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FIGURES 85−100 in Systematic revision and review of the extant and fossil snout butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Libytheinae)

FIGURES 85−100. Right dorsal and ventral wing surfaces of Libythea. The second image of each specimen shows the ventral surface of the wings. 85−86. Libythea geoffroyi genia Waterhouse: ♂, Australia, 14 km SE of Kalumburu (ANIC); 87, 88. Libythea geoffroyi genia Waterhouse: ♀, Australia, 14 km SE of Kalumburu (ANIC); 89, 90. Libythea geoffroyi geoffroyi Godart: ♂, Indonesia, Timor, Suai, Portug (BMNH); 90, 91. Libythea geoffroyi geoffroyi Godart: ♀, Indonesia, Timor, Suai, Portug (BMNH); 92, 93. Libythea geoffroyi philippina Staudinger: ♂, Philippines, Palawan (BMNH); 94, 95. Libythea geoffroyi philippina Staudinger: ♀, Philippines, Palawan (BMNH); 96, 97. Libythea geoffroyi pulchra Butler: ♂, Papua New Guinea, New Ireland (BMNH); 98, 100. Libythea geoffroyi pulcrha Butler: ♀, Papua New Guinea, New Ireland (BMNH).

FIGURES 54−62 in Systematic revision and review of the extant and fossil snout butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Libytheinae)

FIGURES 54−62. Wing venation of Libythea and Libytheana. Fine lines indicate margins of wing markings; 54. Libythea cinyras; 55. Libythea collenettei; 56. Libythea geoffroyi; 57. Libythea labdaca; 58. Libythea laius; 59. Libythea lepita; 58. Libythea myrrha; 60. Libythea narina; 61. Libytheana florissanti.

FIGURES 133−148 in Systematic revision and review of the extant and fossil snout butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Libytheinae)

FIGURES 133−148. Right dorsal and ventral wing surfaces of Libythea and Libytheana. The second image of each specimen shows the ventral surface of the wings. 133, 134. Libythea myrrha hecura Fruhstorfer: ♂, Borneo (BMNH); 135, 136. Libythea myrrha rama Moore: ♂, Holotype, Sri Lanka, Colombo (BMNH); 137, 138. Libythea myrrha sanguinalis Fruhstorfer: ♂, India, Assam (USNM); 139, 140. Libythea myrrha sanguinalis Fruhstorfer: ♀, India, Assam, Naga Hills (BMNH); 141, 142. Libythea narina Godart: ♂, Myanmar, Tenasserim, Ataran Valley (BMNH); 143, 144. Libythea narina Godart: ♀, Philippines, Palawan (BMNH); 145, 146. Libytheana fulvescens (Lathy): ♂, Dominica, 1−2 km north of Colihaut (MCLB); 147, 148. Libytheana fulvescens (Lathy): ♀, Dominica, Copt Hall (USNM).

FIGURE 51−52 in Systematic revision and review of the extant and fossil snout butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Libytheinae)

FIGURE 51−52. Lateral view of female genitalia. 51. Libythea celtis. 52. Libytheana carinenta. cb = corpus bursae, db = ductus bursae, gp = genital plate, sgn = signa, st7 = seventh abdominal sternum, st8 = eighth abdominal sternum, t7 = seventh abdominal tergum, t8 = eighth abdominal tergum.

F in A revision of the new riodinid butterfly genus Pseudotinea (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae)

F. 11–13. Female genitalia in dorsal view. (11) Pseudotinea volcanicus. (12) P. eiselei. (13) P. hemis.

F in A revision of the new riodinid butterfly genus Pseudotinea (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae)

F. 6. Morphology. Pseudotinea volcanicus: (A) male venation; (B) male palpus; (C) female palpus; (D) male fore leg; (E) female fore leg; (F) male hind leg.

F in A revision of the new riodinid butterfly genus Pseudotinea (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae)

F. 7–10. Male genitalia. (7) Pseudotinea volcanicus, (A) lateral view; (B) dorsal view of aedeagus. (8) P. gagarini, (A) lateral view; (B) ventral view of aedeagus. (9) P. hemis, (A) lateral view; (B) dorsal view of aedeagus with vesica partially everted. (10) P. caprina, (A) lateral view; (B) ventral view; (C) dorsal view of aedeagus; (D) dorsal view of uncus.

