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Figure 3 in Vegetation complexity and bat-plant dispersal in Calakmul, Mexico
Figure 3. Overall fruit density (A–C) and bat-dispersed fruit density (D–F) from May 2002 to August 2003 in Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico. Fruit density scale is given in log10. Fruit and bat sampling was conducted in parallel following lunar cycles (indicated by calendar months).
Figure 5 in Vegetation complexity and bat-plant dispersal in Calakmul, Mexico
Figure 5. Unimodal-extended (A–D), bimodal-extended (E–H), and multimodal (I, J) batdispersed fruiting patterns in three habitats of Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico. Each sample relates to a lunar month during May 2002 to August 2003. (A, C, D) Synchronous pattern; (B, E–J) asynchronous pattern.
Figure 2 in Vegetation complexity and bat-plant dispersal in Calakmul, Mexico
Figure 2. Seasonal overall fruit density (white bars) and bat-dispersed fruit density (dotted bars) from May 2002 to August 2003 in three habitats in Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico. Fruit density was estimated from 20 plots per habitat and is given as mean¡1 SE. Error bars for overall fruit density are represented as continuous lines, while for bat-dispersed fruit, the densities are plotted as broken lines. MOA, modified open area; TSDF, tropical semideciduous forest; and TSHF, tropical sub-humid forest.
Figure 1 in Vegetation complexity and bat-plant dispersal in Calakmul, Mexico
Figure 1. Climate chart (A) and overall fruit density (B; solid black bars) for the study area in Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico, from May 2002 to August 2003. Precipitation is represented by hatched bars (period 2002–2003) and white bars (period 1989–2003) and temperature by a dark continuous line (period 2002–2003) and a light continuous line (period 1989–2003). Weather data were recorded at the Xbonil meteorological station and were obtained with permission from Comisión Nacional del Agua. Annual temperature and precipitation are given as mean¡1 SE, while precipitation for the period 2002 and 2003 is accumulative. Abbreviations: PP, precipitation; Temp, temperature.
Spatial structure and dispersal dynamics in a house sparrow metapopulation
<p>1. The effects of spatial structure on metapopulation dynamics depend upon the interaction between local population dynamics and dispersal, and how this relationship is affected by the geographical isolation and spatial heterogeneity in habitat characteristics.</p> <p>2. Our aim is to examine how emigration and immigration of house sparrows, <i>Passer domesticus</i>, in a Norwegian archipelagic metapopulation are affected by key factors predicted by classic metapopulation models to affect dispersal: spatial and temporal variation in population size, inter-island distance, local demography and habitat characteristics.</p> <p>3. This metapopulation can be divided into two major habitat types: (1) islands closer to the mainland where sparrows breed in colonies on farms, and (2) islands without farms, situated farther away from the mainland where sparrows are exposed to harsher environmental conditions.</p> <p>4. Dispersal was spatially structured within the metapopulation; there was proportionally and numerically less emigration and immigration involving farm islands, as compared to non-farm islands. Furthermore, emigration and immigration occurred mostly between nearby islands. Moreover, emigration in response to spatial differences in mean population size differed between the habitat types, but populations with large mean received more immigrants in both habitat types. The number of emigrants and immigrants was negatively related to long-term recruit production, which was not the case in non-farm islands. The proportion and number of emigrants was positively related to temporal increases in recruit production on farm islands, however, not on non-farm islands.</p> <p>5. Our results demonstrate that spatial heterogeneity in environmental conditions influences how spatial variation in long-term mean population size, and temporal and spatial variation in recruit production, affects dispersal dynamics. The spatial structure of this metapopulation is therefore best described by a spatially explicit model in which the exchange of individuals within each habitat type is strongly affected by the degree of geographical isolation, population size and recruit production. However, these relationships differed between the two habitat types, with the non-farm islands showing similarities to a mainland-island model type of structure, whereas dispersal on the farm islands showed features more associated with source-sink or balanced dispersal models. Such differential dispersal dynamics between habitat types is expected to have important consequences for the ecological and evolutionary dynamics within this metapopulation.</p>
What drives diversification in a pantropical plant lineage with extraordinary capacity for long-distance dispersal and colonisation?
