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opencc-by-4.0Jul 2021View details →

An Assessment of Nonhydrostatic and Hydrostatic Dynamical Cores at Seasonal Time Scales in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SMv1)

This is the companion data for the manuscript of the same title, submitted to Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems on 09/03/2021.  summer: this folder contains part of the model outputs I ran on NERSC Cori in 2020-2021 corresponding to the summer simulations in the manuscript. winter: this folder contains part of the outputs I ran on NERSC Cori in 2020-2021 corresponding to the winter simulations in the manuscript. ne256: this folder contains part of the outputs I ran on NERSC Cori in 2021 corresponding to the ne256 simulations in the manuscript. bubble: this folder includes the namelists used in the rising bubble experiments. script: this folder includes an example of a script to generate the realistic SCREAM simulation    Unfortunately, model outputs are too large (~ 30 TB). Therefore, I only provide mean data, used directly to generate figures, in this repository. All model output are archived on tape at NERSC.  For more details, refer to the manuscript, or contact me (wrliu@ucdavis.edu).

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2011View details →

Fig. 3 in Gape size influences seasonal patterns of piscivore diets in three Neotropical rivers

Fig. 3. Relationship between standard length and gape width for the four predator species.

Genetic differentiation underlies seasonal variation in thermal tolerance, body size, and plasticity in a short-lived copepod

Organisms experience variation in the thermal environment on several different temporal scales, with seasonality being particularly prominent in temperate regions. For organisms with short generation times, seasonal variation is experienced across, rather than within, generations. How this variation affects the seasonal evolution of thermal tolerance and phenotypic plasticity is understudied, but has direct implications for the thermal ecology of these organisms. Here we document intra-annual patterns of thermal tolerance in two species of Acartia copepods (Crustacea) from a highly seasonal estuary, showing strong variation across the annual temperature cycle. Common garden, split-brood experiments indicate that this seasonal variation in thermal tolerance, along with seasonal variation in body size and phenotypic plasticity, is likely affected by genetic polymorphism. Our results show that adaptation to seasonal variation is important to consider when predicting how populations may respond to ongoing climate change.

Aboveground net primary productivity in regenerating seasonally dry tropical forest: contributions of rainfall, forest age, and soil

Identifying factors controlling forest productivity is critical to understanding forest-climate change feedbacks, modeling vegetation dynamics, and carbon finance schemes. However, little research has focused on productivity in regenerating tropical forest which are expanding in their fraction of global area have an order of magnitude larger carbon uptake rates relative to older forest. We examined aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and its components (wood production and litterfall) over ten years in forest plots that vary in successional age, soil characteristics, and species composition using band dendrometers and litterfall traps in regenerating seasonally dry tropical forests in northwestern Costa Rica. We show that the components of ANPP are differentially driven by age and annual rainfall and that local soil variation is important. Total ANPP was explained by a combination of age, annual rainfall, and soil variation. Wood production comprised 35% of ANPP on average across sites and years, and was explained by annual rainfall but not forest age. Conversely, litterfall increased with forest age and soil fertility yet was not affected by annual rainfall. In this region, edaphic variability is highly correlated with plant community composition. Thus, variation in ecosystem processes explained by soil may also be partially explained by species composition. These results suggest that future changes in annual rainfall can alter the secondary forest carbon sink, but that this effect will be buffered by the litterfall flux which varies little among years. In determining the long-term strength of the secondary forest carbon sink, both rainfall and forest age will be critical variables to track. We also conclude that a detailed understanding of local site variation in soils and plant communities may be required to accurately predict the impact of changing rainfall on forest carbon uptake. Synthesis We show that in seasonally dry tropical forests, annual rainfall has a positive relationship with the growth of aboveground woody tissues of trees and that droughts lead to significant reductions in aboveground productivity. These results provide evidence for climate change – carbon cycle feedbacks in the seasonal tropics and highlight the value of longitudinal data on forest regeneration.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2021View details →

S1 What Are the Key Drivers Controlling the Qualityof Seasonal Streamflow Forecasts?

