion in adults of the tree-climbing crab Aratus pisonii
Figure 1. Survival analysis of Aratus pisonii. Survival percentage of 100 zoea larvae until megalopa metamorphosis or death in five salinity treatments. Circles with numbers represent number of events. Events represent metamorphosis to megalopae stage.
Geographic variation in dispersal of western burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia hypugaea) populations
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Dispersal is one of the key elements of species' metapopulation dynamics<i> </i>and, hence, influences global conservation status. Furthermore, determining the geographic variation in magnitude and direction of dispersal throughout a species' distribution may expand our understanding of the causes of population declines in species of conservation concern. For instance, western burrowing owl (<i>Athene cunicularia hypugaea</i>) populations have declined at the northern and eastern edge of their breeding distribution during the 20<sup>th</sup> century. In the same period, large areas of thornscrub that did not support breeding owls were converted to irrigated agriculture in the southern edge of the subspecies' breeding distribution in northwestern Mexico. These farmlands now support some of the highest breeding densities of owls. We tested the hypothesis that owls that colonized this recently created habitat originated from declining migratory populations from the northern portion of the subspecies' range. We used stable isotopes <sup>2</sup>H, <sup>13</sup>C, and <sup>15</sup>N in owl feathers to infer breeding dispersal patterns throughout the subspecies' breeding range. Populations near the northern edge of the subspecies' breeding range had immigrants that dispersed over larger distances than immigrants at low and mid latitude populations. However, agricultural populations in northwestern Mexico disrupted this latitudinal pattern, attracting owls from more distant locations. We also found immigrants originated from further distances in declining populations than increasing populations. Stable isotopes provided no evidence of contemporaneous breeding dispersal from Canadian populations to northwestern Mexico but suggest that agricultural areas in the southern edge of the subspecies' distribution have altered the continental dispersal pattern.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Figure 3 in Long distance dispersal and evolution of talitrids (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitridae) in the northeast Atlantic islands
Figure 3. Dispersal and evolution in two "Darwinian" islands, A and B. Solid lines represent dispersal in wrack or driftwood; dashed lines indicate dispersal by synanthropic means.
Figure 2 in Long distance dispersal and evolution of talitrids (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitridae) in the northeast Atlantic islands
Figure 2. Habitus drawings of male talitrids. (A) Macarorchestia roffensis from Chatham Ness, UK, body length (BL) 5.4 mm; (B) Macarorchestia remyi from Principina a Mare, Italy, BL 11.0 mm; (C) Orchestia gammarellus from Chittick Beach, Canada, BL 15.5 mm.
Figure 1 in Long distance dispersal and evolution of talitrids (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitridae) in the northeast Atlantic islands
Figure 1. Map of the northeast Atlantic study area, showing oceanic surface currents. Upper arrows: North Atlantic Drift (part of the Gulf Stream); lower arrows: Canaries Current. Note: Based on World Atlas, 1979.
Figure 1 in Discovery of the freshwater genus Sicyopus (Teleostei: Gobioidei: Sicydiinae) in Madagascar, with a description of a new species and comments on regional dispersal
Figure 1. Diagrammatic illustration of the head in Sicyopus lord (MNHN 2010-0953) showing head pores and sensory papillae. (A) Dorsal view; (B) lateral view. Scale bars, 5 mm.
Figure 2 in Discovery of the freshwater genus Sicyopus (Teleostei: Gobioidei: Sicydiinae) in Madagascar, with a description of a new species and comments on regional dispersal
Figure 2. Sicyopus lord, (A) male in vivo (holotype, MNHN 2010-0925) (photo: T. Robinet- DIAMSOI); (B) mature female in vivo (paratype, MNHN 2010-0953) (photo: T. Robinet- DIAMSOI).
Figure 1 in Introduction, distribution and habitats of the invasive spider Badumna longinqua (L. Koch, 1867) (Araneae: Desidae) in Uruguay, with notes on its world dispersion
Figure 1. Some synantropic sites where Badumna longinqua was found in Uruguay. (A) on a fire escape on the eighth floor of a building; (B) in a household electrical system; (C) in a window frame inside a house; (D) in a wall crevice.
Figure 3 in Introduction, distribution and habitats of the invasive spider Badumna longinqua (L. Koch, 1867) (Araneae: Desidae) in Uruguay, with notes on its world dispersion
Figure 3. Records of Badumna longinqua in Uruguay. Black circles indicate known records until nineteenth decade of the twentieth century. White circles indicate records from 2000 to 2010.
Figure 2 in Introduction, distribution and habitats of the invasive spider Badumna longinqua (L. Koch, 1867) (Araneae: Desidae) in Uruguay, with notes on its world dispersion
Figure 2. Eucalyptus plantation occupied by Badumna longinqua in Uruguay. (A) General view of the plantation; (B) view of the barks pending from the trunk where the spider frequently built its web; (C) female and web of Badumna longinqua inside an Eucalyptus bark.
Figure 5 in Historical perspective, new contributions and an enlightening dispersal mechanism for the endogean genus Typhlocharis Dieck 1869 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae)
Figure 5. Hypothetical relationships within the Typhlocharis species with unguiform and tubular gonocoxites. (A) Hypothesis 1; (B) hypothesis 2; (C) hypothesis 3; (D) hypothesis 4.
Figure 1 in Historical perspective, new contributions and an enlightening dispersal mechanism for the endogean genus Typhlocharis Dieck 1869 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae)
Figure 1. Trends in the description of Typhlocharis and other endogean environment captured species of Anillini. Lines represent the respective accumulation curves.
Figure 4 in Historical perspective, new contributions and an enlightening dispersal mechanism for the endogean genus Typhlocharis Dieck 1869 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae)
Figure 4. Details of the genitalia of Typhlocharis josabelae sp. nov. (A) Median lobe of aedeagus in left lateral view; (B) median lobe and right paramere in dorsal view; (C) left paramere in left lateral view; (D) right paramere in right lateral view; (E) apodemal ring; (F) right gonocoxite in ventral view of paratype 1; (G) right gonocoxite in ventral view of paratype 2; (H) spermatheca, glandule and conduct. Scale bars: A–D, F–H, 0.05 mm; E, 0.1 mm.
Figure 3 in Historical perspective, new contributions and an enlightening dispersal mechanism for the endogean genus Typhlocharis Dieck 1869 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae)
Figure 3. Morphological details of Typhlocharis josabelae sp. nov. (A) Labium and prebasilar; (B) posterior angle of pronotum; (C) left protibia and protarsum in ventral view; (D) last abdominal sternite of male; (E) last abdominal sternite of female. Scale bars: A–C, 0.05 mm; D,E, 0.1 mm.
Figure 4 in Vegetation complexity and bat-plant dispersal in Calakmul, Mexico
Figure 4. Unimodal (A–G) and bimodal-brief (H–J) bat-dispersed fruiting patterns in three habitats of Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico. Each sample relates to a lunar month during May 2002 to August 2003. (A–G, I–J) Synchronous pattern; (H) asynchronous pattern.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.