<p><b>Aim:</b> Colonisation of new areas may entail shifts in diversification rates linked to biogeographic movement (dispersification), which may involve niche evolution if species were not pre-adapted to the new environments. <i>Scleria</i> (Cyperaceae) includes c. 250 species and has a pantropical distribution suggesting an extraordinary capacity for long-distance dispersal and colonisation. We investigate patterns of diversification in <i>Scleria</i>, and whether they are coupled with colonisation events, climate niche shifts or both.</p> <p><b>Location:</b> Tropics and subtropics.</p> <p><b>Taxon:</b> Nutrushes <i>Scleria</i> (Cyperaceae).</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> We used molecular data from three DNA regions sequenced for 278 accessions representing 140 <i>Scleria</i> taxa (53% of species) to develop a chronogram, model ancestral ranges, and measure rates of diversification. Integrating data from 12,978 digitised and georeferenced herbarium records, we investigated niche evolution.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> High dispersal rates in <i>Scleria</i>, a genus with multiple dispersal syndromes, make reconstruction of ancestral areas at deep nodes in the phylogeny highly equivocal. Main dispersal and colonisation events involve movements from South to Central America (c. 19), from Africa to Madagascar (c. 12), from Asia to Oceania (c. 7), from Africa to South America (c. 7) and Central America to South America (c. 6). Two main shifts in diversification rates happened during the warm period of the Miocene.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions:</b> Dispersification from South America to Africa without climate niche shift seems to explain the diversification shift in section <i>Hypoporum</i> implying that species were pre-adapted. Shifts in climate niche evolution predate the second shift in diversification rates suggesting lineages were pre-adapted prior to biogeographic movements. Within subgenus <i>Scleria</i>, colonisations of Asia and Madagascar by sections <i>Elatae</i> and <i>Abortivae</i>, respectively, are coupled with niche shifts suggesting that these colonisations involved climate niche adaptation.</p>
Figure 2 in Morphological and molecular data confirm species assignment and dispersal of the genus Ligia (Crustacea: Isopoda: Ligiidae) along northeastern coastal China and East Asia
Figure 2. Morphological characters of Ligia cinerascens and Ligia exotica. (I–III) Morphological traits of eyes (I), second antenna (II) and second antenna flagellum segments (III) of L. cinerascens in dorsal view. (IV, V) Morphological traits of the telson of L. cinerascens (IV) and L. exotica (V) in dorsal view and scanning electron microscopy images of partial enlarged spines on the pad of appendix masculina, showing terms used in the Results section: IAP, inner accessory processes; MDP, median process; PLP, posterolateral processes. (VI, VII) Morphological traits of appendix masculina of left second pleopod of L. cinerascens (VI) and L. exotica (VII) in ventral view, showing terms used in the Results section: IL, inner lateral; P, pad; PMP, posterior margin of pad; T, tip.
Figure 1 in Morphological and molecular data confirm species assignment and dispersal of the genus Ligia (Crustacea: Isopoda: Ligiidae) along northeastern coastal China and East Asia
Figure 1. Sample locations, phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary networks of Ligia spp. along northeastern coastal China. (I) Localities and sequencing sample size of Ligia cinerascens and Ligia exotica. The coloured pie chart in the map shows haplotypes and sequencing sample size. The coloured seashores indicate the distribution range of each species (or clade). The colours of the outer ring represent the species assignment and those of the inner pie chart show the different genetic clades. The abbreviations of each location and the sample size are detailed in Table 1. (II, III) Minimum spanning network (MSN) among haplotypes for 16S rDNA (II) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) (III) of L. cinerascens and L. exotica. Sampled haplotypes are indicated by circles. Numbers show the expected mutation steps between haplotypes. When the mutation step was equal to 1, it was omitted. (IV) Phylogenetic relationships recovered by neighbor-joining (NJ), maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian inference (BI) based on 16SA datasets. The outgroups are Ligia oceanica (Ligiidae) and Idotea baltica (Idoteidae). Values under the branches of the tree indicate bootstrap in NJ, MP and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) from 16SA datasets. The '+' symbol denotes bootstrap or BPP values = 100%, whereas the '−' symbol presents bootstrap or BPP values <50%. Scale bar shows the number of substitutions per site.
Figure 18 in Vicariant versus dispersal processes in the settlement of Pseudamnicola (Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae) in the Mediterranean Balearic Islands
Figure 18. Anatomy of Pseudamnicola (Pseudamnicola) gasulli from a stream at Barranco de las Negras, Almería, Spain. A, B, partial nervous system. C, ctenidium and osphradium. D, prostate gland. E, stomach. F, head and penis of a male. G, female genitalia. H, bursa copulatrix.
Figure 13 in Vicariant versus dispersal processes in the settlement of Pseudamnicola (Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae) in the Mediterranean Balearic Islands
Figure 13. Shells of Pseudamnicola (Pseudamnicola) subproducta. A, D, shells from Baltasar Ullal, Tarragona, Spain. B, shell from Font Estramar, Perpignan, France. C, shell from Ontígola Lagoon, Madrid, Spain. E, F, H, protoconch and microsculpture of shell from Baltasar Ullal, Tarragona, Spain. G, microsculpture of shell from Ontígola Lagoon, Madrid, Spain.
Figure 12 in Vicariant versus dispersal processes in the settlement of Pseudamnicola (Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae) in the Mediterranean Balearic Islands
Figure 12. Anatomy of Pseudamnicola (Pseudamnicola) meloussensis from a stream at Macarella Creek, Minorca. A, B, partial nervous system. C, ctenidium and osphradium. D, prostate gland. E, stomach. F, head and penis of a male. G, female genitalia. H, bursa copulatrix and seminal receptacle.