Recent technological advances in representation of processes in numerical climate models have led to skillful predictions, which can consequently increase the confidence of hydrological predictions and usability of hydroclimatic services. Given that many water-related stakeholders are affected by seasonal hydrological variations, there is a need to manage such variations to their advantage through better understanding of the drivers that influence hydrological predictability. Here we analyze the seasonal forecasts of streamflow volumes across about 35,400 basins in Europe, which lie along a strong gradient in terms of climatology, scale, and hydrological regime. We then link the seasonal volumetric errors to various physiographic-hydroclimatic descriptors and meteorological biases in order to identify the key drivers controlling predictability. Streamflow volumes over Europe are well predicted, yet with some geographic and seasonal variability; however, the predictability deteriorates with increasing lead time particularly in the winter months. Nevertheless, we show that the forecast quality is well correlated to a set of descriptors, which vary depending on the initialization month. The forecast quality of seasonal streamflow volumes is strongly dependent on the basin's hydrological regime, with limited predictability in relatively flashy basins. On the contrary, snow and/or baseflow dominated regions with long recessions show high streamflow predictability. Finally, climatology and precipitation forecast biases are also related to streamflow predictability, highlighting the importance of developing robust bias adjustment methods. Overall, this investigation shows that the seasonal streamflow predictability can be clustered, and hence regionalized, based on a priori knowledge of local hydroclimatic conditions.

Season of prescribed fire determines grassland restoration outcomes after fire exclusion and overgrazing

Fire exclusion and mismanaged grazing are globally important drivers of environmental change in mesic C4 grasslands and savannas. Although interest is growing in prescribed fire for grassland restoration, we have little long-term experimental evidence of the influence of burn season on the recovery of herbaceous plant communities, encroachment by trees and shrubs, and invasion by exotic grasses. We conducted a prescribed fire experiment (seven burns between 2001 and 2019) in historically fire-excluded and overgrazed grasslands of central Texas. Sites were assigned to one of four experimental treatments: summer burns (warm season, lightning season), fall burns (early cool season), winter burns (late cool season), or unburned (fire exclusion). To assess restoration outcomes of the experiment, in 2019, we identified old-growth grasslands to serve as reference sites. Herbaceous-layer plant communities in all experimental sites were compositionally and functionally distinct from old-growth grasslands, with little recovery of perennial C4 grasses and long-lived forbs. Unburned sites were characterized by several species of tree, shrub, and vine; summer sites were characterized by certain C3 grasses and forbs; and fall and winter sites were intermediate in composition to the unburned and summer sites. Despite compositional differences, all treatments had comparable plot-level plant species richness (range 89–95 species/1000 m2). At the local-scale, summer sites (23 species/m2) and old-growth grasslands (20 species/m2) supported greater richness than unburned sites (15 species/m2), but did not differ significantly from fall or winter sites. Among fire treatments, summer and winter burns most consistently produced the vegetation structure of old-growth grasslands (e.g., mean woody canopy cover of 9%). But whereas winter burns promoted the invasive grass Bothriochloa ischaemum by maintaining areas with low canopy cover, summer burns simultaneously limited woody encroachment and controlled B. ischaemum invasion. Our results support a growing body of literature that shows that prescribed fire alone, without the introduction of plant propagules, cannot necessarily restore old-growth grassland community composition. Nonetheless, this long-term experiment demonstrates that prescribed burns implemented in the summer can benefit restoration by preventing woody encroachment while also controlling an invasive grass. We suggest that fire season deserves greater attention in grassland restoration planning and ecological research.

Seasonal variation in age, sex, and reproductive status of Mexican free-tailed bats

In North America, Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana) consume vast numbers of insects contributing to the economic well-being of society. Mexican free-tailed bats have declined due to historic guano mining, roost destruction, and bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides. Long-distance migrations and dense congregations at roosts exacerbate these declines. Wind energy development further threatens bat communities worldwide and presents emerging challenges to bat conservation. Effective mitigation of bat mortality at wind energy facilities requires baseline data on the biology of affected populations. We collected data on age, sex, and reproductive condition of Mexican free-tailed bats at a cave roost in eastern Nevada located six km from a 152-megawatt industrial wind energy facility. Over five years, we captured 46,353 Mexican free-tailed bats. Although just over half of the caught individuals were non-reproductive adult males (53.6%), 826 pregnant, 892 lactating, 10,101 post-lactating, and 4,327 non-reproductive adult females were captured. Juveniles comprised 11.5% of captures. Female reproductive phenology was delayed relative to conspecific roosts at lower latitudes, likely due to cooler temperatures. Roost use by reproductive females and juvenile bats demonstrates this site is a maternity roost, with significant ecological and conservation value. To our knowledge, no other industrial scale wind energy facilities exist in such close proximity to a heavily used bat roost in North America. Given the susceptibility of Mexican free-tailed bats to wind turbine mortality and the proximity of this roost to a wind energy facility, these data provide a foundation from which differential impacts on demographic groups can be assessed.

