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Fig. 5 in Born from rock: eight new species of Itauara Müller, 1888 (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae) from southeastern Brazil, including phylogenetic and distributional comments on the genus

Fig. 5. Itauara cristata sp. nov., holotype (DZRJ 7641), male genitalia. A. Lateral view. B. Lateral oblique view of apex of the phallicata, showing the dorsal crest. C. Dorsal view. D. Ventral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 4 in Born from rock: eight new species of Itauara Müller, 1888 (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae) from southeastern Brazil, including phylogenetic and distributional comments on the genus

Fig. 4. Itauara cipoensis sp. nov., holotype (DZRJ 7634), male genitalia. A. Lateral view. B. Dorsal view. C. Ventral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 3 in Born from rock: eight new species of Itauara Müller, 1888 (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae) from southeastern Brazil, including phylogenetic and distributional comments on the genus

Fig. 3. Itauara caparao sp. nov., holotype (DZRJ 7647),male genitalia. A. Lateral view. B–D. Variations at the ventrolateral processes of tergum X found in three paratypes. E. Variation at the phallicata apex found in a paratype. F. Dorsal view. G. Ventral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 2 in Born from rock: eight new species of Itauara Müller, 1888 (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae) from southeastern Brazil, including phylogenetic and distributional comments on the genus

Fig. 2. Itauara bispinata sp. nov., holotype (DZRJ 7639), male genitalia. A. Lateral view. B. Dorsal view. C. Ventral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 1. Localities where the new species were collected. A in Born from rock: eight new species of Itauara Müller, 1888 (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae) from southeastern Brazil, including phylogenetic and distributional comments on the genus

Fig. 1. Localities where the new species were collected. A. Córrego Água Escura, type locality of I. cipoensis sp. nov. and I. rupicola sp. nov. B. Ribeirão Mascates, type locality of I. robertsonae sp. nov. C. Tributary of Ribeirão Mascates, locality where specimens of I. robertsonae were also collected. D. Córrego Água Limpa, type locality of I. bispinata sp. nov. E. Tributary of Rio Picão, type locality of I. cristata sp. nov. F. Tributary of Rio Preto, type locality of I. caparao sp. nov. (photo by A.L. HenriquesOliveira).

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Fig. 3 in Unveiling global species abundance distributions

Fig. 3 | The temporal change in our statistical understanding of gSADs. a, The final 20-year rolling window gSAD for each of ten example classes with the best fit overlaid for the log-series, negative binomial and Poisson log-normal distributions.b, Yearly goodness of fit (correlation) of each distribution for each 20-year rolling window gSAD.Example classes from top to bottom: Actinopterygii, Amphibia,Arachnida, Aves, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda, Cycadopsida, Insecta, Liliopsida and Mammalia.

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Fig. 4 in Unveiling global species abundance distributions

Fig. 4 | How the relative position of the veil corresponds to species richness and the number of individuals in a class. a–c, The proportion of the gSAD uncovered,assuming a Poisson log-normal distribution, and its relationship to observed species richness/number of observations (a), number of observations (b) and species richness (c). To aid in visualizing the patterns, the red dashed line represents a fit from geom_smooth() and the shaded grey area represents the 95% confidence interval around that fit.

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Fig. 1 in Unveiling global species abundance distributions

Fig. 1 | Conceptual scheme illustrating the Poisson sampling of a community with species abundances described by a gamma or a log-normal distribution. Two types of gSAD—gamma (left) and log-normal distribution (right) are shown at the top.Each distribution represents the probability f of a species having a given abundance λ, with the gamma distribution having parameters k (shape) and θ (scale) and the log-normal distribution having parameters μ (mean) and σ (standard deviation), and Γ() representing the gamma function.In the middle, sampling of the gSAD with the probability of each species having a given number of individuals sampled described by a Poisson distribution is illustrated. The mean abundance of each species sampled is randomly taken from the SAD.We exemplify two samples of different sizes, where different symbols denote individuals of different species. The bottom graphs show that: if the global abundances have a log-normal distribution, the mixture distribution of abundances in the sample is a Poisson log-normal; if the global abundances follow a gamma distribution the resulting mixture distribution is a negative binomial but in the limit k→0, we obtain the Fisher log-series.

FIGURE 34 in Integrative taxonomy of the Merodon aberrans (Diptera, Syrphidae) species group: distribution patterns and description of three new species

FIGURE 34 Photos of localities. A) the habitat of M. flavitibius, Arailer (Armenia), rich mesophilous mountain grasslands, 2100 m asl., B) the joint habitat of M. brevis and M. flavitibius, Boghaqar (Armenia), edges of deciduous mountain forest with shrubs and grasslands, 1340–1400 m asl, C) The habitat of M. brevis, Tsghuk (Armenia). Subalpine meadows, ruderal vegetation (herbaceous legumes, Carduus) on roadsides. 2100 m asl, D) the habitat of M. aberrans, Vršac Mountains, 300 m asl., Serbia. PHOTO BY GRIGORY POPOV (A-C) AND TAMARA TOT (D).