F in A revision of the new riodinid butterfly genus Pseudotinea (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae)

F. 1–5. (1) Pseudotinea volcanicus (Callaghan and Salazar, 1997), Ecuadorian W [JHKW]: (A) dorsal surface; (B) ventral surface. Colombian X [CJC]: (C) dorsal surface; (D) ventral surface. (2) P. eiselei Callaghan and Hall sp. n., holotype X [AME]: (A) dorsal surface; (B) ventral surface. (3) P. gagarini Callaghan and Hall sp. n., holotype W [MNRJ]: (A) dorsal surface; (B) ventral surface. (4) P. hemis (Schaus, 1927), holotype W [USNM]: (A) dorsal surface; (B) ventral surface. Brazilian X [ZMHU]: (C) dorsal surface; (D) ventral surface. (5) P. caprina (Hewitson, 1859), syntype W [BMNH]: (A) dorsal surface; (B) ventral surface.

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F in The parasitoid complex of the butterfly Iphiclides podalirius feisthamelii (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in north-east Spain

F. 1. Seasonal occurrence of Iphiclides podalirius eggs and larvae and their most common parasitoids at the main site in 1996–1999 (Trichogramma gicai and T. cordubensis have been pooled in the category Trichogramma spp.).

Figure 6 in Species boundaries in Philaethria butterflies: an integrative taxonomic analysis based on genitalia ultrastructure, wing geometric morphometrics, DNA sequences, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms

Figure 6. Evolutionary relationships of Philaethria based on DNA sequences from specimens of Philaethria wernickei (southern population; Atlantic Rain Forest) and individuals previously described as Philaethria pygmalion (northern population; Amazon Forest), depicted by the green shading (grey in print version). Philaethria diatonica and Philaethria dido were used to root the tree. Purple (grey) circles represent individuals from the Atlantic Rain Forest and black triangles indicate samples from the Amazon Basin. A, consensus Bayesian tree based on mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase subunit I, Co-I) and nuclear [triose-phosphate isomerase (Tpi), wingless (Wg), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)] DNA sequences. Posterior probabilities are shown above branches. Bootstrap node support based on maximum likelihood analysis is indicated below branches. Asterisks indicate node support lower than 70%. B, Median-joining network based on mtDNA and nuclear loci sequence data describing the relationship between haplotypes (purple indicates southern population, and black, northern population). Nucleotide substitutions are shown on the branches as small transverse bars. Circle size is proportional to haplotype frequency.

Figure 2 in Species boundaries in Philaethria butterflies: an integrative taxonomic analysis based on genitalia ultrastructure, wing geometric morphometrics, DNA sequences, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms

Figure 2. Location of linear measurements (A) and schematic representation (B, C) of Philaethria wings showing veins and landmarks adopted in this study. A, hind wing dorsal and ventral (detail) views, showing measured vectors. B, fore wing. C, hind wing. See Appendix S2 for details on morphological definitions of landmarks.

Figure 4 in Species boundaries in Philaethria butterflies: an integrative taxonomic analysis based on genitalia ultrastructure, wing geometric morphometrics, DNA sequences, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms

Figure 4. Linear variation in hind wing size and medial postdiscal bands for Philaethria wernickei and Philaethria pygmalion (left column), and in relation to latitude when samples from the two species are combined (right column). A, D, hind wing length. B, E, hind wing length/postdiscal band ratio (AB/DE). C, F, inner and medial postdiscal band ratio (EF/DF). See Fig. 2A for details on wing position of corresponding measurements. Numbers above boxes indicate the number of specimens measured in each class.

Figure 1 in Species boundaries in Philaethria butterflies: an integrative taxonomic analysis based on genitalia ultrastructure, wing geometric morphometrics, DNA sequences, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms

Figure 1. Geographical distributions of Philaethria wernickei and Philaethria pygmalion, and corresponding variation in male genitalia ultrastructure and ventral hind wing colour. A, shaded areas show distribution ranges proposed by Constantino & Salazar (2010) for P. wernickei (green) and P. pygmalion (red); green circles and red triangles represent collection localities of the material analysed in this study. B, variation in valva's cucullus, external view. C, variation in the colour pattern of hind wing surface, ventral view.