Seasonal dynamics of sinking organic matter in the Pacific Arctic Ocean revealed by nitrogen isotope ratios of amino acids

The Pacific Arctic Ocean has experienced a rapidly changing climate, sea-ice retreat, and enhanced primary production over the past few decades. The export production generated by photoautotrophs and heterotrophs has been characterized in the Arctic Ocean, but their seasonal variations in relative proportion are largely unknown due to the limited access in the ice-covered season. We measured the concentration and nitrogen isotope ratio of individual amino acids from sinking particles in the northern east Siberian Sea (KAMS1), northern Chukchi Sea (KAMS2), and Northwind Ridge (KAMS4) from August 2017 to July 2019. The average trophic position, based on differences in the nitrogen isotope ratios of glutamic acid and phenylalanine, can indicate the relative proportions of biogenic organic matters derived from photoautotrophs and heterotrophs in sinking particles. Decreasing values (close to 1.0) in summer at KAMS2 in 2018 suggest that primary producers are responsible for most of the downward flux of sinking particles. However, the average trophic position at KAMS1 in 2017 increased to > 1.5 in autumn and was maintained at approximately 1.7 during ice-covered winter periods, likely due to greater contributions from heterotrophic organisms. Exceptionally high average trophic positions (close to 2.0) of sinking particles in summer at KAMS1 in 2017 and KAMS4 in 2018 were likely due to small export of photoautotrophs due to the surface seawater stratification and limited pelagic production. The average trophic position in sinking particles should reflect the spatiotemporal variation in export particle composition in the Pacific Arctic Ocean.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

Of wolves and bears: Seasonal drivers of interference and exploitation competition between apex predators

Competition between apex predators can alter the strength of top-down forcing, yet we know little about the behavioral mechanisms that drive competition in multipredator ecosystems. Interactions between predators can be synergistic (facilitative) or antagonistic (inhibitive), both of which are widespread in nature, vary in strength between species and across space and time, and affect predation patterns and predator-prey dynamics. Recent research suggests gray wolf (Canis lupus) kill rates decrease where they are sympatric with brown bears (Ursus arctos), however, the mechanisms behind this pattern remain unknown. We used data from two long-term research projects in Scandinavia (Europe) and Yellowstone National Park (North America) to test the role of interference and exploitation competition from bears on wolf predatory behavior, where altered wolf handling and search time of prey in the presence of bears are indicative of interference and exploitation competition, respectively. Our results suggest the mechanisms driving competition between bears and wolves were dependent on the season and study system. During spring in Scandinavia, interference competition was the primary mechanism driving decreased kill rates for wolves sympatric with bears; handling time increased, but search time did not. In summer, however, when both bear and wolf predation focused on neonate moose, the behavioral mechanism switched to exploitation competition; search time increased, but handling time did not. Interference competition, however, did affect wolf predation dynamics in Yellowstone during summer, where wolves prey more evenly on neonate and adult ungulates. Here, bear presence at a carcass increased the amount of time wolves spent at carcasses of all sizes and wolf handling time for small prey, but decreased handling time for the largest prey. Wolves facilitate scavenging opportunities for bears, however, bears alter wolf predatory behavior via multiple pathways and are primarily antagonistic to wolves. Our study helps clarify the behavioral mechanisms driving competition between apex predators, illustrating how interspecific interactions can manifest into population-level predation patterns.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

Data from: Seasonality of floral resources in relation to bee activity in agroecosystems