FIGURE 33 in Integrative taxonomy of the Merodon aberrans (Diptera, Syrphidae) species group: distribution patterns and description of three new species

FIGURE 33 Maximum Likelihood tree based on the General Time Reversible model constructed by MEGA version 7.0. A discrete Gamma distribution was used to model evolutionary rate differences among sites (5 categories (+G, parameter = 1.9228)). The rate variation model allowed for some sites to be evolutionarily invariable ([+I], 63.3530 % sites). Bootstrap support values (≥50) are shown near nodes.

FIGURE 32 in Integrative taxonomy of the Merodon aberrans (Diptera, Syrphidae) species group: distribution patterns and description of three new species

FIGURE 32 Holotype of Merodon brevis, male. A) metafemur and metatibia of the left leg, lateral view, B) male genitalia, lateral view, C) metafemur and metatibia of the right leg, lateral view, D) male genitalia, ventral view.

FIGURE 30 in Integrative taxonomy of the Merodon aberrans (Diptera, Syrphidae) species group: distribution patterns and description of three new species

FIGURE 30 Body parts of Merodon brevis. A) metaleg of male, lateral view, B) metaleg of female, lateral view, C) thorax of male, lateral view.

FIGURE 29 A in Integrative taxonomy of the Merodon aberrans (Diptera, Syrphidae) species group: distribution patterns and description of three new species

FIGURE 29 A) Merodon brevis, head of male, lateral view, B) M. brevis, head of female, lateral view, C) M. aberrans, antenna of male, lateral view, D) M. brevis, antenna of male, lateral view, E) M. retectus sp. nov., antenna of male, lateral view, F) M. aberrans, antenna of female, lateral view, G) M. brevis, antenna of female, lateral view, H) M. retectus sp. nov., antenna of female, lateral view. Abbreviations: x, distance from top of basoflagellomere and most prominent point of pedicel; y, width of basoflagellomere at level of base of arista.

FIGURE 26 in Integrative taxonomy of the Merodon aberrans (Diptera, Syrphidae) species group: distribution patterns and description of three new species

FIGURE 26 Male genitalia of Merodon retectus sp. nov. A) epandrium, lateral view, B) epandrium, ventral view, C) hypandrium, lateral view. Abbreviations: al, anterior surstyle lobe; c, cercus; il, interior accessory lobe of posterior surstyle lobe; l, lingula; pl, posterior surstyle lobe.

FIGURE 31 in Integrative taxonomy of the Merodon aberrans (Diptera, Syrphidae) species group: distribution patterns and description of three new species

FIGURE 31 Male genitalia of Merodon brevis. A) epandrium, lateral view, B) epandrium, ventral view, C) hypandrium, lateral view. Abbreviations: al, anterior surstyle lobe; c, cercus; il, interior accessory lobe of posterior surstyle lobe; l, lingula; pl, posterior surstyle lobe.

FIGURE 24 in Integrative taxonomy of the Merodon aberrans (Diptera, Syrphidae) species group: distribution patterns and description of three new species

FIGURE 24 Body parts of Merodon retectus sp. nov., male. A) abdomen, dorsal view, B) abdomen, lateral view, C) thorax, lateral view.

FIGURE 28 in Integrative taxonomy of the Merodon aberrans (Diptera, Syrphidae) species group: distribution patterns and description of three new species

FIGURE 28 Body of Merodon brevis. A) male, lateral view, B) abdomen of male, dorsal view, C) female, lateral view, D) female, dorsal view.

FIGURE 23 in Integrative taxonomy of the Merodon aberrans (Diptera, Syrphidae) species group: distribution patterns and description of three new species

FIGURE 23 Metaleg of Merodon retectus sp. nov. A) male, lateral view, B) female, lateral view, C) metatibia and metatarsus of male, dorsal view. Dorsolateral stripe of long pile on metafemur marked with arrow.

FIGURE 22 in Integrative taxonomy of the Merodon aberrans (Diptera, Syrphidae) species group: distribution patterns and description of three new species

FIGURE 22 Male genitalia of Merodon petiolatus sp. nov. A) epandrium, lateral view, B) epandrium, ventral view, C) hypandrium, lateral view. Abbreviations: al, anterior surstyle lobe; c, cercus; il, interior accessory lobe of posterior surstyle lobe; l, lingula; pl, posterior surstyle lobe.

FIGURE 16 in Integrative taxonomy of the Merodon aberrans (Diptera, Syrphidae) species group: distribution patterns and description of three new species

FIGURE 16 Body parts of Merodon hamifer. A) head of male, frontal view, B) head of female, lateral view, C) abdomen of male, dorsal view, D) abdomen of female, dorsal view, E) thorax of male, lateral view.