Figure 3 in Species boundaries in Philaethria butterflies: an integrative taxonomic analysis based on genitalia ultrastructure, wing geometric morphometrics, DNA sequences, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms

Figure 3. Male genitalia of Philaethria wernickei and Philaethria pygmalion. A, P. wernickei, lateral view. B, P. pygmalion, lateral view. C, schematic representation of generalized genitalia for both, in lateral view. D, F, H, J, scanning electron micrographs of P. wernickei; E, G, I, K, scanning electron micrographs of P. pygmalion. D, E, ampulla external view. F, G, ampulla internal view. H, I, ampulla ornamentation in detail. J, K, fultura inferior distal end. Scale bars = 150, 30, and 100 μm, for D–G, H–I, and J–K, respectively.

Figure 8 in Species boundaries in Philaethria butterflies: an integrative taxonomic analysis based on genitalia ultrastructure, wing geometric morphometrics, DNA sequences, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms

Figure 8. STRUCTURE-based clustering of Philaethria wernickei individuals from low (0–10°S) to high (20–25°S) latitudes (north and south populations, respectively) based on amplified fragment length polymorphism loci. Each individual is represented by a vertical line divided into segments of different colour that represent genetic clusters (K) from 1–4.

Figure 7 in Species boundaries in Philaethria butterflies: an integrative taxonomic analysis based on genitalia ultrastructure, wing geometric morphometrics, DNA sequences, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms

Figure 7. Multilocus consensus Bayesian tree based on cytochrome oxidase subunit I (Co-I), triose-phosphate isomerase (Tpi), wingless (Wg), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) sequences from specimens of Philaethria wernickei (Atlantic Rain Forest, purple circles) and individuals previously described as Philaethria pygmalion (Amazon Forest, black triangles) depicted by the green shading (grey in print version). Philaethria pygmalion and Philaethria dido were used to root the tree. Posterior probabilities are shown above branches and bootstrap node support based on maximum likelihood analysis is indicated below branches. Asterisks indicate node support lower than 70%.

Figure 6 in Bayesian Poisson tree processes and multispecies coalescent models shed new light on the diversification of Nawab butterflies in the Solomon Islands (Nymphalidae, Charaxinae, Polyura)

Figure 6. Habitus of Polyura bicolor and Polyura epigenes across the Solomon Islands. Pictures of the upperside (left half) and underside (right half) of the two sexes. All pictures taken by Bernard Turlin.

Figure 4 in Bayesian Poisson tree processes and multispecies coalescent models shed new light on the diversification of Nawab butterflies in the Solomon Islands (Nymphalidae, Charaxinae, Polyura)

Figure 4. Nuclear haplotype network and maximum-likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction. The haplotype network reconstructed using the concatenated RPS5 and wingless alignments is presented on the left. The phylogenetic hypothesis inferred using the same data set in RA×ML is presented at the top right. A table highlighting the nucleotide substitutions found between Polyura epigenes bicolor and Polyura epigenes* is presented at the bottom right.

Figure 3 in Bayesian Poisson tree processes and multispecies coalescent models shed new light on the diversification of Nawab butterflies in the Solomon Islands (Nymphalidae, Charaxinae, Polyura)

Figure 3. Comparison of species delimitation results. Graph showing the result of each analysis of species delimitation. The posterior probability of either Polyura bicolor or Polyura epigenes (including Polyura bicolor) as a valid species are shown.

Figure 2 in Bayesian Poisson tree processes and multispecies coalescent models shed new light on the diversification of Nawab butterflies in the Solomon Islands (Nymphalidae, Charaxinae, Polyura)

Figure 2. Molecular phylogeny and molecular species delimitation results. Bayesian phylogeny as recovered from MrBayes analyses. The nodal supports of both Bayesian-inference (BI) and maximum-likelihood (ML) analyses are shown, with colour coding as indicated in the figure. The cloudogram of the *BEAST analysis showing all posterior species trees is presented at the bottom left. Denser regions indicate a robust support for the inferred relationship.