The contribution of wild insects to crop pollination is becoming increasingly important as global demand for crops dependent on animal pollination increases. If wild insect populations are to persist in agricultural landscapes, there must be sufficient resources over time and space. The temporal, within‐season component of floral resource availability has rarely been investigated, despite growing recognition of its likely importance for pollinator populations. Here, we examined the visitation rates of common bee genera and the spatiotemporal availability of floral resources in agroecosystems over one season to determine whether local wild bee activity was limited by landscape floral resource abundance, and if so, whether it was limited by the present or past abundance of landscape floral resources. Visitation rates and landscape floral resources were measured in 27 agricultural sites in Ontario and Québec, Canada, across four time periods and three spatial scales. Floral resources were determined based on species‐specific floral volume measurements, which we found to be highly correlated with published measurements of nectar sugar mass and pollen volume. Total floral volume at varying spatial scales predicted visits for commonly observed bee genera. We found Lasioglossum and Halictus visits were highest in landscapes that provided either a stable or increasing amount of floral resources over the season. Andrena visits were highest in landscapes with high floral resources at the start of the season, and Bombus visits appeared to be positively related to greater cumulative seasonal abundance of floral resources. These findings together suggest the importance of early‐season floral resources to bees. Megachile visits were negatively associated with the present abundance of floral resources, perhaps reflecting pollinator movement or dilution. Our research provides insight into how seasonal fluctuations in floral resources affect bee activity and how life history traits of bee genera influence their responses to food availability within agroecosystems.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

Flight altitude dynamics of migrating European nightjars across regions and seasons

Avian migrants may fly at a range of altitudes, but usually concentrate near strata where a combination of flight conditions is favourable. The aerial environment can have a large impact on the performance of the migrant and is usually highly dynamic, making it beneficial for the bird to regularly check the flight conditions at alternative altitudes. We recorded the migrations between northern Europe and sub-Saharan Africa of European nightjars Caprimulgus europaeus to explore their altitudinal space use during spring and autumn flights to test whether their climbs and descents were performed according to predictions from flight mechanical theory. The nightjars commonly operated at ascent rates below the theoretical maximum, and periods of descent were commonly undertaken by active flight, and rarely by energetically cheaper gliding flight, allowing the birds to sink at lower rates than possible during a best glide scenario. Spring migration across all regions was associated with more exploratory vertical flights involving major climbs, a higher degree of vertical displacement within flights, and less time spent in level flight, although flight altitude per se was only higher during the Sahara crossing. This study demonstrates a surprisingly frequent use of slow vertical displacements during migratory flights of a long-distance avian migrant and show how these behaviours vary between seasons and regions, presumably in response to different flight conditions. The results should inspire future studies on the potential costs associated with frequent altitude changes and their trade-offs against anticipated flight condition improvements for aerial migrants.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2024View details →

Supplementary data for "Timely vaccine strain selection and genomic surveillance improves evolutionary forecast accuracy of seasonal influenza A/H3N2"

Supplementary materials associated with the manuscript by Huddleston and Bedford titled "Timely vaccine strain selection and genomic surveillance improves evolutionary forecast accuracy of seasonal influenza A/H3N2".

openmit-licenseNov 2018View details →

Dataset: Time lapse imagery at Finse, Norway, during snowmelt season 2018

These data are supporting the manuscript "Time-lapse photogrammetry of distributed snowdepth during snowmelt" submitted at AGU Water Ressources Research.  This dataset contains time-lapse images from three cameras to perform time-lapse photogrammetry. It also contains all the relevant differential GPS data, as well as the Python Script used to processed the resulting point clouds from Photo4d (https://github.com/ArcticSnow/photo4D). The data were collected from May 10 to June 10 2018 in Finse, Norway. Data collected by Simon Filhol, Alexis Perret, Guillaume Sutter from the University of Oslo

Evolutionary history and precipitation seasonality shape niche overlap in Neotropical bat-plant pollination networks

Species interactions are one dimension of the niche, and niche overlap arises when two species share an interaction partner. In pollination systems, environmental and biotic factors impact the niche overlap. Here we explored the effects of climate seasonality, plant and bat richness, morphological traits, and phylogenetic distance in shaping the niche overlap of Neotropical bat-plant pollination networks. For that, we used a dataset of 22 bat-plant pollination networks in the Neotropical region. We measured niche overlap in bats and plants with the Morisita-Horn index, ĈH, and then, we used a SAR model to test the relationships between niche overlap and the abiotic and biotic factors. We found a lower niche overlap among bats in communities composed of phylogenetically distant bat species. Moreover, plant and bat overlap were lower in regions with higher precipitation seasonality. Our results indicate that climate seasonality and bat evolutionary history drive niche overlap in Neotropical bat-plant pollination interactions. These findings suggest that a higher precipitation seasonality may promote the emergence of temporal modules reducing niche overlap, probably as a consequence of seasonal species phenologies. Furthermore, the method used to record the interactions impacts the degree of niche overlap. Interactions recorded with pollen samples tend to have higher niche overlap than direct observations. The uncoupled responses of morphological traits and phylogenetic distances in bat niche overlap suggest an effect of historical processes independently of the morphological traits. Our study reinforced the importance of evolutionary history and ecological processes in imprinting patterns of interaction niche overlap.