Figure 2 in Vicariant versus dispersal processes in the settlement of Pseudamnicola (Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae) in the Mediterranean Balearic Islands
Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships of the Ibero-Balearic Pseudamnicola (Pseudamnicola) species based on the Bayesian topology recovered from the combined data set of mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and 16S rRNA) and nuclear (28S rRNA) fragments. The '?' and colouring of Ibiza Island represent the fact that although populations of Pseudamnicola (Pseudamnicola) gasulli from Ibiza were not found in our study, it has been previously cited for this location. For locality codes, see Table 1. Branch supports are given above species level as follows: ** represents bootstrap support values ≥ 95% and posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95 and * indicates bootstrap support values of maximum parsimony ≥ 95%, maximum likelihood between 50 and 75% and posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95. (Colour figure available online.)
Figure 5 in Vicariant versus dispersal processes in the settlement of Pseudamnicola (Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae) in the Mediterranean Balearic Islands
Figure 5. Protoconch details of Majorcan species. A, B, Pseudamnicola (Pseudamnicola) beckmanni from El Rentador Spring, Deyá. C, D, Pseudamnicola (Pseudamnicola) granjaensis from La Granja, Esporles. E, F, Pseudamnicola (Pseudamnicola) artanensis from a ditch near Betlem Hermitage, Artá. Arrows point to the edge of protoconch.
Figure 6 in Vicariant versus dispersal processes in the settlement of Pseudamnicola (Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae) in the Mediterranean Balearic Islands
Figure 6. Inner side (left column) and outer side (right column) of the operculum of the following species: A, B, Pseudamnicola (Pseudamnicola) beckmanni from El Rentador Spring, Deyá, Majorca. C, D, Pseudamnicola (Pseudamnicola) granjaensis from La Granja, Esporles, Majorca. E, F, Pseudamnicola (Pseudamnicola) artanensis from a ditch near Betlem Hermitage, Artá, Majorca.
Figure 10 in Vicariant versus dispersal processes in the settlement of Pseudamnicola (Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae) in the Mediterranean Balearic Islands
Figure 10. Shells of Pseudamnicola (Pseudamnicola) meloussensis from a stream at Macarella Creek, Minorca. A–D, frontal and lateral views of the observed morphotypes. E–G, protoconch and details of protoconch microsculpture. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 8 in Vicariant versus dispersal processes in the settlement of Pseudamnicola (Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae) in the Mediterranean Balearic Islands
Figure 8. Prostate gland (first row), head and penis of a male (second row), female genitalia with details of the bursa copulatrix and seminal receptacle (third row), and nervous system (fourth row) of the Majorcan species: A, D, G, J, Pseudamnicola (Pseudamnicola) beckmanni from El Rentador Spring, Deyá. B, E, H, K, Pseudamnicola (Pseudamnicola) granjaensis from La Granja, Esporles. C, F, I, L, Pseudamnicola (Pseudamnicola) artanensis from a ditch near Betlem Hermitage, Artá. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 7 in Vicariant versus dispersal processes in the settlement of Pseudamnicola (Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae) in the Mediterranean Balearic Islands
Figure 7. General view of radula (first row), rows of teeth of the radula (second row), central teeth (third row), and detail of outer marginal teeth (fourth row) of the Majorcan species: A, D, G, J, Pseudamnicola (Pseudamnicola) beckmanni from El Rentador Spring, Deyá. B, E, H, K, Pseudamnicola (Pseudamnicola) granjaensis from La Granja, Esporles. C, F, I, L, Pseudamnicola (Pseudamnicola) artanensis from a ditch near Betlem Hermitage, Artá.
Figure 9 in Vicariant versus dispersal processes in the settlement of Pseudamnicola (Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae) in the Mediterranean Balearic Islands
Figure 9. Ctenidium, osphradium, and rectum (first row) and stomach (second row) of the Majorcan species: A, D, Pseudamnicola (Pseudamnicola) beckmanni from El Rentador Spring, Deyá. B, E, Pseudamnicola (Pseudamnicola) granjaensis from La Granja, Esporles. C, F, Pseudamnicola (Pseudamnicola) artanensis from a ditch near Betlem Hermitage, Artá.
Figure 4 in Vicariant versus dispersal processes in the settlement of Pseudamnicola (Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae) in the Mediterranean Balearic Islands
Figure 4. Front, lateral, and apical views of shells of Majorcan species. A, D, G, shells of Pseudamnicola (Pseudamnicola) beckmanni from El Rentador Spring, Deyá. B, E, H, shells of Pseudamnicola (Pseudamnicola) granjaensis from La Granja, Esporles. C, F, I, shells of Pseudamnicola (Pseudamnicola) artanensis collected from a ditch near Betlem Hermitage, Artá. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 3 in Vicariant versus dispersal processes in the settlement of Pseudamnicola (Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae) in the Mediterranean Balearic Islands
Figure 3. *BEAST chronograms of Pseudamnicola (Pseudamnicola) populations from the Ibero-Balearic region based on different calibrations: A, combined analysis of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (rate previously calibrated for hydrobiids) and 16S rRNA and 28S rRNA ribosomal fragments (rates estimated), B, combined analysis in which all the rates and ages were estimated by a geological event (the separation of Minorca Island from the continent). *BEAST posterior probabilities were 0.99, except for the one indicated with a black dot, which was 0.75. Grey bars indicate 95% highest posterior density intervals. Black arrows on branches indicate no constancy in evolutionary rates using the relative rate test.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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