Local timing of rainfall predicts the timing of moult within a single locality and the progress of moult among localities that vary in the onset of the wet season in a year-round breeding tropical songbird

Rainfall seasonality is likely an important cue for timing key annual cycle events like moult in birds living in seasonally arid environments, but its precise effect is difficult to establish because seasonal rainfall may affect other covarying annual events such as breeding in the same way. In central Nigeria, however, Common Bulbuls Pycnonotus barbatus moult in the wet season but only show weak breeding seasonality. This suggests that moult is more sensitive to rainfall than breeding, but a similar outcome is possible if moult is simply periodic. We tested the relationship between rainfall and moult in Common Bulbuls at a single location over 18 years: on average moult started 5th May (± 41 days: 25th March–15th June), being on average later than the onset of the rains which is usually mid-April. The likelihood of finding a moulting Common bulbul was best predicted by rainfall 9–15 weeks before moult was scored. We then tested the generality of this across populations: the progress of moult should, therefore, correlate with the average timing of the wet season along a spatial environmental gradient where the rains start at different times each year south-to-north of Nigeria. To test this, we modelled moult progress just before the rains across 15 localities 6°–13° N as a function of the onset of the wet season among localities. As predicted, moult progressed further in localities with earlier wet seasons, confirming that the onset of moult is timed to the onset of the wet season in each locality despite weak breeding seasonality in the Common Bulbul. This strategy may evolve to maintain optimal annual cycle routine in seasonal environments where breeding is prone to unpredictable local perturbations like nest predation. It may, however, be less obvious in temperate systems where all annual cycle stages are seasonally constrained, but it may help with explaining the high frequency of breeding–moult overlaps in tropical birds.

Data from: Resource availability affects seasonal trajectories of population-level learning

Environmental effects on learning are well known, such as cognition that is mediated by nutritional consumption. Less known is how seasonally variable environments affect phenological trajectories of learning. Here, we test the hypothesis that nutritional availability affects seasonal trajectories of population-level learning in species with developmentally plastic cognition. We test this in bumble bees (Apidae: Bombus), a clade of eusocial insects that produce individuals at different time points across their reproductive season and exhibit organ developmental plasticity in response to nutritional consumption. To accomplish this, we develop a theoretical model that simulates learning development across a reproductive season for a colony parameterized with observed life history data. Our model finds two qualitative seasonal trajectories of learning: (1) an increase in learning across the season and (2) no change in learning across the season. We also find these two qualitative trajectories revealed by empirical learning data; the proportion of workers successfully completing a learning test increases across a season for two bumble bee species (Bombus auricomus, Bombus pensylvanicus), but does not change for another three (Bombus bimaculatus, Bombus griseocollis, Bombus impatiens). This study supports the novel consideration that resources affect seasonal trajectories of population-level learning in species with developmentally plastic cognition.

No seasonal curtailment of the Eurasian Skylark's (Alauda arvensis) breeding season in German heterogeneous farmland

The lack of suitable nesting sites is one key driver behind the farmland bird crisis in Europe. Winter cereals become impenetrable for ground-breeding birds like the Eurasian Skylark (Alauda arvensis), curtailing breeding time. Stable Skylark populations depend on multiple breeding attempts per year; thus, the widespread cultivation of winter cereals has strongly contributed to their tremendous decline. Crop diversification is thought to be a potential measure to counteract this development. Therefore, we explored how individual Skylarks respond to the decreasing suitability of winter cereals as nesting habitat in heterogeneous but otherwise conventionally managed farmland. Our study focused on: i) the degree to which Skylarks prematurely cease nesting activity, switch nesting habitats, or breed on linear structures like tramlines. Additionally, we analyzed: ii) if nest success decreases throughout the breeding season and iii) how often Skylarks make a successful breeding attempt per year. We radio-tagged 28 adults in a German population during April 2018 and 2019, tracked half of them for more than 3 months, and measured their breeding success. Additionally, we monitored nests of untagged pairs, resulting in 96 nests found. None, except one tagged individual, stopped breeding activity before July 1st. Home ranges were mainly stable, but Skylarks switched nesting habitats away from winter cereals to crops like sugar beet or set-aside. High-risk nesting sites like corn and linear structures played a minor role in breeding. Overall, Mayfield logistic regressions revealed no seasonal decrease in nest success, and tagged Skylarks had sufficient time to make 1.5 – 1.8 breeding attempts, of which 0.8 were successful. We suggest that heterogeneous farmland in our study area, which enabled diversely composed home ranges, prevented a curtailment of the breeding season. Thus, our study reinforces the need for crop diversification which gives Skylarks a chance to survive in modern farmland.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Data from: A test of the competitive ability – cold tolerance trade-off hypothesis in seasonally breeding beetles

Closely related species that use similar resources often differ in their seasonal patterns of activity, but the factors that limit their distributions across seasons are unknown for most species. One hypothesis to explain seasonal variation in the distributions of species involves a trade-off between competitive ability and cold tolerance, where tolerance to the cold compromises competitive ability in warmer (benign) temperatures, either at the level of the individual or population. We tested both individual-level and population-level mechanisms of this hypothesis in two co-occurring species of temperate burying beetles (Silphidae: Nicrophorus sayi, N. orbicollis) that differ in their seasonal patterns of activity. We measured cold tolerance, breeding activity as a function of temperature, and competitive ability as a function of temperature and season. Consistent with our hypothesis, the mid-season N. orbicollis was less able to function at the cold temperatures that characterize early spring, when the early-season N. sayi is most active. The larger beetle, however, always won one-on-one competitive trials at warm temperatures, regardless of species, inconsistent with an individual-level trade-off. N. orbicollis was usually larger and successful when competing for the same carrion later in the season, mostly because of its larger population size, consistent with a trade-off between competitive ability and cold tolerance acting at the population level. Our findings suggest that cold temperatures limit the mid-season N. orbicollis from earlier spring emergence, while competitive pressure from the more abundant, larger N. orbicollis constrains the early-season N. sayi from remaining active through the summer.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Data from: Zoning has little impact on the seasonal diel activity and distribution patterns of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in an UNESCO Biosphere Reserve

Understanding the spatio‐temporal distribution of ungulates is important for effective wildlife management, particularly for economically and ecologically important species such as wild boar (Sus scrofa). Wild boars are generally considered to exhibit substantial behavioral flexibility, but it is unclear how their behavior varies across different conservation management regimes and levels of human pressure. To analyze if and how wild boars adjust their space use or their temporal niche, we surveyed wild boars across the core and buffer zones (collectively referred to as the conservation zone) and the transition zone of a biosphere reserve. These zones represent low and high levels of human pressure, respectively. Specifically, we employed a network of 53 camera traps distributed in the Schaalsee UNESCO Biosphere Reserve over a 14‐month period (19,062 trap nights) and estimated circadian activity patterns, diel activity levels, and occupancy of wild boars in both zones. To account for differences in environmental conditions and day length, we estimated these parameters separately for seven 2‐month periods. Our results showed that the wild boars were primarily nocturnal, with diurnal activity occurring dominantly during the summer months. The diel activity patterns in the two zones were very similar overall, although the wild boars were slightly less active in the transition zone than in the conservation zone. Diel activity levels also varied seasonally, ranging from 7.5 to 11.0 h day−1, and scaled positively with the length of the night (R2 = 0.66–0.67). Seasonal occupancy estimates were exceptionally high (point estimates ranged from 0.65 to 0.99) and similar across zones, suggesting that the wild boars used most of the biosphere reserve. Overall, this result suggests that different conservation management regimes (in this case, the zoning of a biosphere reserve) have little impact on wild boar behavior. This finding is relevant for wildlife management in protected areas where possibly high wild boar densities could interfere with conservation goals within these areas and those of agricultural land use in their vicinity.